Anfis Coordination of Changes In Power Oscillation Damper Parameters with Variation In Power System Operating Point

Most of the FACTS based damping controllers belong to the PI (Proportional + Integral) type and work effectively in single machine system [1]. However, the performance of the above mentioned damping controllers deteriorates in multi-machine power systems. The damping performance of the FACTS based damping controllers in multi-machine power systems can be improved by using fuzzy coordinated design [2]. Furthermore Power Oscillation Damper are designed for specific operating point, but operating point changes as demand changes for optimal performance the parameter of power oscillation damper must continually change with changes in operating point for this reason ANFIS is deployed to predict the future values of POD parameters based on large population of such parameters obtained from all possible operating scenarios. The structure of the proposed Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy coordinated controller is shown in Figure 1, where the inputs are speed deviation of synchronous machines and their acceleration. Thus, the conventional damping controllers are adaptively tuned by using ANFIS controllers.

Figure 1.

An attempt has been made to apply hybrid neuro-fuzzy approach for the coordination between the conventional power oscillation damping (POD) controllers for multi-machine power systems. With the help of MATLAB, a class of adaptive networks, that are functionally equivalent to fuzzy inference systems, is proposed. The proposed architecture is referred to as ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) [2]-[6]. An adaptive fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based UPFC supplementary damping controller to superimpose the damping function on the control signal of UPFC for damping of power system electromechanical oscillations was proposed in [7]-[8].

The acronym ANFIS derives its name from adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Using a given input/output data set, the toolbox function ANFIS constructs a fuzzy inference system (FIS) whose membership function parameters are tuned (adjusted) using either a back propagation algorithm alone, or in combination with a least squares type of method. This allows fuzzy systems to learn from the data they are modeling [8]. It has a network-type structure similar to that of a neural network. Thus, it maps inputs through input membership functions and associated parameters and then through output membership functions and associated parameters to outputs, can be used to interpret the input/output map. The parameters associated with the membership functions will change through the learning process. The computation of these parameters (or their adjustment) is facilitated by a gradient vector, which provides a measure of how well the fuzzy inference system is modeling the input/output data for a given set of parameters [9]-[10]. Once the gradient vector is obtained, any of several optimization routines could be applied in order to adjust the parameters so as to reduce some error measure (usually defined by the sum of the squared difference between actual and desired outputs) [11]-[12].

Power Oscillation Dampers were designed for UPFC embedded in two test case study systems:

However the optimal performance of these PODs are only guaranteed at the particular operating points under consideration, but at any other operating points, different values of time constant must be determined for the damping to be effective

A.

Result of ANFIS Training (Test System 1)

The training data and check data are generated by randomly varying the load (multiplying the load with a factor of 0.1) in the two areas of the test system. At each operating point the actual values of POD parameters T₁ and T₂ were calculated. The ANFIS parameter settings are as shown in Table 1. Fig 4 is the plot of training data and ANFIS output for lead time constant while Figure 5 is the graph of check data and ANFIS output for lead time constant. The plot of the error associated with the training is shown in Figure 6 for both the check data and training data. The corresponding plots for lag time constant are shown in Figures 7 to Figure 9.

Table I.

ANFIS Parameter Settings

numMFs	5
mfType	'gbellmf'
epoch_n	20

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

B.

Result of ANFIS Training (Test System 2)

The data for training were obtained by randomly varying the load in different areas by a factor of 0.01 from low to medium and high values for about 500 scenarios, the data were divided into training data and check data. The lead-lag time constants were recorded as they change with operating conditions as well as the lead and lag time constants that provide the best damping under different operating conditions. The results obtained for lag time constant are as shown in Figures 10 to 12. Figure 13 to 14 are the corresponding results for lead time constant. Figure 15 is the graph of the input membership function while Figures 16 and 17 are the graphs of the ANFIS adjusted membership function that gives the exact simulation of the training data for the lag time constant and lead time constant respectively.

Figure 10.

Figure 11.

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

Figure 14.

Figure 15.

Figure 16.

Figure 17.

Figure 18.

In this work an adaptive neuro fuzzy controller has been developed for the purpose of coordinating the changes in power oscillation damper parameters with variation in power system operating point. The accuracy with which the controller was able to predict the values of POD parameters clearly reveals the effectiveness of the proposed approach.