An overview of technologies and devices against COVID-19 pandemic diffusion: virus detection and monitoring solutions

R. de Fazio; A. Sponziello; D. Cafagna; R. Velazquez; P. Visconti

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An overview of technologies and devices against COVID-19 pandemic diffusion: virus detection and monitoring solutions

| 11 mar 2021

International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems

Volumen 14 (2021): Edición 1 (January 2021)

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Publicado en línea: 11 mar 2021

Páginas: 1 - 28

Recibido: 21 dic 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/ijssis-2021-003

Palabras clave
SARS-CoV-2, Pandemic, Tracking devices, RT-PCR assay, Magnetic biosensors, IoT frameworks, Spike protein, Antibodies, Remote monitoring systems

© 2021 R. de Fazio et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Sandwich immunoassay mechanism of a GMR biosensor forming a capture antibody–target antigen–detection antibody–MNP complex (Wu et al., 2020).

Picture of the GMR-based hand-held device (a), and top view of the electronic section with highlighted the main components (b) (Wu et al., 2017, 2020).

Picture of GMR-based portable device reported by the researchers from Stanford University (Choi et al., 2016).

Test-strip design and setup (Orlov et al., 2016).

Schematic representation of SARS-CoV-2 detection using the electrochemical biosensor. (a) Prepare the premix A and B; (b) Process of electrochemical detection using a smartphone (Zhao et al., 2021).

Schematic of Co-functionalized TiO2 nanotube (Co-TNT)-based sensing platform for detecting SARS-CoV-2 (Vadlamani et al., 2020).

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of (a) TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) post-annealing. Inset shows sidewalls of TNTs, (b) Co-functionalized TNTs showing the Co (OH)2 precipitate, (c) EDS map of Co confirming its uniform distribution, and (d) EDS spectra confirming the presence of Co (Vadlamani et al., 2020).

Schematic diagram of COVID-19 FET-based biosensor operation (Seo et al., 2020).

Graphical representation of the working operation of the eCovSens device using SPCE electrode, including COVID-19 antibody (Mahari et al., 2020).

DhITACT-TR chip for robust detection of target pathogen in a single-step injection of RNA extract (Samson et al., 2020).

The surface plasmon polariton (SPP) can only be excited at specific wave vectors and decays evanescently from the surface. The momentum-matching condition leads to the SPP resonance and only exists at certain incident angles (Li et al., 2015).

Different technologies versus the COVID-19 (Chamola et al., 2020).

Representation of IoT-based framework for early identification and monitoring of new cases of COVID-19 virus infections (Otoom et al., 2020).

Scheme of the proposed framework to predict COVID-19 (Maghded et al., 2020).

Cloud computing for the proposed framework (Maghded et al., 2020).

User registration & results of the test (Maghded et al., 2020).

iFever (a), Tempdrop (b), iSense (c), Ran’s Night (d), and smart thermometers.

Smart Helmet captures temperature by the thermal optical camera (Triaxtec, 2019).

Smart glasses temperature capturing (Mohammed et al., 2020).

Thermal imaging drone (Hitconsultant, 2019).

Autonomous swab test robots (South Korean Institute of Machinery and Material, 2019).

The configuration of the headset’s microphone for the respiration rate and breathing detection, (a) configuration of the heart rate, temperature, and respiration rate detection using NTC thermistor, microphone, and PPG sensor, (b) (Stojanović et al., 2020).

Block diagram of the Arduino based interface for processing vital signs (Stojanović et al., 2020).

The system architecture of the IoT-Q-Band system (Singh et al., 2020).

Data flow diagram of the IoT-Q-Band system (Singh et al., 2020).

Mobile application screens of the IoT-Q-Band system showing the cases: (a) when the band is connected, and the subject is within 50 meters of registered quarantine Geo-location, and (b) when the wearable tampered, and the patient is outside the 50 meters of the registered quarantine Geo-location (Singh et al., 2020).

Representation of filter testing setup and the working principle for self-sterilization of the filter (Stanford et al., 2019).

Example of the Guardian G-Volt mask application (Dezeen, 2019).

BX100 Philips Biosensor (Philips, 2019): front view of the device (a), and its application on a patient (b), the graphical scheme of the health monitoring system (c).

Advantages and disadvantages of different magnetic nano-sensors technologies (Wu et al., 2020).

Platform	Advantages	Disadvantages
GMR	High sensitivity	Multiple washing steps usually required, thus needing well-trained technicians, but can be wash-free, which reduces the sensitivity
	Availability of a portable device	Time-consuming
	Mass production capability	High cost per test; nanofabrication of GMR biosensors required
MTJ	High sensitivity	Multiple washing steps usually required, thus needing well-trained technicians, but can be wash-free, which reduces the sensitivity
	Mass production capability	High noise; large distance from the MNP to the sensor surface
		Hard-to-acquire linear response
		Complicated fabrication process
		Time-consuming
		High cost per test; nanofabrication of MTJ biosensors required
MPS, surface-based	High sensitivity	Multiple washing steps usually required, thus needing well-trained technicians, but can be wash-free, which reduces the sensitivity
	Low cost per test	Time-consuming
	Availability of a portable device
MPS, volume-based	One-step wash-free detection allowed	Medium sensitivity
	Immunoassays that can be hand-held by non-technicians
	Low cost per test
	Availability of a portable device
NMR	Availability of a portable device	Multiple washing steps usually required, thus needing well-trained technicians, but can be wash-free, which reduces the sensitivity
		Time-consuming
		Medium sensitivity

A full list of extracted features (Sun et al., 2020).

Category	Modality	Features	Extraction
Mobility	Smartphone location	Homestay	The time spent within 200m radius of home location (determined using DBSCAN)
		Maximum traveled distance from home	The maximum distance traveled from home location
	Smartphone Bluetooth	Maximum number of nearby devices	The maximum number of Bluetooth-enabled nearby devices
	Fitbit step count	Step count	Daily total of Fitbit step count
Functional measures	Fitbit sleep	Sleep duration	Daily total duration of sleep categories (light, deep, and rem)
		Bedtime	The first sleep category of the night
	Fitbit heart rate	Average heart rate	The daily average heart rate
Phone usage	Smartphone user interaction	Unlock duration	The total duration of phone in the unlocked state
	Smartphone usage event	Social app use duration	The total duration spent on social apps (Google Play categories of Social, Communication, and Dating)

Comparison between the scientific works reported in the second section, in terms of the detection technology, target species, LOD, detection time, application scenario and scalability.

Scientific work	Detection mechanism	Target species	LOD	Detection time	Application scenario	Scalability
Wu et al. (2020)	GMR	H1N1 virus H3N2 virus	15 ng/mL 125 TCID50/ml	10 min	Virus screening	Low
Orlov et al. (2016)	MPS	BoNT A, B and E	0.22, 0.11, 0.32 ng/mL	25 min	Food quality	Medium
Zhang et al. (2013)	MPS	ssDNA	400 pM	10 sec	DNA analysis	Medium
Lei et al. (2015)	NMR	CuSO₄	0.2 µM	1 min	cell isolation, cell culture, DNA amplification	Medium
Zhao et al. (2021)	electrochemical	SARS-CoV-2 virus	200 copies/mL	10 sec	Virus screening	High
Vadlamani et al. (2020)	electrochemical	SARS-CoV-2 virus	14 nM	30 sec	Virus screening	High
Chin et al. (2017)	electrochemical	JEV virus	5–20 ng/mL	20 min	Virus screening	High
Seo et al. (2020)	FET-based	SARS-CoV-2 virus	1.7 fM	20 sec	Virus screening	High
Moitra et al. (2020)	LSPR	SARS-CoV-2	0.18 ng/µL	10 min	Virus screening	Low

eISSN:: 1178-5608
Idioma:: Inglés

Calendario de la edición:: Volume Open
Temas de la revista:: Engineering, Introductions and Overviews, other

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An overview of technologies and devices against COVID-19 pandemic diffusion: virus detection and monitoring solutions

Publicado en línea: 11 mar 2021

Páginas: 1 - 28

Recibido: 21 dic 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/ijssis-2021-003

Palabras clave
SARS-CoV-2, Pandemic, Tracking devices, RT-PCR assay, Magnetic biosensors, IoT frameworks, Spike protein, Antibodies, Remote monitoring systems

© 2021 R. de Fazio et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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Advantages and disadvantages of different magnetic nano-sensors technologies (Wu et al., 2020).

A full list of extracted features (Sun et al., 2020).

Comparison between the scientific works reported in the second section, in terms of the detection technology, target species, LOD, detection time, application scenario and scalability.

An overview of technologies and devices against COVID-19 pandemic diffusion: virus detection and monitoring solutions

Publicado en línea: 11 mar 2021

Páginas: 1 - 28

Recibido: 21 dic 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/ijssis-2021-003

Palabras claveSARS-CoV-2, Pandemic, Tracking devices, RT-PCR assay, Magnetic biosensors, IoT frameworks, Spike protein, Antibodies, Remote monitoring systems

© 2021 R. de Fazio et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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Figure 29:

Advantages and disadvantages of different magnetic nano-sensors technologies (Wu et al., 2020).

A full list of extracted features (Sun et al., 2020).

Comparison between the scientific works reported in the second section, in terms of the detection technology, target species, LOD, detection time, application scenario and scalability.

Palabras clave
SARS-CoV-2, Pandemic, Tracking devices, RT-PCR assay, Magnetic biosensors, IoT frameworks, Spike protein, Antibodies, Remote monitoring systems