Features of Municipal Waste Management in the Context of Sustainable Development in the Countries with High Gni Per Capita and Lower Middle Gni Per Capita on the Example of Finland and Ukraine
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17 abr 2021
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Publicado en línea: 17 abr 2021
Páginas: 95 - 106
Recibido: 30 sept 2021
Aceptado: 28 dic 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2021-009
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© 2019 Nonna Pavliuk et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Tasks and indicators of the 12th goal “Responsible Consumption and Production” for the Sustainable Development of Ukraine [10]
| Target | Indicator | Target values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2030 | ||
| 12.4. Reduce the amount of waste generation, and increase recycling and reuse through innovative technologies and production | 12.4.1. Volume of waste generated by all economic activities per unit of GDP, kg USD 1,000 PPP in 2011 | 977.4 | 950.0 | 880.0 | 800.0 |
| 12.4.2. Share of burned and recycled waste in the total waste generated, % | 30 | 35 | 45 | 55 | |
Development dynamics of the municipal waste treatment [18]
| Parameters | Years | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| The number of settlements in which separately collection of municipal waste is organized, settlement | 503 | 496 | 398 | 575 | 822 | 1181 | 1462 |
| Number of semi-automatic waste recycling machines, pcs. | 21 | 21 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 26 | 34 |
| Number of waste-to-energy plants with heat recovery, pcs. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Number of waste incineration plants without energy recovery, pcs. | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Recycling of mixed waste and separately collected waste in Finland in 2018 [22]
| Parameters | Total waste treatment | Material recovery (w/o aerobic and anaerobic digestion) | Aerobic and anaerobic digestion | Energy recovery | Incineration without energy recovery | Landfilling |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mixed Waste, % | 48.2 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 97.2 | 0.0 | 0.9 |
| Separately collected waste total, of which: | 47.1 | |||||
| – Paper and cardboard waste, % | 92.9 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| – Biodegradable waste | 3.2% | 86.5% | 9.9% | 0.0% | 0.4% | |
| – Glass waste | 88.7% | 0.0% | 5.5% | 5.2% | 1.3% | |
| – Metal waste | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
| – Wood waste | 49.2% | 0.1% | 50.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
| – Plastic waste | 63.1% | 0.0% | 36.0% | 0.0% | 0.8% | |
| – Electrical and electronic waste | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
| – Other separately collected fractions | 10.6% | 35.6% | 43.8% | 2.7% | 7.4% | |
| Other and unspecified waste | 4.8 | 1.1% | 1.6% | 7.2% | 2.0% | 15.3% |
Contribution fractions of municipal waste in the major cities of Ukraine [29]
| Parameters | Kyiv | Kharkiv | Dnipro |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population, people [ |
2,950,819 | 1,450,082 | 1,002,944 |
| Paper Cardboard waste, % | 13.5 | 13.3 | 9 |
| Biodegradable waste | 44.0 | 50.8 | 46.5 |
| Glass waste | 9.5 | 10.5 | 9.2 |
| Metal waste | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 |
| Wood waste | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
| Plastic waste | 21.5 | 11.6 | 20.4 |
| Other fractions | 7.8 | 11.6 | 13.2 |
Dynamics of the generation of municipal solid waste in Ukraine in 2013–2019 [18, 19]
| Years → | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population, million people
|
43.1 | 42.9 | 42.8 | 42.6 | 42.4 | 42.2 | 41.9 |
| The amount of municipal waste, million tons | 11.6 | 9.7 | 9.2 | 10.9 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 10.4 |
| Specific amount, kg/person | 270.1 | 226.0 | 215.7 | 255.7 | 233.7 | 215.3 | 248.6 |
Dynamics of municipal solid waste treatment [18]
| Parameters | Years | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| Secondary raw material collection points, % | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.2 |
| Waste recycling facilities, % | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
| Composting areas, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Waste incineration plants, % | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 1.9 |
| Solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) % | 96.0 | 96.4 | 94.2 | 95.2 | 93.4 | 93.2 | 94.2 |
Municipal waste recycling and treatment in Finland [24]
| Parameters | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recycling, ths tons a year | 919 | 827 | 948 | 912 | 873 | 856 | 1108 | 1163 | 1140 | 1286 |
| Incineration and energy recovery, ths tons a year | 463 | 556 | 678 | 925 | 1137 | 1316 | 1315 | 1515 | 1646 | 1733 |
| landfill and other, ths tons a year | 1180 | 1136 | 1093 | 901 | 672 | 458 | 315 | 90 | 26 | 22 |
Dynamics of the reduction in the number of landfills and dumps of municipal waste [18]
| Parameters | Years | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| Number of landfills, ths. facilities | 6.70 | 5.98 | 6.06 | 5.47 | 5.43 | 6.11 | 6.07 |
| Number of unauthorized dumps, ths. facilities | 30 | 24 | 28 | 27.5 | 30 | 26.6 | 26.9 |
| Area of landfills, km2 | 100 | 93.8 | 90.8 | 90.1 | 85.8 | 91.7 | 88.4 |
| Area of unauthorized dumps, km2 | 20 | 15 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 7.5 | 5.8 |
Waste Composition by Income Level [7]
| Rated according to World Bank estimates of 2015 GNI per capita, PPP | Waste Composition by Income Level, % | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food and scraps | Paper and cardboard | Plastic | Glass | Rubber and leather | Wood | Metal | Other | |
| High ($12,476 or more) | 32 | 25 | 13 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 11 |
| Upper middle ($4,036-$12,475) | 54 | 12 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 15 |
| Lower middle ($1,026-$4,035) | 53 | 12,5 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 17 |
| Low ($1,025 or less) | 56 | 7 | 6.4 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 17 |