Diabetic foot syndrome: Charcot arthropathy or osteomyelitis? Part I: Clinical picture and radiography

1 WhitingDRGuariguataLWeilCShawJIDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030Diabetes Res Clin Pract201194311321 Whiting DR Guariguata L Weil C Shaw J IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030 Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011 94 311 321 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.02922079683 Search in Google Scholar

2 http://www.diabetesatlas.org/resources/2017-atlas.html http://www.diabetesatlas.org/resources/2017-atlas.html Search in Google Scholar

3 Korzon-BurakowskaAZespół stopy cukrzycowej – patogeneza i praktyczne aspekty postępowaniaChoroby Serca i Naczyń200749398 Korzon-Burakowska A Zespół stopy cukrzycowej – patogeneza i praktyczne aspekty postępowania Choroby Serca i Naczyń 2007 4 93 98 Search in Google Scholar

4 SinghNArmstrongDGLipskyBAPreventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetesJAMA2005293217228 Singh N Armstrong DG Lipsky BA Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes JAMA 2005 293 217 228 10.1001/jama.293.2.21715644549 Search in Google Scholar

5 LaveryLAArmstrongDGWunderlichRPMohlerMJWendelCSLipskyBARisk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetesDiabetes Care20062912881293 Lavery LA Armstrong DG Wunderlich RP Mohler MJ Wendel CS Lipsky BA Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes Diabetes Care 2006 29 1288 1293 10.2337/dc05-242516732010 Search in Google Scholar

6 ArmstrongDGLaveryLAHarklessLBValidation of a diabetic wound classification system. The contribution of depth, infection, and ischemia to risk of amputationDiabetes Care199821855859 Armstrong DG Lavery LA Harkless LB Validation of a diabetic wound classification system. The contribution of depth, infection, and ischemia to risk of amputation Diabetes Care 1998 21 855 859 10.2337/diacare.21.5.8559589255 Search in Google Scholar

7 YoungMJAdamsJEAndersonGFBoultonAJCavanaghPRMedial arterial calcification in the feet of diabetic patients and matched non-diabetic control subjectDiabetologia199336615621 Young MJ Adams JE Anderson GF Boulton AJ Cavanagh PR Medial arterial calcification in the feet of diabetic patients and matched non-diabetic control subject Diabetologia 1993 36 615 621 10.1007/BF004040708359578 Search in Google Scholar

8 EnerothMApelqvistJStenströmAClinical characteristics and outcome in 223 diabetic patients with deep foot infectionsFoot Ankle Int199718716722 Eneroth M Apelqvist J Stenström A Clinical characteristics and outcome in 223 diabetic patients with deep foot infections Foot Ankle Int 1997 18 716 722 10.1177/1071100797018011079391817 Search in Google Scholar

9 DinhMTAbadCLSafdarNDiagnostic accuracy of the physical examination and imaging tests for osteomyelitis underlying diabetic foot ulcers: meta-analysisClin Infect Dis200847519527 Dinh MT Abad CL Safdar N Diagnostic accuracy of the physical examination and imaging tests for osteomyelitis underlying diabetic foot ulcers: meta-analysis Clin Infect Dis 2008 47 519 527 10.1086/590011745070718611152 Search in Google Scholar

10 ErtugrulBMSavkOOzturkBCobanogluMOncuSSakaryaSThe diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis: examination findings and laboratory valuesMed Sci Monit200915CR307CR312 Ertugrul BM Savk O Ozturk B Cobanoglu M Oncu S Sakarya S The diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis: examination findings and laboratory values Med Sci Monit 2009 15 CR307 CR312 Search in Google Scholar

11 HochéGSandersLJOn some arthropathies apparently related to a lesion of the brain or spinal cord, by Dr. J.-M. Charcot, January 1868J Hist Neurosci199217587 Hoché G Sanders LJ On some arthropathies apparently related to a lesion of the brain or spinal cord, by Dr. J.-M. Charcot, January 1868 J Hist Neurosci 1992 1 75 87 10.1080/0964704920952551711618418 Search in Google Scholar

12 JordanWRNeuritic manifestation in diabetes mellitusArch Intern Med (Chic)193657307302 Jordan WR Neuritic manifestation in diabetes mellitus Arch Intern Med (Chic) 1936 57 307 302 10.1001/archinte.1936.00170060069004 Search in Google Scholar

13 JonesEAManasterBJMayDADislerDGNeuropathic osteoarthropathy: diagnostic dillemas and differetial diagnosisRadiographics200020S279S293 Jones EA Manaster BJ May DA Disler DG Neuropathic osteoarthropathy: diagnostic dillemas and differetial diagnosis Radiographics 2000 20 S279 S293 10.1148/radiographics.20.suppl_1.g00oc22s27911046179 Search in Google Scholar

14 RogersLCFrykbergRGArmstrongDGBoultonAJMEdmondsMHa VanGThe Charcot foot in diabetesDiabetes Care20113421232129 Rogers LC Frykberg RG Armstrong DG Boulton AJM Edmonds M Ha Van G The Charcot foot in diabetes Diabetes Care 2011 34 2123 2129 10.2337/dc11-0844 Search in Google Scholar

15 BrowerACAllmanRMPathogenesis of the neurotrophic joint: neurotraumatic vs. neurovascularRadiology1981139349354 Brower AC Allman RM Pathogenesis of the neurotrophic joint: neurotraumatic vs. neurovascular Radiology 1981 139 349 354 10.1148/radiology.139.2.7220879 Search in Google Scholar

16 ChildsMArmstrongDGEdelsonGIs Charcot arthropathy a late sequela of osteoporosis in patients with diabetes mellitus?J Foot Ankle Surg199837437439 Childs M Armstrong DG Edelson G Is Charcot arthropathy a late sequela of osteoporosis in patients with diabetes mellitus? J Foot Ankle Surg 1998 37 437 439 10.1016/S1067-2516(98)80054-9 Search in Google Scholar

17 CundyTFEdmondsMEWatkinsPJOsteopenia and metatarsal fractures in diabetic neuropathyDiabet Med19852461464 Cundy TF Edmonds ME Watkins PJ Osteopenia and metatarsal fractures in diabetic neuropathy Diabet Med 1985 2 461 464 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1985.tb00683.x2951118 Search in Google Scholar

18 ForstTPfütznerAKannPSchehlerBLobmannRSchäferHPeripheral osteopenia in adult patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusDiabet Med199512874879 Forst T Pfützner A Kann P Schehler B Lobmann R Schäfer H Peripheral osteopenia in adult patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Diabet Med 1995 12 874 879 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00389.x8846677 Search in Google Scholar

19 YoungMJMarshallAAdamsJESelbyPLBoultonAJOsteopenia, neurological dysfunction, and the development of Charcot neuroarthropathyDiabetes Care1995183438 Young MJ Marshall A Adams JE Selby PL Boulton AJ Osteopenia, neurological dysfunction, and the development of Charcot neuroarthropathy Diabetes Care 1995 18 34 38 10.2337/diacare.18.1.347698045 Search in Google Scholar

20 FabrinJLarsenKHolsteinPELong-term follow-up in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onsetDiabetes Care200023796800 Fabrin J Larsen K Holstein PE Long-term follow-up in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onset Diabetes Care 2000 23 796 800 10.2337/diacare.23.6.79610840999 Search in Google Scholar

21 KlenermanLThe Charcot joint in diabetesDiabet Med199613Suppl. 1S52S54 Klenerman L The Charcot joint in diabetes Diabet Med 1996 13 Suppl. 1 S52 S54 10.1002/dme.1996.13.s1.52 Search in Google Scholar

22 BailerCCRootHFNeuropathic foot lesions in diabetes mellitusN Engl J Med1947236397401 Bailer CC Root HF Neuropathic foot lesions in diabetes mellitus N Engl J Med 1947 236 397 401 10.1056/NEJM19470313236110320288388 Search in Google Scholar

23 CavanaghPRYoungMJAdamsJEVickersKLBoultonAJRadiographic abnormalities in the feet of patients with diabetic neuropathyDiabetes Care199417201209 Cavanagh PR Young MJ Adams JE Vickers KL Boulton AJ Radiographic abnormalities in the feet of patients with diabetic neuropathy Diabetes Care 1994 17 201 209 10.2337/diacare.17.3.2018174448 Search in Google Scholar

24 RajbhandariSMJenkinsRCDaviesCTesfayeSCharcot neuroarthropathy in diabetes mellitusDiabetologia20024510851096 Rajbhandari SM Jenkins RC Davies C Tesfaye S Charcot neuroarthropathy in diabetes mellitus Diabetologia 2002 45 1085 1096 10.1007/s00125-002-0885-7 Search in Google Scholar

25 EllenbergMDiabetic complications without manifest diabetes – complications as presenting clinical symptomsJAMA1963183926930 Ellenberg M Diabetic complications without manifest diabetes – complications as presenting clinical symptoms JAMA 1963 183 926 930 10.1097/00006254-196308000-00008 Search in Google Scholar

26 ArmstrongGDToddWFLaveryFAHarklessLBBushmanTRThe natural history of acute Charcot’s arthropathy in a diabetic foot specialty clinicDiabet Med199714357363 Armstrong GD Todd WF Lavery FA Harkless LB Bushman TR The natural history of acute Charcot’s arthropathy in a diabetic foot specialty clinic Diabet Med 1997 14 357 363 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199705)14:5<357::AID-DIA341>3.0.CO;2-8 Search in Google Scholar

27 ShawJEBoultonAJMThe Charcot FootFoot199556570 Shaw JE Boulton AJM The Charcot Foot Foot 1995 5 65 70 10.1016/0958-2592(95)90013-6 Search in Google Scholar

28 JudeEBoultonAJMCavanaghPRRaymanGCharcot Foot: What’s new in pathogenesis and medical management?Boulton AJM The Foot in Diabetes2006265273 Jude E Boulton AJM Cavanagh PR Rayman G Charcot Foot: What’s new in pathogenesis and medical management? Boulton AJM The Foot in Diabetes 2006 265 273 10.1002/0470029374.ch22 Search in Google Scholar

29 SommerTCLeeTHCharcot Foot: The Diagnostic DilemmaAm Fam Physician20016415911598 Sommer TC Lee TH Charcot Foot: The Diagnostic Dilemma Am Fam Physician 2001 64 1591 1598 Search in Google Scholar

30 GillGVHayatHMajidSDiagnostic delays in diabetic Charcot arthropathyPractical Diab Int200421261262 Gill GV Hayat H Majid S Diagnostic delays in diabetic Charcot arthropathy Practical Diab Int 2004 21 261 262 10.1002/pdi.677 Search in Google Scholar

31 LipskyBAPetersEJSennevilleEBerendtAREmbilJMLaveryLAExpert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic footDiabetes Metab Res Rev201228Suppl. 1163178 Lipsky BA Peters EJ Senneville E Berendt AR Embil JM Lavery LA Expert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic foot Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012 28 Suppl. 1 163 178 10.1002/dmrr.2248 Search in Google Scholar

32 FrykbergRGBoultonAJMConnorHCavanaghPRCharcot Foot: An update on pathogenesis and managementBoulton AJM The Foot in Diabetes2000235260 Frykberg RG Boulton AJM Connor H Cavanagh PR Charcot Foot: An update on pathogenesis and management Boulton AJM The Foot in Diabetes 2000 235 260 10.1002/0470846399.ch17 Search in Google Scholar

33 DyetJFEttlesDFNicholsonAABoultonAJMConnorHCavanaghPRThe role of radiology in the assessment and treatment of the diabetic footBoulton AJM The Foot in Diabetes2000John Wiley & Sons193213 Dyet JF Ettles DF Nicholson AA Boulton AJM Connor H Cavanagh PR The role of radiology in the assessment and treatment of the diabetic foot Boulton AJM The Foot in Diabetes 2000 John Wiley & Sons 193 213 10.1002/0470846399.ch15 Search in Google Scholar

34 ŚwiątkowskiJLeszczyńskiSOsteoartropatie neurogenneRadiologiajournal1993WarszawaPZWL206212 Świątkowski J Leszczyński S Osteoartropatie neurogenne Radiologia journal 1993 Warszawa PZWL 206 212 Search in Google Scholar

35 BorejkoMDziakABadanie radiologiczne w ortopedii1988WarszawaPZWL Borejko M Dziak A Badanie radiologiczne w ortopedii 1988 Warszawa PZWL Search in Google Scholar

36 SandersLJMrdjenovichDAnatomical patterns of bone and joint destruction in neuropathic diabeticsDiabetes199140Suppl. 1529A Sanders LJ Mrdjenovich D Anatomical patterns of bone and joint destruction in neuropathic diabetics Diabetes 1991 40 Suppl. 1 529A Search in Google Scholar

37 EichenholtzSNCharcot Joints. With a Foreword by P.D.Wilson1966Springfield (Ill)Charles C. Thomas Eichenholtz SN Charcot Joints. With a Foreword by P.D.Wilson 1966 Springfield (Ill) Charles C. Thomas Search in Google Scholar

38 ShibataTTadaKHashizumeCThe results or arthrodesis of the ankle for leprotic neuroarthropathyJ Bone Joint Surg Am199072749756 Shibata T Tada K Hashizume C The results or arthrodesis of the ankle for leprotic neuroarthropathy J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990 72 749 756 10.2106/00004623-199072050-00016 Search in Google Scholar