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Gallbladder diseases in pregnancy: Sonographic findings in an indigenous African population

Bukunmi Michael Idowu
Bukunmi Michael Idowu
, 
Stephen Olaoluwa Onigbinde
Stephen Olaoluwa Onigbinde
, 
Isaiah Uzezi Ebie
Isaiah Uzezi Ebie
 y 
Michael Temidayo Adeyemi
Michael Temidayo Adeyemi
   | 31 dic 2019
Journal of Ultrasonography's Cover Image
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Article Category: research-article
Publicado en línea: 31 dic 2019
Páginas: 269 - 275
Recibido: 15 nov 2019
Aceptado: 22 nov 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/jou.2019.0040
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© 2019 Bukunmi Michael Idowu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Sonograms of the gallbladder showing a normal gallbladder with anechoic lumen (A) , layering sludge (B) , and gallstones casting posterior acoustic shadows (C)
Sonograms of the gallbladder showing a normal gallbladder with anechoic lumen (A) , layering sludge (B) , and gallstones casting posterior acoustic shadows (C)

Mean and standard deviation of patient demographics

N Mean Standard deviation
Age 656 30.95 4.562
Gestational age 656 25.18 8.786
Gravidity 656 2.21 1.240

Comparison of pregnant women with and without cholelithiasis

Cholelithiasis (n = 11) No Cholelithiasis (n = 645) U P
Mean SD Mean SD
Age (years) 32.73 3.85 30.92 4.57 2563.5 0.11
GA (weeks) 26.45 9.81 25.16 8.78 3168.5 0.54
Gravidity 2.73 1.35 2.20 1.24 2.653 0.13

Gallbladder sonographic findings in pregnant women around the world

Study Country Year Design Sample Size Age group (years) Stone (%) Sludge (%) Other findings
Stauffer(25) USA 1982 P 338 24–40 3.5% NS Nil
Bartoli(26) Italy 1984 P 36 20–34 5.6% 36% Nil
Williamson(27) USA 1984 P 142 19–40 11.3% NS NS
Mintz(28) USA 1985 P 103 NP 3.9% 2% Nil
Christenson(29) USA 1986 P 175 NP 6.3% NS NS
Maringhini(30) Italy 1987 P 298 26.8 ± 5.7 5.2% 26.2% Nil
Sali(31) Australia 1989 P 121 16–42 4.1% Nil Nil
Basso(32) Ireland 1992 P 512 15–43 4.5% Nil Nil
Valdivieso(33) Chile 1993 P 980 16–30 12.2% NS NS
Maringhini(34) Italy 1993 P 272 27.0 ± 5.0 2% 31% Nil
Giangrande(23) Italy 1993 P 56 N 2.9% 10.7% NS
Tsimoyiannis(20) Greece 1994 P 669 25.0 ± 3.0 2% NS NS
Deutchman(35) USA 1994 P 228 13–40 5.3% NS PLP
Hansen(36) USA 1994 P 585 15–42 5.3% NS Nil
Ferguson(17) USA 1994 P 572 NP 4.2% NS NS
De Alba(37) Mexico 1997 P 292 N 14.04% 0.68% PLP, CHL
Bodegraven(38) NTHLD 1998 P 111 29.1 ± 4.1 5.4% 42.3% Nil
Akute(39) Nigeria 1999 P 3832 15–54 2.1% NS Nil
Rambal(40) India 2001 P 200 16–40 6% 18% Nil
Hossain(4) Banglad 2003 P 1336 20–45 8.08% U U
Lindseth(41) USA 2004 P 128 18–40 12.5% NS NS
Ko(42) USA 2005 P 3254 NP 1.8% 4.5% NS
Bolukbas(43) Turkey 2006 P 97 19–35 6.3% 10.9% NS
Tica(19) Romania 2010 P 130 Md: 25.11 9.23% 33.85% NS
Moghaddam(44) Iran 2013 P 380 26.3 ± 5.0 0.7% 3.7% Nil
Ibitoye(24) Nigeria 2014 P 1283 14–43 2.9% 2% PLP
Ilhan(45) Turkey 2016 R 96 567 28.0 ± 5.0 0.06%† NS AC, GSP, CHG, CHDL
Kolbeinsson(46) Iceland 2016 R 77 000 Mn: 29 0.09% NS AC, GSP, CHG, CHDL
Ramirez(47) Mexico 2016 P 348 15–35 16% NS PLP
Idowu Nigeria 2019 P 656 18–44 1.7% 0.3% Nil

Descriptive statistics of subjects

Parameter Frequency Percent
Gallbladder status Normal 643 98.0
Stone(s) 11 1.7
Sludge 2 0.3
Total 656 100.0
Gravidity group Primigravida 232 35.4
Multigravida 281 42.8
Grandmultigravida 143 21.8
Total 656 100.0
Gallbladder status Normal 643 98.0
Stone(s) 11 1.7
Sludge 2 0.3
Total 656 100.0
Blood group A 97 14.8
B 70 10.7
O 467 71.2
AB 22 3.3
Total 656 100.0
Trimester 1st 76 11.6
2nd 256 39.0
3rd 324 49.4
Total 656 100.0
Genotype AA 533 81.2
AS 114 17.4
AC 8 1.2
SS 1 0.2
Total 656 100.0
Age group 11–20 5 0.8
21–30 312 47.6
31–40 325 49.5
41–50 14 2.1
Total 656 100.0

Cross-tabulation of subjects’ demographics and gallbladder status

Gallbladder status, N (row %, column %)
Normal Stone(s) Sludge Total χ2 P value
Age group
<31 years 315 (49.0) 2 (18.2) 0 (0.0) 317 (48.3) 7.116 0.029
≥31 years 328 (51.0) 9 (81.8) 2 (100.0) 339 (51.7)
Gravidity
Primigravida 230 (35.8) 1 (9.1) 1 (50.0) 232 (35.4)
Multigravida 275 (42.8) 6 (54.5) 0 (0) 281 (42.8) 6.694 0.153
Grandmultigravida 138 (21.5) 4 (36.4) 1 (50.0) 143 (21.8)
Trimester
1 74 (11.5) 2 (18.2) 0 (0.0) 76 (11.6)
2 254 (39.5) 2 (18.2) 0 ( 0.0) 256 (39.0) 5.179 0.269
3 315 (49.0) 7 (63.6) 2 (100.0) 324 (49.4)
Genotype
AA 524 (81.5) 7 (63.6) 2 (100.0) 533 (81.2)
AS 111 (17.3) 3(27.3) 0 (0.0) 114 (17.4) 10.263 0.114
AC 8 (1.2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 8 (1.2)
SS 0 (0.0) 1 (9.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.2)
Blood group
A 96 (14.9) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) 97 (14.8)
B 70 (10.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 70 (10.7) 9.268 0.159
0 455 (70.8) 11 (100.0) 1 (50.0) 467 (71.2)
AB 22 (3.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 22 (3.4)
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