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Fig. 1.
Synthesis of (p)ppGpp in E. coli.The ppGpp and pppGpp are synthesized from GDP and GTP, respectively, as well as from ATP by the RelA and SpoT enzymes, in response to a deficiency in nutritional substances. As a result of these reactions, AMP is also produced. Phosphate groups marked in grey are present only in the case of GTP and pppGpp.
Fig. 2.
The stringent response and its involvement in the response of bacteria to stress.Description included in the summary. Pentagon – a positive influence of (p)ppGpp on a given process, prohibition sign – a negative influence of (p)ppGpp on a given process.