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Numerical Study of Conditions on the Staircase During a Fire in a Public Building

Karolina SZULC
Karolina SZULC
   | 06 ago 2022
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Publicado en línea: 06 ago 2022
Páginas: 91 - 102
Recibido: 14 ene 2022
Aceptado: 15 feb 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2022-008
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© 2022 Karolina SZULC, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Impact of fire on the environment (based on [2])
Impact of fire on the environment (based on [2])

Figure 2.

The layout of the staircase and corridor model: a) front view; b) back view
The layout of the staircase and corridor model: a) front view; b) back view

Figure 3.

Heat release rate
Heat release rate

Figure 4.

The layout of: (a) the thermocouples in the model; (b) the 2d output slices; (c) the gas phase devices
The layout of: (a) the thermocouples in the model; (b) the 2d output slices; (c) the gas phase devices

Figure 5.

Temperatures at the measurement points
Temperatures at the measurement points

Figure 6.

Concentration of: (a) benzene; (b) toluene; (c) formaldehyde
Concentration of: (a) benzene; (b) toluene; (c) formaldehyde

Figure 7.

Concentration of: (a) acetaldehyde; (b) phenol; (c) benzoic acid
Concentration of: (a) acetaldehyde; (b) phenol; (c) benzoic acid

Figure 8.

Visibility in the corridor: (a) after 111 seconds; (b) after 152 seconds
Visibility in the corridor: (a) after 111 seconds; (b) after 152 seconds

Figure 9.

Visibility in the staircase in: (a) 193 seconds; (b) 600 seconds
Visibility in the staircase in: (a) 193 seconds; (b) 600 seconds

Figure 10.

Simulation V1 – Visibility in the staircase in: (a) 193 seconds; (b) 600 seconds
Simulation V1 – Visibility in the staircase in: (a) 193 seconds; (b) 600 seconds

Figure 11.

Simulation V2 – Visibility in the staircase in: (a) 193 seconds; (b) 600 seconds
Simulation V2 – Visibility in the staircase in: (a) 193 seconds; (b) 600 seconds

Assumptions set in the model

Assumption Value
Door to the room where fire ignites Open
Door to stairwell (5) Open
Smoke detector Cleary Ionization I1
Fire ventilation Natural – inlet air opening in the basement and smoke damper on the roof
Fire ventilation activation Activates via smoke detector

Door opening activation time

  Time, s
Event V1 V2
Closing When the smoke detector activates
Opening 60 55
Closing 90 70
Opening 150 80
Closing 180 90
Opening 200 110
Closing 215 125

The maximum permitted concentrations of pollutants [19]

  Maximum permissible concentration during a work shift (NDS), mg/m3 Instantaneous maximum allowed concentration, not longer than 15 min (NDSCh), mg/m3 Concentration value that must not be exceeded in the working environment at any time (NDSP), mg/m3
Benzene 1.6 - -
Toluene 100 200 -
Formaldehyde 0.37 0.74 -
Acetaldehyde - - 45
Phenol 7.8 16 -
Benzoic acid - - -

Fuel properties

Fuel Type HRRPUA, kW/m2 Composition, atoms
Simple Chemistry Model 500 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
6.3 7.1 2.1 1.0

Material properties

Properties Material
Gypsum plaster Concrete PVC
Density, kg/m3 1440 2280 1380
Specific Heat, kJ/(kg·K) 0.84 1.04 custom
Conductivity, W/(m·K) 0.48 1.8 custom
Emissivity 0.9 0.9 0.95

Mass yields [7] and calculated mass fluxes for selected pollutants

HRRPUA = 500 kW/m2
EHC (PUR) = 21 MJ/kg
  Yi, kg/kg Fi, kg/m2s
Benzene 4.897.10-3 11.70.10-5
Toluene 0.459.10-3 1.09.10-5
Formaldehyde 9.30.10-4 2.21.10-5
Acetaldehyde 1.21.10-3 2.88.10-5
Phenol 4.30.10-4 1.02.10-5
Benzoic acid 7.65.10-3 1.82.10-4
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