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Differences in distribution and community structure of plant-parasitic nematodes in pecan orchards between two ecoregions of Georgia

Ganpati B. Jagdale
Ganpati B. Jagdale
, 
Timothy B. Brenneman
Timothy B. Brenneman
, 
Paul M. Severns
Paul M. Severns
 y 
David Shapiro-Ilan
David Shapiro-Ilan
   | 07 sept 2021
Journal of Nematology's Cover Image
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Publicado en línea: 07 sept 2021
Páginas: 1 - 14
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-075
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© 2021 Ganpati B. Jagdale et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

3-D NMS ordination of PPN soil samples from 282 Pecan trees in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain ecoregions of Georgia, USA (Final stress of the 3-D NMS solution = 13.36, proportion of variance explained by all three axes combined = 0.911). Dark gray pyramids (▲) represent pecan soil samples collected from the Piedmont ecoregion (n = 60) and light gray pyramids (▲) represent soil samples collected from the Coastal Plant ecoregion (n = 222).Blue asterisk with names in bold text represent the centroids of the 11 PPN genera (sheath, lesion, cyst, dagger, lance, ring, RKN (root-knot), spiral, stunt, stubby root, pin (Praty)) in the 3-D NMS solution. Piedmont ecoregion soil samples were distributed from the left side of the NMS ordination space to the middle (front to back). Coastal Plain ecoregion soil samples were distributed primarily from the middle to the right side of ordination space. This spatial division of soil samples taken from the Piedmont and Coastal Plains ecoregions strongly suggests that the pecan PPN communities differ between ecoregions.
3-D NMS ordination of PPN soil samples from 282 Pecan trees in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain ecoregions of Georgia, USA (Final stress of the 3-D NMS solution = 13.36, proportion of variance explained by all three axes combined = 0.911). Dark gray pyramids (▲) represent pecan soil samples collected from the Piedmont ecoregion (n = 60) and light gray pyramids (▲) represent soil samples collected from the Coastal Plant ecoregion (n = 222).Blue asterisk with names in bold text represent the centroids of the 11 PPN genera (sheath, lesion, cyst, dagger, lance, ring, RKN (root-knot), spiral, stunt, stubby root, pin (Praty)) in the 3-D NMS solution. Piedmont ecoregion soil samples were distributed from the left side of the NMS ordination space to the middle (front to back). Coastal Plain ecoregion soil samples were distributed primarily from the middle to the right side of ordination space. This spatial division of soil samples taken from the Piedmont and Coastal Plains ecoregions strongly suggests that the pecan PPN communities differ between ecoregions.

Survey of frequency and abundance of five major nematode genera on pecans in Georgia during 2017–2019 by county in two pecan growing ecoregions, Piedmont (P) and Coastal Plain (CP).

Meloidogyne Paratrichodorus Mesocriconema Helichotylenchus Xiphinema
County N PFa ABb MDc PFa ABb MDc PFa ABb MDc PFa ABb MDc PFa ABb MDc
Clarke (P) 10 80 27 160 10 3 3 30 16 37 30 1 1 20 4 5
Rockdale (P) 10 10 7 7 20 2 2 80 3 6 100 20 69 70 1 1
Spalding (P) 10 30 24 50 –d – – 40 2 2 100 23 111 30 1 1
Walton (P) 30 33 21 124 23 4 10 100 8 31 87 27 97 27 2 3
Appling (CP) 10 90 13 23 80 3 14 100 10 33 10 1 1 – – –
Berrien (CP) 09 44 188 658 22 2 3 56 16 41 11 1 1 – – –
Bibb (CP) 10 20 36 58 100 7 13 100 24 97 100 206 637 50 2 5
Colquitt (CP) 07 71 41 83 100 4 9 100 44 89 71 13 25 14 2 2
Cook (CP) 10 – – – 50 2 3 100 10 71 – – – 10 5 5
Crisp (CP) 12 58 11 43 58 3 5 83 14 49 58 28 100 42 2 5
Decatur (CP) 10 70 27 78 20 1 1 90 5 12 10 1 1 60 2 5
Dougherty (CP) 10 50 5 11 50 3 5 100 24 45 20 2 2 20 1 1
Grady (CP) 10 – – – 20 1 1 90 18 46 60 3 4 40 6 14
Houston (CP) 14 43 14 34 14 2 2 93 54 293 14 16 30 36 3 9
Irwin (CP) 10 40 38 67 40 2 3 100 49 309 – – – – – –
Jefferson (CP) 10 70 10 60 70 3 8 90 40 121 10 1 1 40 1 1
Lee (CP) 10 30 2 2 – – – 100 11 26 – – – – – –
Mitchell (CP) 10 40 5 12 70 4 14 90 37 121 50 3 5 10 2 2
Peach (CP) 20 15 35 84 95 10 29 85 18 72 95 27 187 50 2 4
Taylor (CP) 10 40 1 1 20 3 4 90 6 27 – – – 20 3 3
Tift (CP) 10 70 11 36 60 3 3 100 20 49 – – – – – –
Turner (CP) 10 30 39 104 10 1 1 100 20 62 40 2 6 90 3 5
Ware (CP) 10 20 3 4 10 1 1 100 11 31 10 1 1 20 2 3
Wilcox (CP) 10 70 22 119 30 4 6 90 16 36 10 13 13 10 1 1
Worth (CP) 10 80 18 64 10 1 1 100 28 60 – – – 40 2 4

Indicator Species Analysis (see Severns and Sykes, 2020 for an analysis description) results showing which PPN nematodes were statistically associated (*) with pecan soil samples from the Piedmont (60 soil samples) or Coastal Plain (222 soil samples) ecoregions of Georgia, USA.

Nematode genus Indicator value (0–100) Ecoregion p value (from 5,000 randomizations)
Ring, Mesocriconema spp.* 73.8 Coastal Plain 0.0002
Spiral, Helichotylenchus spp.* 48.1 Piedmont 0.0002
Stubby-root, Paratrichodorus spp.* 36.1 Coastal Plain 0.0028
Root-knot, Meloidogyne spp. 24.4 Coastal Plain 0.69
Dagger, Xiphinema spp. 15.3 Piedmont 0.85
Sheath, Hemicycliophora spp.* 14.8 Piedmont 0.0002
Lesion, Pratylenchus spp.* 13.0 Piedmont 0.0002
Lance, Hoplolaimus spp. 5.8 Coastal Plain 0.28
Pin, Paratylenchus spp. 3.6 Coastal Plain 0.64
Stunt, Tylenchorhynchus spp. 3.3 Coastal Plain 0.83
Cyst, Heterodera spp. 2.0 Coastal Plain 0.71

Frequency of occurrence and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes in commercial pecan orchards from two ecoregions of Georgia, 2017–2019.

Coastal Plain region Piedmont region
Mean percentages of 6 soil samples Mean percentages of 4 soil samples
Nematode genus PFa ABNb STD MDc Sand Silt Clay pH PFa ABNb STD MDc Sand Silt Clay pH
Heterodera 2 35 9.3 138 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 3 4 0.7 5 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45
Xiphinema 28 3 1.6 14 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 33 2 1.0 5 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45
Hoplolaimus 7 4 1.5 15 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 3 2 0.4 2 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45
Pratylenchus 1 1 0.1 1 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 13 4 1.5 7 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45
Paratylenchus 1 6 2.9 42 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 3 4 0.7 5 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45
Mesocriconema 93 23 35.2 309 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 75 7 7.2 37 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45
Meloidogyne 44 25 47.6 658 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 37 23 27.0 160 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45
Hemicycliophora 1 1 0.1 1 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 15 3 1.3 6 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45
Helichotylenchus 30 44 58.6 637 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 82 23 27.7 111 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45
Paratrichodorus 46 5 4.2 29 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 17 3 1.6 10 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45
Tylenchorhynchus 4 23 11.1 164 87.5 5.92 6.56 6.6 8 2 0.9 6 65.5 17.25 17.28 5.45

Plant-parasitic nematodes found in commercial pecan orchards in Georgia in 2017, 2018, and 2019.

County Nematode genera and ecoregions
Piedmont region
Clarke Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema, Paratylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Heterodera
Rockdale Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema
Spalding Meloidogyne, Mesocriconema, Tylenchorhynchus, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema
Walton Meloidogyne, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Tylenchorhynchus, Helichotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Xiphenema
Coastal Plain region
Appling Meloidogyne, Hoplolaimus, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus
Berrien Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus
Bibb Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema
Colquitt Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Tylenchorynchus, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema
Cook Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Xiphenema
Crisp Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema and Heterodera
Decatur Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema
Dougherty Meloidogyne, Hoplolaimus, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema, Paratylenchus
Grady Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema
Houston Meloidogyne, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema
Irwin Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus and Mesocriconema
Jefferson Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Tylenchorhynchus, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema
Lee Meloidogyne, Mesocriconema
Mitchell Meloidogyne, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus,Xiphinema, Paratylenchus
Peach Meloidogyne, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Tylenchorhynchus, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema
Taylor Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Xiphinema
Tift Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Tylenchorhynchus, Paratylenchus
Turner Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus, Xiphinema, Paratylenchus, Hemicycliophora
Ware Meloidogyne, Hoplolaimus, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus and Xiphinema
Wilcox Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Helichotylenchus,Xiphinema
Worth Meloidogyne, Paratrichodorus, Mesocriconema, Xiphinema
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