No | 80 (39.2) |
History of use, but stopped after more than 1 year | 23 (11.3) |
Current usage |
101 (49.5) |
Reasons for use |
|
Thought that herbal medicines are interesting | 81 (65.3) |
Herbal medicines may add benefits to conventional medicine | 60 (48.4) |
Health care provider suggested use | 7 (5.6) |
Conventional medicine was ineffective | 6 (4.8) |
Other | 8 (6.5) |
Expected benefits |
|
Cardiovascular system | 80 (64.5) |
Gastrointestinal system | 36 (29.0) |
Respiratory system | 33 (26.6) |
Endocrine system | 28 (22.6) |
Musculoskeletal system | 27 (21.8) |
Other | 60 (39.0) |
Consideration before herbal medicine usage | |
Did not consider any topic before consumption | 98 (79) |
Considered at least 1 of the following topics before consumption |
26 (21) |
Product reliability | 20 (16) |
Safety | 8 (7) |
Efficacy | 2 (2) |
Cost–benefit effectiveness | 2 (2) |
Source of influence initial usage |
|
Oneself because of their tradition or culture | 25 (20) |
Suggestion by neighbor | 25 (20) |
Suggestion by relatives | 24 (19) |
Advertising media | 20 (16) |
Suggestion by friends | 18 (15) |
Suggestion by health care providers | 12 (10) |
Suggestion by other patients | 9 (7) |
Other | 13 (11) |
Perceived effects after use | |
Beneficial | 95 (77) |
No difference | 23 (19) |
Experienced side effects |
6 (5) |
Drug interaction awareness | |
No | 78 (63) |
Yes | 46 (37) |
Preferences of disclosure to health care providers | |
Would only report if medical professionals asked | 80 (68) |
Would always ask before use | 16 (13) |
Would always report after use | 12 (10) |
Would disclose only if complications occurred | 8 (7) |
Would not disclose about use | 4 (3) |
History of being asked about herbal medicine use by health care providers | |
No | 91 (73) |
Yes | 33 (27) |
Sex | |
Male | 62 (30.4) |
Female | 142 (69.6) |
Age (years) (median [IQR]) | 69.0 (9.0) |
Education | |
Uneducated | 13 (6.4) |
Educated |
191 (93.6) |
Marital status | |
Couple | 138 (67.6) |
Single | 13 (6.4) |
Widowed/divorced | 53 (26.0) |
Career | |
No | 142 (69.6) |
Yes | 62 (30.4) |
Salary |
|
No | 52 (25.5) |
Yes | 152 (74.5) |
Underlying diseases | |
No | 9 (4.4) |
Yes | 195 (95.6) |
Type of underlying diseases | |
Dyslipidemia | 145 (71.1) |
Hypertension | 144 (70.6) |
Diabetes mellitus | 64 (31.4) |
Osteoarthritis | 17 (8.3) |
Cardiovascular diseases | 14 (6.9) |
Gout | 10 (4.9) |
Dyspepsia | 9 (4.4) |
Asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 9 (4.4) |
Cancer | 7 (3.4) |
Allergic rhinitis | 7 (3.4) |
Number of underlying diseases (median [IQR]) | 2.0 (1.0) |
Number of current medications |
3.0 (1.0) |
Sex | 0.28 | ||||
Male | 21 (34%) | 41 (66%) | 1 | ||
Female | 59 (42%) | 83 (59%) | 0.68 (0.34 to 1.37) | 0.28 | |
Age (median [IQR]) | 68.8 (8.5) | 69.0 (9) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.04) | 0.90 | 0.90 |
Education | 0.03 |
||||
Uneducated | 9 (69%) | 4 (31%) | 1 | ||
Educated | 71 (37%) | 120 (63%) | 4.12 (1.12 to 15.2) | 0.03 |
|
Marital status | 0.36 | ||||
Couple | 51 (37%) | 87 (63%) | 1 | ||
Single | 7 (54%) | 6 (46%) | 0.43 (0.13 to 0.39) | 0.16 | |
Widowed/divorced | 22 (42%) | 31 (59%) | 1.04 (0.51 to 2.14) | 0.91 | |
Career | 0.28 | ||||
No | 58 (41%) | 84 (59%) | 1 | ||
Yes | 22 (36%) | 40 (65%) | 1.46 (0.74 to 2.88) | 0.28 | |
Salary | 0.85 | ||||
No | 21 (40%) | 31 (60%) | 1 | ||
Yes | 59 (39%) | 93 (61%) | 0.94 (0.46 to 1.89) | 0.85 | |
Number of underlying diseases (median [IQR]) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.0) | 0.74 (0.52 to 1.06) | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Number of current medications per day (median [IQR]) | 3.0 (1.25) | 3.0 (1.0) | 1.06 (0.84 to 1.34) | 0.63 | 0.63 |
Number of herbal medicines used together | |
1 | 63 |
2 | 16 |
3 | 15 |
4 | 4 |
5 | 1 |
7 | 2 |
Name of herbal medicine used |
|
Kariyat | 37 |
Turmeric | 19 |
Bai yanang | 17 |
Laurel | 14 |
Gotu kola | 10 |
Ginger | 10 |
Moringa | 9 |
Garlic | 7 |
Cordyceps | 7 |
Collagen | 7 |
Herbal medicine (name unknown) | 17 |
Other | 80 |