Platform | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
GMR | High sensitivity | Multiple washing steps usually required, thus needing well-trained technicians, but can be wash-free, which reduces the sensitivity |
Availability of a portable device | Time-consuming | |
Mass production capability | High cost per test; nanofabrication of GMR biosensors required | |
MTJ | High sensitivity | Multiple washing steps usually required, thus needing well-trained technicians, but can be wash-free, which reduces the sensitivity |
Mass production capability | High noise; large distance from the MNP to the sensor surface | |
Hard-to-acquire linear response | ||
Complicated fabrication process | ||
Time-consuming | ||
High cost per test; nanofabrication of MTJ biosensors required | ||
MPS, surface-based | High sensitivity | Multiple washing steps usually required, thus needing well-trained technicians, but can be wash-free, which reduces the sensitivity |
Low cost per test | Time-consuming | |
Availability of a portable device | ||
MPS, volume-based | One-step wash-free detection allowed | Medium sensitivity |
Immunoassays that can be hand-held by non-technicians | ||
Low cost per test | ||
Availability of a portable device | ||
NMR | Availability of a portable device | Multiple washing steps usually required, thus needing well-trained technicians, but can be wash-free, which reduces the sensitivity |
Time-consuming | ||
Medium sensitivity |
Category | Modality | Features | Extraction |
---|---|---|---|
Mobility | Smartphone location | Homestay | The time spent within 200m radius of home location (determined using DBSCAN) |
Maximum traveled distance from home | The maximum distance traveled from home location | ||
Smartphone Bluetooth | Maximum number of nearby devices | The maximum number of Bluetooth-enabled nearby devices | |
Fitbit step count | Step count | Daily total of Fitbit step count | |
Functional measures | Fitbit sleep | Sleep duration | Daily total duration of sleep categories (light, deep, and rem) |
Bedtime | The first sleep category of the night | ||
Fitbit heart rate | Average heart rate | The daily average heart rate | |
Phone usage | Smartphone user interaction | Unlock duration | The total duration of phone in the unlocked state |
Smartphone usage event | Social app use duration | The total duration spent on social apps (Google Play categories of Social, Communication, and Dating) |
Scientific work | Detection mechanism | Target species | LOD | Detection time | Application scenario | Scalability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GMR | H1N1 virus H3N2 virus | 15 ng/mL 125 TCID50/ml | 10 min | Virus screening | Low | |
MPS | BoNT A, B and E | 0.22, 0.11, 0.32 ng/mL | 25 min | Food quality | Medium | |
MPS | ssDNA | 400 pM | 10 sec | DNA analysis | Medium | |
NMR | CuSO4 | 0.2 µM | 1 min | cell isolation, cell culture, DNA amplification | Medium | |
electrochemical | SARS-CoV-2 virus | 200 copies/mL | 10 sec | Virus screening | High | |
electrochemical | SARS-CoV-2 virus | 14 nM | 30 sec | Virus screening | High | |
electrochemical | JEV virus | 5–20 ng/mL | 20 min | Virus screening | High | |
FET-based | SARS-CoV-2 virus | 1.7 fM | 20 sec | Virus screening | High | |
LSPR | SARS-CoV-2 | 0.18 ng/µL | 10 min | Virus screening | Low |