Evidence for pre-Pleistocene landforms in the Eastern Alps: Geomorphological constraints from the Gurktal Alps

Aigner, A., 1922. Geomorphologische Beobachtungen in den Gurktaler Alpen. Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 131, 243–278.Search in Google Scholar

Aigner, A., 1924. Über tertiäre und diluviale Ablagerungen am Südfuße der Niederen Tauern. Jahrbuch Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien, 74, 179–196.Search in Google Scholar

Baran, R., Friedrich, A.M., Schlunegger, F., 2014. The late Miocene to Holocene erosion pattern of the Alpine foreland basin reflects Eurasian slab unloading beneath the western Alps rather than global climate change. Lithosphere, 6/2, 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1130/L307.110.1130/L307.1Search in Google Scholar

Bartosch, T., Stüwe, K., Robl, J., 2017. Topographic evolution of the Eastern Alps: The influence of strike-slip faulting activity. Lithosphere, 9/3, 384–398. https://doi.org/10.1130/L594.110.1130/L594.1Search in Google Scholar

Cooperation OGD Austria, 2015. Digitales 10m— Geländemodell aus Airborne Laserscan Daten. http://gis.ktn.gv.at/OGD/Geographie_Planung/ogd-10m-at.zipSearch in Google Scholar

Dertnig, F., Stüwe, K., Woodhead, J., Stuart, F.M., Spötl, C., 2017. Constraints on the Miocene landscape evolution of the Eastern Alps from the Kalkspitze region, Niedere Tauern (Austria). Geomorphology, 299, 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.09.02410.1016/j.geomorph.2017.09.024Search in Google Scholar

Dixon, J.L., von Blanckenburg, F., Stüwe, K., Christl, M., 2016. Glaciation’s topographic control on Holocene erosion at the eastern edge of the Alps. Earth Surface Dynamics, 4/4, 895–909. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-895-201610.5194/esurf-4-895-2016Search in Google Scholar

Ebner, F., Sachsenhofer, R.F., 1995. Palaeogeography, subsidence and thermal history of the Neogene Styrian Basin (Pannonian basin system, Austria). Tectonophysics, 242/1-2, 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)00155-310.1016/0040-1951(94)00155-3Search in Google Scholar

Exner, C., 1949. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der jungen Hebung der östlichen Hohen Tauern. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft Wien, 91, 186–196.Search in Google Scholar

Exner, C., 1989. Geologie des mittleren Lungaus. Jahrbuch Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien, 132/1, 7–103.Search in Google Scholar

Exner, C., Hejl, E., Mandl, G.W., 2005. Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich: 157-Tamsweg. Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien, ÖK 1:50.000.Search in Google Scholar

Frisch, W., Kuhlemann, J., Dunkl, I., 2001. The Dachstein paleosurface and the Augenstein Formation in the Northern Calcareous Alps—a mosaic stone in the geo-morphological evolution of the Eastern Alps. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 90/3, 500–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531000018910.1007/s005310000189Search in Google Scholar

Frisch, W., Kuhlemann, J., Dunkl, I., Brügel, A., 1998. Palinspastic reconstruction and topographic evolution of the Eastern Alps during late Tertiary tectonic extrusion. Tectonophysics, 297/1, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00160-710.1016/S0040-1951(98)00160-7Search in Google Scholar

Genser, J., Cloetingh, S.A., Neubauer, F., 2007. Late orogenic rebound and oblique Alpine convergence: New constraints from subsidence analysis of the Austrian Molasse basin. Global and Planetary Change, 58/1-4, 214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03.01010.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03.010Search in Google Scholar

Geological Survey of Austria, 2017. ArcGIS Map Service: Geologic structure layer of projekte_onegeology / 1GE_GBA_500k_Surface_Geology, http://gisgba.geologie.ac.at/arcgis/servicesSearch in Google Scholar

GeoServices-KAGIS, 2017. ArcGIS shapefiles of geological map 1:200.000 of Carinthia—Kärnten Atlas V4. Amt der Kärntner Landesregierung. https://gis.ktn.gv.atSearch in Google Scholar

Hack, J., 1957. Studies of longitudinal profiles in Virginia and Maryland. U. S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 294-B. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp294B10.3133/pp294BSearch in Google Scholar

Hejl, E., 1997. ‘Cold spots’ during the Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Alps: thermochronological interpretation of apatite fission-track data. Tectonophysics, 272/2–4, 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00256-910.1016/S0040-1951(96)00256-9Search in Google Scholar

Hejl, E., 1998. Über die känozoische Abkühlung und Denudation der Zentralalpen Östlich der Hohen Tauern – eine Apatit-Spaltspuranalyse. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 89, 179–199.Search in Google Scholar

Hergarten, S., Robl, J., Stüwe, K., 2016. Tectonic geomorphology at small catchment sizes—extensions of the stream-power approach and the chi method. Earth Surface Dynamics, 4, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-1-201610.5194/esurf-4-1-2016Search in Google Scholar

Howard, A.D., Kerby, G., 1983. Channel changes in badlands. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 94, 739–752. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<739:CCIB>2.0.CO;210.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<739:CCIB>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

van Husen, D., 1987. Die Ostalpen in den Eiszeiten. Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien.Search in Google Scholar

van Husen, D., 2011. Quaternary glaciations in Austria. Developments in Quarternary Sciences, Elsevier, 15, 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00002-710.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00002-7Search in Google Scholar

van Husen, D., 2012. Zur glazialen Entwicklung des oberen Gurktales. Jahrbuch Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien, 152/1–4, 39–56.Search in Google Scholar

Kirby, E., Whipple, K.X., Tang, W., Chen, Z., 2003. Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Inferences from bedrock channel longitudinal profiles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108/B4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB00086110.1029/2001JB000861Search in Google Scholar

Kuhlemann, J., Dunkl, I., Brügel, A., Spiegel, C., Frisch, W., 2006. From source terrains of the Eastern Alps to the Molasse Basin: Detrital record of non-steady-state exhumation. Tectonophysics, 413/3–4, 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.11.00710.1016/j.tecto.2005.11.007Search in Google Scholar

Kuhlemann, J., Kempf, O., 2002. Post-Eocene evolution of the North Alpine Foreland Basin and its response to Alpine tectonics. Sedimentary Geology, 152/1–2, 45–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00285-810.1016/S0037-0738(01)00285-8Search in Google Scholar

Legrain, N., Stüwe, K., Wölfer, A,. 2014. Incised relict landscapes in the eastern Alps. Geomorphology, 221, 124–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.06.01010.1016/j.geomorph.2014.06.010Search in Google Scholar

Montgomery, D.R., Korup, O., 2010. Preservation of inner gorges through repeated Alpine glaciations. Nature Geoscience, 4, 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo103010.1038/ngeo1030Search in Google Scholar

Neubauer, F., Pistotnik, J., 1984. Das Altpaläozoikum und Unterkarbon des Gurktaler Deckensystems (Ostalpen) und ihre paläogeographischen Beziehungen. Geologische Rundschau, 73/1, 149–174.10.1007/BF01820365Search in Google Scholar

Neubauer, F., Heberer, B., Dunkl, I., Liu, X., Bernroider, M., Dong, Y, 2018. The Oligocene Reifnitz tonalite (Austria) and its host rocks: implications for Cretaceous and Oligocene—Neogene tectonics of the southeastern Eastern Alps. Geologica Carpathica, 69/3, 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2018-001410.1515/geoca-2018-0014Search in Google Scholar

Neumann, H.H., 1989. Die Oberkreide des Krappfeldes. Arbeitstagung Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien, 70–79.Search in Google Scholar

Perron, J.T., Royden, L., 2013. An integral approach to bedrock river profile analysis. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 38/6, 570–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.330210.1002/esp.3302Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., Russegger, B., 2000. Thrust-related very low grade metamorphism within the Gurktal Nappe Complex (Eastern Alps). Jahrbuch Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien 142/2, 219–225.Search in Google Scholar

Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., Linzer, H.G., 1991. Lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps, part 2: Structural analysis. Tectonics, 10/2, 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1029/90TC0262310.1029/90TC02623Search in Google Scholar

Reinecker, J., 2000. Stress and deformation: Miocene to present-day tectonics in the Eastern Alps. Tübinger Geowissenschafliche Arbeiten, Reihe A, 55.Search in Google Scholar

Royden, L., Perron, J.T., 2013. Solutions of the stream power equation and application to the evolution of river longitudinal profiles. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118, 497–518. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.2003110.1002/jgrf.20031Search in Google Scholar

Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger, Zs., Braucher, R., Csillag, G., Fodor, L.I., Dunai, T.J., Bada, G., Bourlés, D., Müller, P., 2011. Dating Pleistocene aeolian landforms in Hungary, Central Europe, using in situ produced cosmogenic ¹⁰BE. Quaternary Geochronology, 6/6, 515–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2011.06.00110.1016/j.quageo.2011.06.001Search in Google Scholar

Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger, Zs., Csillag, G., Fodor, L., Braucher, R., Novothny, Á., Thamó-Bozsó, E., Virág, A., Pazonyi, R., Timár, G., and ASTER Team, 2018. Integration of new and revised chronological data to constrain the terrace evolution of the Danube River (Gerecse Hills, Pannonian Basin). Quaternary Geochronology, 48, 148–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2018.08.00310.1016/j.quageo.2018.08.003Search in Google Scholar

Schwanghart, W., Kuhn, N.J., 2010. Topotoolbox: A set of Matlab functions for topographic analysis. Environmental Modelling & Software, 25/6, 770–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.12.00210.1016/j.envsoft.2009.12.002Search in Google Scholar

Spiegel, C., Kuhlemann, J., Dunkl, I., Frisch, W., 2001. Paleogeography and catchment evolution in a mobile orogenic belt: the Central Alps in Oligo–Miocene times. Tectonophysics, 341/1–5, 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00187-110.1016/S0040-1951(01)00187-1Search in Google Scholar

Spreitzer, H., 1932. Zum Problem der Piedmonttreppe. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft Wien, 75, 327–364.Search in Google Scholar

Šujan, M., Lačný, A., Braucher, R. Magdolen, P., and ASTER Team, 2017. Eearly Pleistocene age of fluvial sediments in the Stará Garda cave revealed by ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be burial dating: implications for geomorphic evolution of the Male Karpaty Mts. (western Carpathians). Acta Carsologica, 46/2–3, 251–264. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v46i2-3.515710.3986/ac.v46i2-3.5157Search in Google Scholar

Thiedig, F., van Husen, D., Pistotnik, J., 1999. Geological map of Austria 1:50,000, GK sheet 186 Sankt Veit an der Glan. Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien.Search in Google Scholar

Wagner, T., Fabel, D., Fiebig, M., Häuselmann, P., Sahy, D., Xu, S., Stüwe, K., 2010. Young uplift in the non-glaciated parts of the Eastern Alps. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 295, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.03410.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.034Search in Google Scholar

Wagner, T., Fritz, H., Stüwe, K., Nestroy, O., Rodnight, H., Hellstrom, J., Benischke, R., 2011. Correlations of cave levels, stream terraces and planation surfaces along the river Mur-Timing of landscape evolution along the eastern margin of the Alps. Geomorphology, 134/1–2, 62–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.02410.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.024318231622053124Search in Google Scholar

Weiss, E.H., 1977. Zur Hydrogeologie des Grundwasseraustrittes der Gurk unterhalb der Prekowa (Tiebelur-sprung). Carinthia II, 167/87, 95–104.Search in Google Scholar

Whipple, K.X., Tucker, G.E., 1999. Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 104/B8, 17,661–17,674. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB90012010.1029/1999JB900120Search in Google Scholar

Winkler-Hermaden, A., 1955. Ergebnisse und Probleme der Quartären Entwicklungsgeschichte am östlichen Alpensaum außerhalb der Vereisungsgebiete. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Denkschriften, 110, pp. 180.10.1007/978-3-7091-5785-5Search in Google Scholar

Winkler-Hermaden, A., 1957. Geologisches Kräftespiel und Landformung. Springer, Wien, pp. 822.10.1007/978-3-7091-7881-2Search in Google Scholar

Wobus, C., Whipple, K.X., Kirby, E., Snyder, N., Johnson, J., Spyropolou, K., Crosby, B., Sheehan, D., 2006. Tectonics from topography: Procedures, promise, and pitfalls. Geological Society of America, 398, 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2398(04)10.1130/2006.2398(04)Search in Google Scholar

Wölfler, A., Kurz, W., Fritz, H., Stüwe, K., 2011. Lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps revisited: Refining the model by thermochronological, sedimentary, and seismic data. Tectonics, 30/4, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC00278210.1029/2010TC002782Search in Google Scholar

Wölfler, A., Stüwe, K., Danisik, M., Evans, N.J., 2012. Low temperature thermochronology in the Eastern Alps: Implications for structural and topographic evolution. Tectonophysics, 541–543, 1–18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2012.03.01610.1016/j.tecto.2012.03.016480251527065501Search in Google Scholar

Zeilinger, G., Kuhlemann, J., Reinecker, J., Kazmer, M., Frisch, W., 1999. Das Tamsweger Tertiär im Lungau (Österreich): Fazies und Deformation eines intramontanen Beck-ens. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie— Abhandlungen, 214/3, 537–569.10.1127/njgpa/214/1999/537Search in Google Scholar