Publicado en línea: 23 feb 2022
Páginas: 28 - 35
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/ijanmc-2020-005
Palabras clave
© 2020 Halavachou Yury et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
With the rapid development of science and technology, the world has entered an information age of data communication. The most famous of the data networks is Internet, a packet-switched network developed by the U.S. department of defense called the ARPANET, which is considered the precursor to the information superhighway. Now almost all countries and regions have joined the Internet.
In order for information to be transmitted correctly over the Internet to its destination, each computer connected to the Internet must have a unique address. At present, there are three kinds of address compilation methods: one is “IP address”, which consists of four digits divided by the dot; the other is “domain name”, a series of strings split by dots, and the third is “Chinese domain name system”, which consists of a three-level domain name split by a decimal and an oblique line. These three address structures have become the current network system; bringing great convenience to people’s access to the Internet, the network has completely changed people’s lives.
Internet uses IPv4 protocol address scheme, the address number up to 232, due to the early development of the Internet to estimate the development trend of Internet, the IP allocation is not reasonable, address resources are exhausted, although no classification of addressing CIDR technology, network address translation NAT technology to alleviate the crisis, but still can’t solve the problem. And address will be more and more widely used in e-commerce logistics code, space code, identity code, digital currency, three-dimensional geographical code and other intelligent terminals, the original address allocation technology cannot meet the needs of social development.
The topology of address space directly results in the form of address allocation independent of the network topology. With the increase of the number of networks and routers, the excessively expanded routing table increases the search and storage overhead and becomes the bottleneck of the Internet. At the same time, the length of packet head is not fixed, and it is very inconvenient to extract, analyze and select routes by hardware, so it is difficult to improve the throughput of routing data. Then there is the uneven distribution of IP addresses. Due to its origin in the United States, more than half of all addresses are owned by the United States, resulting in a serious imbalance in the distribution of IP addresses.
IPv4 was originally designed for military use, and was not intended to be open to the outside world. As a result, QoS of quality of service and security were very poor, and it was difficult to provide rich QoS functions for real-time multimedia, mobile IP and other commercial services. Although the later developed protocols such as RSVP provided QoS support, the cost of planning and constructing IP network was relatively high.
Despite of its shortcomings, IPv4 was the first network all over the world, and people had got to used it, so it will going forever.
The length of IPv6 is 128 bits, or 2128 addresses. The address space is much larger than the 32-bit address space. Moreover, the principle of Aggregation is adopted, which enables the router to represent a subnet with an Entry in the routing table, it greatly reducing the length of routing table in the router and improving the speed of forwarding packets. The addition of Multicast support and Flow Control over IPv6 has led to significant advances in multimedia applications, providing a good network platform for, Quality of Service Control (QoS). Despite its obvious advantages, IPv6 has a big flaw in the design of its address structure. The shortcomings are as follows.
IPv6 confuses the network hierarchy in the design, and the interface ID inserts the physical address into the logical address layer, which on the one hand results in the physical address space forming a limitation on the empty IP address, the security does not belong to the content of the IP layer, it is not necessary to design security technology in the IP layer. Because with the development of security technology, security methods and key length will change constantly, so the development of security technology will eventually lead to the need for IP address redesign.
In the unicast address with more IPv6 applications, the structure of “network ID+ host ID” similar to IPv4 is adopted from a large point of view, and the network ID of IPv6 is changed into a three-layer more structure with a fixed length of subnet prefix: “top-level aggregation ID+ secondary aggregation ID+ site-level aggregation ID”. IPv6 is a kind of patchwork addressing. So its address space is not pure 128 bits.
IPv6 address space is not the 128-bit address space that people think of. Due to the special address structure design, IPv6 itself has to go through three significantly different version transitions if it wants to truly implement the 128-bit address space, the IPv16 for 64-bit effective address space; IPv26 for 128-bit valid address space. The transition between the three versions is like to upgrade the three different protocols.
IP address is the basic protocol of the Internet, and it is very difficult to solve it through complete replacement. Initially, without further study, the designers of IPv6 decided that the 32-address space problem of IPv4 could not be solved by a smooth upgrade, so they simply redesigned it entirely from scratch. IPv6 requires all nodes of the entire network to support the new IP protocol, and all terminal operating systems and applications to support upgrades, making the problem extremely difficult.
These shortcomings are also the main reason why IPv6 has not been widely used since its emergence.
In December 1998, Xie Jianping, a scholar from Shanghai, China and the inventor of the Future Network, applied to the National Intellectual Property Administration (NIPA), PRC (formerly the Patent Office of China) for the invention patent of “the method of assigning addresses to computers connected to the network with full digital codes”, which was officially authorized by the NIPA on November 7, 2001.
In December 1998, Mr. Xie jianping registered the copyright in the national copyright administration of China in “the method of unified compilation and distribution of addresses of networked computers and intelligent terminals”, “the overall distribution method of computer addresses allocated by full decimal algorithm for networked computers”, and “the gateway of decimal number”.
In October 2001, the “copyright of IPV9 protocol and application” was registered.
In 2001, the former Science and Technology Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China established the China Decimal Network Standards Working Group (IPV9 Working Group) with enterprises as the main body and industry, university and research institute as a combination.
In 2002, the “code for digital domain names” was published, defining the “decimal network, IPV9 resource record and management organization”.
In 2007, the former Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China formally defined IPV9 as the “future network” to distinguish the next generation of the Internet for IPv6.
In 2011, the authoritative professional institutions of the uS government have confirmed legally and technically that China has the core technology of sovereign network with independent intellectual property rights under the IP framework. This is the patented technology of IPV9 which is different from the existing technology of the uS Internet. The official patent name is “Method of using whole digital code to assign address for computer”.
In December 2011, the U.S. federal patent and trademark office issued a patent certificate numbered US 8,082,365, stating in its notice of approval that the applicant’s identification report was “very convincing”.
On May 21, 2013 and March 11, 2014, the United States twice voted in favor of the China-led “naming and addressing” and “security” of the future network.
On February 23, 2013, the State Council issued the national science and technology infrastructure construction medium and long term plan (2012-2030), in order to break through the future network basic theory and support the new generation of Internet experiments, the construction of future network test facilities.
On June 1, 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China released relevant industry standards for IPV9 implemented nationwide: Including SJ/T11605 “for products and services based on the technology of radio frequency domain rules”, “SJ/T11604 decimal network based RFID tag information orientation, query and service discovery technology standard”, SJ/T11603 “used Digital ID format in information processing products and services”, SJ/T11606 “the network architecture of RFID tags information query service specification”, SJ/T11682 “based on the electronic tag information of decimal network location, query and service discovery and application”.
IPV9 is completely independent intellectual property rights on the basis of full decimal digit code, it has 2256 of cyberspace sovereignty, including from mother root, master root, 13 root name servers, using zero trust security communication mechanism after verification first, compatible with the current Internet system, with overlapping geographical position and the IP address space for the future network architecture.
On the basis of compatibility with all the functions of the Internet at present, IPV9 adopts the TCP/IP/M three-layer and four-layer hybrid architecture, with mixed virtual and real circuits, to complete the video data transmission of large code stream.
IPV9 obtained Chinese patent in 2001 (CN98 1 22785), and has obtained authorized patents successively in more than ten countries and regions, including South Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Russia, South Korea, North Korea, Hong Kong, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Mexico and Norway. IPV9 applied for US patent in 2004. It was issued seven times of “non-final rejection opinion” and six final rejections by the US Patent Office. During this period, it was repeatedly criticized by senior members of the US IETF and famous American IT companies. In December 2011, the US Patent and Trademark Office officially issued a patent certificate numbered US 8,082,365, and clearly stated in its approval notice that the appraisal report provided by the applicant was “very convincing”. In December 2011, the US Patent and Trademark Office officially issued a patent certificate numbered US 8,082,365, and clearly stated in its approval notice that the appraisal report provided by the applicant was “very convincing”.
IPV9 has a larger address space than IPv4/IPv6. IPv4 defines the bit length of IP address is 32, that is, there are 232-1 addresses; While the length of IPv6 is 128, that is, 2128-1 addresses, the standard length of an IPV9 address is 2256-1, with 42 layers address structure design will be 10256-1 (21024-1). To put it mildly, if IPv6 were widely used, every grain of sand in the world would have an IP address. Then after IPV9 is widely used, the smallest molecule of bright matter in the whole universe will have a corresponding address. It is no exaggeration to say that if IPV9 is fully applied, every cell and living gene in the world can be assigned to an IPV9 address. Layer 42 is the asset management address (including legal digital currency space) compatible with ean-ucc128 barcode length.
IPv6 has a smaller routing table than IPv4. The address allocation of IPv6 follows the principle of Aggregation at the beginning, which enables the router to represent a subnet with an Entry in the table, this greatly reducing the length of routing table in the router, and improving the speed of forwarding packets in the routing table.
The routing table of IPV9 is very small, and the address allocation of IPV9 follows the principle of Geo-spatial clustering from the beginning, which enables IPV9 router to represent a country subnet and an application subnet with a single record, it greatly reducing the length and cleanliness of routing table in the router, and improving the speed of forwarding packets by routing table. At the same time, this subnet can express a specific geographical location, for example, we assign the IPV9 address segment of Shanghai as 86[21[5]/96, then in other routers of the same level, only one route pointing to the address segment of 86[21[5]/96 can realize the IPv9 address routing of Shanghai. According to this logic, only one route is needed from country to country. For example, the route to China is 86/64. The IPv4 routing table is large and irregular, and the IPv6 routing table is smaller than IPv4, but the IPv6 routing table contains no geographic information and the routing is messy.
IPV9 adds support for automatic configuration of variable length addresses, which is an improvement and extension of DHCP protocol of IPV9, making network management more convenient. IPV9 supports multicast, and supports the ISO/IEC C6 future network << naming and addressing >>TCP/IP/M model, and supports long packet code streams for virtual and real circuits. This allows multimedia applications on the web to ensure video quality and reduce overhead, provide faster and faster applications such as industrial controls and unmanned vehicles, and provide better and cheaper service over the Internet than IPv6.
IPV9 address length has a variety of options, which can realize the change of 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 and 1024 bit address length, and select the most appropriate address length according to different usage scenarios to reduce the routing overhead.
The address length of IPv9 is long enough to realize dual encryption from the transmission of source and target addresses, which plays an important role in some specific network transmission fields.
IPV9 addresses can be embedded with geo-location information, as well as personal and industry ID information, this making IP addresses uniquely tied to personal information.
IPV9 address is backward compatible with IPv4/IPv6 address. In order to absorb the upgrade difficulty of IPv6 incompatibility with IPv4, IPV9 protocol remains and unchanged, so that IPv4/IPv6 upgrade to the new version of IPV9, the upgrade cost is very low.
IPv4/IPv6 addresses Spaces and copyright ownership: United States.
IPV9 address space and copyright ownership: China.
IPV9 technology has many features; a comparison of IPV9 and IPv4, IPv6 features is listed below.
COMPARISON BETWEEN IPV4 AND IPV9
| Item | IPv4 | IPV9 |
|---|---|---|
| Bit length | 32 | 256 |
| Address format | Dot decimal, uncompressible | [ ] Bracket decimal notation, with zero compression, can be compressed on both sides |
| Network express | Mask or length prefix representation | Length prefix express that supports public geographic space clustering |
| Loop Address | 127.0.0.1 | [7]1 |
| Public address | Common public IP address | Aggregate global address location unicast addresses |
| Automatic configuration | Automatically configured address (169.254.0.0/16) | Link-Local Address:4269801472[0/64 |
| Broadcast address | Contains broadcast address | No broadcast address, transitional support broadcast address |
| Unspecified address | 0.0.0.0 | [8] |
| Domain name resolution | IPv4 Host address(A) resource record | IPv9 host address (AAAAAAAA) resource record |
| Mother root server space | 32bits (232-1 addresses) | Realized 256bits (2256-1 addresses) design objective 2048bits |
| Root domain server name | 13 letters from A to M | 13 letters from N to Z |
| China top-level domain | .CN | .CHN |
| Inverse Resolution | IN-ADDR.APRA Domain | IN-ADDR.APRA9 Domain |
| Compatibility 1 | Incompatible with IPv6 addresses | Compatible IPv6 address: y]y]y]y]x:x:x:x:x:x:d.d.d.d |
| Compatibility 2 | Incompatible with IPV9 addresses | Compatible IPv4 address: y]y]y]y]y]y]y]d.d.d.d |
| Transition address | No | Transition address IPv4: [7]d.d.d.d |
| Encryption | No IP address encryption | Dual encrypted of the source address and the destination address |
| Address length | Fixed 32 bits | Not fixed, canbe16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024bits |
| Geographic information | No geographic location information | Geographic location information Can be embedded |
| DHCP | Nonsupport DHCP | Added support for automatic configuration of variable - length addresses |
| ISO/IEC C6 & TCP/IP/M model | Not supported | Supported |
| Communication rules | Communicate first, then verify | Verify before communication |
| Network model | TCP/IP | TCP/IP/M |
| Sovereign | America | China |
COMPARISONS BETWEEN IPV6 AND IPV9
| Item | IPv6 | IPV9 |
|---|---|---|
| Bit length | 128 | 256 |
| Address format | Colon-separated hexadecimal with zero compression, single compression | [ ] [ ] Bracket decimal notation, with zero compression, can be compressed on both sides |
| Network express | Mask or length prefix representation | Length prefix express that supports public geographic space clustering |
| Loop Address | : : 1 | [7]1 |
| Public address | Can aggregate the global single point transmission address | Aggregate global address location unicast addresses |
| Link-Local Address | FE80: : /64 | 4269801472[0/64 |
| Broadcast address | No | No broadcast address, transitional support broadcast address |
| Unspecified address | 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0 | [8] |
| Domain name resolution | IPv6 Host address(AAAA) resource record | IPv9 host address (AAAAAAAA) resource record |
| Mother root server space | 128bits (2128-1 addresses) | Realized 256bits (2256-1 addresses) design objective 2048 bits |
| Root domain server name | 13 letters from A to M | 13 letters from N to Z |
| China top-level domain | .CN | .CHN |
| Inverse Resolution | IP6.INT Domain | IN-ADDR.APRA9 Domain |
| Compatibility 1 | Incompatible with IPv9 addresses | Compatible IPv6 address:y]y]y]y]x:x:x:x:x:x:d.d.d.d |
| Compatibility 2 | Incompatible with IPv4 addresses | Compatible IPv4 address:y]y]y]y]y]y]y]d.d.d.d |
| Transition address | No | Transition address IPv4: [7]d.d.d.d |
| Encryption | No IP address encryption | Dual encrypted of the source address and the destination address |
| Address length | Fixed 128 bits | Not fixed,canbe16?32?64?128?256?512?1024bits |
| Geographic information | No geographic location information | Geographic location information Can be embedded |
| DHCP | Support DHCP, no automatic configuration for variable-length addresses | Added support for automatic configuration of variable - length addresses |
| Network model | TCP/IP | TCP/IP/M |
| ISO/IEC C6 & TCP/IP/M mode | Not supported | Supported |
| Communication rule | Communicate first, then verify | Verify before communication |
| Network model | TCP/IP | TCP/IP/M |
| Sovereign | America | China |
The IPV9 protocol uses 0-9 Arabic digital network as the virtual IP address and uses decimal as the text representation method, which is a convenient way to find online users. IPV9 has a large number of assignable IP addresses, and the maximum number of address bits is 2 × 1048 In order to improve efficiency and facilitate end users, some addresses can be used directly as domain names, which is the cornerstone of the future digital world. At the same time, IPV9 is also called “New Generation Security and Reliable Information Integrated Network Protocol” because it uses the classification and coding of the original computer network, cable broadcast television network and telecommunication network.
IPV9 technology and the whole network architecture make China to be the second country in the world with complete future network architecture. This paper introduces the generation process and characteristics of IPV9, and compared with the existing Internet, with the continuous optimization and improvement of IPV9 Future Network, it will be applied in many other countries.