[Agrios, G. N. (1997). Plant Pathology. Fourth edition. Academic Press, San Diego. 637 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Aime, M. C. (2006). Toward resolving family-level relationships in rust fungi (Uredinales). Mycoscience, 47 (3), 112-122.10.1007/S10267-006-0281-0]Search in Google Scholar
[Ainsworth, G. C. (1981). Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, West Nyack, New York, U.S.A. 332 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Aldwinckle, H. S., Pearson, R. C., Seem, R. C. (1980). Infection periods of Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae on apple. Phytopathology, 70, 1070-1073.10.1094/Phyto-70-1070]Search in Google Scholar
[Arthur, J. C. (1916). A gymnosporangium with repeating spores. Amer. J. Bot., 3, 40-45.10.1002/j.1537-2197.1916.tb05398.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Bahēecioğlu, Z. (2001). New records of Pucciniaceae from Turkey. Plant Dis. Res., 16, 17-22.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bartkowska, A. (2007). Ultrastructural examinations of the parasitic contact of Tuberculina persicina with Puccinia caricina and Puccinia graminis. Phytopathol. Polon., 43, 69-76.]Search in Google Scholar
[Belomesyatseva, D. B. (2004). World survey of juniper-associated fungi. Mycena, 4, 127.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bennett, M., Gallagher, M., Fagg, J., Bestwick, C., Paul, T., Beale, M., Mansfield, J., (1996). The hypersensitive reaction, membrane damage and accumulation of autofluorescent phenolics in lettuce cells challenged by Bremia lactucae. Plant J., 9, 851-865.10.1046/j.1365-313X.1996.9060851.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Börner, H. (2009). Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (Heidelberg). 708 S.10.1007/978-3-540-49068-5]Search in Google Scholar
[Boyd, L. A., Ridout C., O’Sullivan, D. M., Leach, J. E., Leung, H. (2013). Plant-pathogen interactions: Disease resistance in modern agriculture. Trends Gen., 29, 233-240.10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.01123153595]Search in Google Scholar
[Boyle, J. S., Fergus, C. L., Schein, R. D. (1974). Frank D. Kern. Phytopathology, 6, 766.]Search in Google Scholar
[Cummins, G. B., Hiratsuka, Y. (1984). Families of Uredinales. Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst., 22, 191-208.]Search in Google Scholar
[Cummins, G. B., Hiratsuka, Y. (2003). Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 240 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Dangl, J. L., Dietrich, R. A., Richberg, M. H. (1996). Death don’t have no mercy: Cell death programs in plant-microbe interactions. Plant Cell, 8, 1793-1807.10.2307/3870230]Search in Google Scholar
[De, Ryck, A. (2001). Will pear rust (Gymnosporangium fuscum = G. sabinae) become important? Fruitteelt Nieuws, 14, (11), 6-7.]Search in Google Scholar
[Deacon, J. (2006). Fungal Biology. Wiley-Blackwel, Hoboken, NJ. 371 pp. ]Search in Google Scholar
[Dervis, S., Dixon, L., Doğanlar, M., Rossman, A. (2010). Gall production on hawthorns caused by Gymnosporangium spp. in Hatay province, Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 38, 391-400.10.1007/s12600-010-0102-z]Search in Google Scholar
[Dinē, N., Yilmaz, M. A. (1978). Investigation on Gymnosporangium spp. in eastern and southern areas of Turkey. J. Turkish Phytopathol., 7, 99-104.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ditmar, F. (1817). Die Pilze Deutschlands: Tuberculina persicina. In: Sturm, J. (Ed.). Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen nach Natur mit Beschreibungen. Lange, Nurnberg, S. 98-100. Available at: http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=153382 (accessed 10 March 2016).]Search in Google Scholar
[Dodge, B. O. (1915). The effect of the host on the morphology of certain species of Gymnosporangium. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 42, 519-544.10.2307/2479727]Search in Google Scholar
[Dolińska, T., Schollenberger, M. (2011). Relationship between Gymnosporangium sabinae (pear rust) and Cladosporium herbarum. Progr. Plant Protect., 51 (2), 644-647.]Search in Google Scholar
[Dong, X.-L., Li, B.-H., Zhang, Z.-F., Li, B.-D., Xu, X.-M. (2006). Effect of environmental conditions on germination and survival of teliospores and basidiospores of the pear rust fungus (Gymnosporangium asiaticum). Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 115, 341-350.10.1007/s10658-006-9026-3]Search in Google Scholar
[Eglitis, M. (1938). Plant Diseases [Augu slimîbas.] Zemnieka Domas, Rîga. 455 pp. (in Latvian).]Search in Google Scholar
[Eihe, M. (2004). New disease in pear orchards [Bumbieru stādîjumus apdraud jauna slimîba]. Agrotops, 1, 38-39 (in Latvian).]Search in Google Scholar
[Enescu, C. M., Houston Durrant T., Caudullo G., de Rigo, D. (2016). Juniperus communis in Europe: Distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A. (eds.), European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Publication Office of the European Union, European Commission, Luxembourg, p. 104.]Search in Google Scholar
[Erdošdu, M., Hüseyin, E., Suludere, Z. (2010). Description of the rusts from Kemaliye (Erzincan, Turkey). Phytoparasitica, 38, 81-93.10.1007/s12600-009-0073-0]Search in Google Scholar
[Farr, D. F., Bills, G. F., Chamuris, G. P., Rossman, A. Y. (1995). Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. 1225 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Figueiredo, M. B. (2000). The plasticity of rust life cycles. O Biologico, 62 (1), 107-111.]Search in Google Scholar
[Filipp, M., Spornberger, A., Schildberger, B. (2012). Monitoring of pear rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae) in Austria and implications for possible control strategies. In: The 15th International Conference on Organic Fruit- Growing, February 20-22, 2012. Foerdergemeinschaft Oekologischer Obstbau e.V., Hohenheim, pp. 65-73.]Search in Google Scholar
[Fischer, M., Weber, H. J. (2005). Birnenanbau Integriert und Biologisch. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, Hohenheim. 164 S.]Search in Google Scholar
[Fitzner, S., Fischer, M. (2005). Bewertung von Pyrus-arten auf Befall mit Birnengitterrost (Gymnosorangium sabinae Dicks.). Erwebs - Obstbau, 47, 37-39.10.1007/s10341-004-0052-z]Search in Google Scholar
[Gebauer, J., Ebert, G., Buttner, C. (2001). Birnengitterrost - eine zunehmende Gefahf in unseren Kleingarten. Gesunde Pflanzen, 53, 44-47.]Search in Google Scholar
[Gjærum, H. B., Gauslaa, Y., Talg¸, V. (2008). Gymnosporangium sabinae found in Norway. Plant Pathol., 57, 376.10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01730.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Gold, R. E., Mendgen, K. (1991). Rust basidiospore germlings and disease initiation. In: Cole, G. T., Hoch, C. (eds.). The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals. Plenum, New York, pp. 67-99.10.1007/978-1-4899-2635-7_4]Search in Google Scholar
[Govrin, E. M., Levine, A. (2000). The hypersensitive response facilitates plant infection by the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Curr. Biol., 10, 751-757.10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00560-1]Search in Google Scholar
[Hau, B., De Vallavieille-Pope, C. (2006). Wind-dispersed diseases. In: Cooke, B. M., Jones, G. D., Kaye, B. The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases. Springer, Netherlands, pp. 387-416.10.1007/1-4020-4581-6_15]Search in Google Scholar
[Heath, M. C. (2000). Hypersensitive response-related death. In: Lam, E., Fukuda, H., Greenberg, J. (eds.), Programmed Cell Death in Higher Plants. Springer Science+Business media, LLC, pp. 77-90.10.1007/978-94-010-0934-8_6]Search in Google Scholar
[Helfer, S. (2005). Overview of the rust fungi (Uredinales) occurring on Rosaceae in Europe. Nova Hedwigia, 81, 325-370.10.1127/0029-5035/2005/0081-0325]Search in Google Scholar
[Hilber, U., Schüepp, H., Schwinn, F. J. (1990). Studies on infection biology of Gymnosporangium fuscum DC. J. Plant Dis. Protect., 97 (3), 299-305.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hilber, U., Schüepp, H., Schwinn, F. J., (1990a). Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung des Birnengitterrostes. Schweizer Zeitschrift für Obst und Weinbau, 126, 486-494.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hilber, W., Siegfried, W. (1989). Gitterrost auf Birnbaum und Wacholder-Sanierungsmassnahmnen bei starkem Befall. Schweizer Garten, 8, 23-28.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hiratsuka, Y., Hiratsuka, N. (1980). Morphology of spermogonia and taxonomy of rust fungi. Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst., 18, 257-68.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hiratsuka, Y., Sato, S. (1982). Morphology and taxonomy of rust fungi. In: Scot, K. J., Chakravory, A. K. (eds.). The Rust Fungi. Academic Press, London, New York, pp. 1-36.]Search in Google Scholar
[Holb, I. J. (2013). Apple scab management in organic fruit orchards: Epidemiology, forecasting and disease control strategies. Acta Horticult., 1001, 223-234.10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1001.25]Search in Google Scholar
[Horst, R. K. (2013). Rusts. In: Horst, R. K. Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook. Springer, Netherlands, pp. 341-362.10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8_42]Search in Google Scholar
[Hunt, R. S., O'Reilly, H. J. (1978). Overwintering of pear trellis rust in pear. Plant Dis. Rep., 62, (8), 659 -660.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hüseyinov, E. (2000). New records of microfungi for Turkey. Israel J. Plant Sci., 48, 75-78.10.1092/9FCD-2N2D-M0C7-8FE5]Search in Google Scholar
[Hüseyinov, E., Selēuk, F. (2001). Contribution to study of mycoflora of Turkey. II. Ascomycetous and basidiomycetous microfungi of forest trees and shrubs in the Black Sea coast (Rize Province). Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 35, 13-15.]Search in Google Scholar
[Iakimova, E. T., Michalczuk, L., Woltering, E. J. (2005). Hypersensitive cell death in plants - its mechnisms and role in plant defence against pathogens. J. Fruit Ornamental Plant Res., 13, 135-158.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ivarsson, K. (2011). Studies of environmental factors (temperature and relative humidity) effecting the development of pear rust (Gymnosporangium fuscum) and studies of control methods: Horticulture and Agricultural Science Department of Plant Protection Biology, Faculty of Landscape Planning, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Alnarp. 30 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Jones, J. D. G., Dangl, J. L. (2006). The plant immune system. Nature, 444, 323-329.10.1038/nature0528617108957]Search in Google Scholar
[Juhasova, G., Praslieka, J. (2002). Occurrence and harmful effects of Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) in Slovak Republic. Plant Protection Sci., 38, 89-93.10.17221/4856-PPS]Search in Google Scholar
[Karlsson, K. (2008). The distribution of Gymnosporangium fuscum and its implication on pear cultivation in Sweden. Bachelor Project, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Alnarp, Sweden. Available at: http://ex-epsilon.slu.se/2199/1/pear_rust_bachelor.pdf.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kellerhals, M., Szalatnay, D., Hunziker, K., Duffy, B., Nybom, H., Ahmadi-Afzadi, M., Höfer, M., Richter, K., Lateur, M. (2012). European pome fruit genetic resources evaluated for disease resistance. Trees, 26, 179-189.10.1007/s00468-011-0660-9]Search in Google Scholar
[Kemp, H., van Dieren, M. C. A. (2000). Screening of pear cultivars for resistance to fungal diseases (Venturia pirina, Nectria galligena). Acta Horticulturae, 538, 95-101.10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.538.12]Search in Google Scholar
[Kern, F. D. (1908). Studies in the genus Gymnosporangium. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 35, 499-511.10.2307/2479136]Search in Google Scholar
[Kern, F. D. (1911). A biologic and taxonomic study of the genus Gymnosporangium. Bull. New York Bot. Garden, 7, 391-483.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kern, F. D. (1973). A host survey of Gymnosporangium. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl., 51 (1), 99-101.10.1007/BF02141290]Search in Google Scholar
[Kolmer, J. A., Ordonez, M. E., Groth, J. V. (2009). The rust fungi. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Chichester, pp.1-8.10.1002/9780470015902.a0021264]Search in Google Scholar
[Lāce, B., Bankina, B. (2013). Evaluation of European pear rust severity depending on agro-ecological factors. In: Research for Rural Development 2013: Annual 19th International Scientific Conference Proceedings, 15-17 May 2013. Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, pp. 6-12]Search in Google Scholar
[Lāce, B., Lācis, G. (2015). Evaluation of pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars in Latvia. Horticult. Sci., 42, 107-113.10.17221/39/2014-HORTSCI]Search in Google Scholar
[Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Berolini: impensis G.C. Nauk, 2, 561-1200.]Search in Google Scholar
[Lutz, M., Bauer, R., Begerow, D., Oberwinkler, F. (2004a). Tuberculina-Helicobasidium: Host specificity of the Tuberculina-stage reveals unexpected diversity within the group. Mycologia, 96, 1316-1329.10.1080/15572536.2005.11832881]Search in Google Scholar
[Lutz, M., Bauer, R., Begerow, D., Oberwinkler, F. (2004b). Tuberculina Thanatophytum/rhizoctonia crocorum - Helicobasidium: A unique mycoparasitic-phytoparasitic life strategy. Mycol. Res., 108, 227-238.10.1017/S0953756204009359]Search in Google Scholar
[Meier, U. (2001). Growth stages of mono and dicotyledonous plants. BBCH Monograph. Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Bonn. 622 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mitrofanova, O. V. (1970). Pear Rust and Control Posibilities [Ìèòğîôàíîāà, Î. ā. ğæàā÷èíà ãğóøè è ìåğû áîğüáû ń íåé]. Izdatelstvo Krim, Simferopol. 46 pp. (in Russian).]Search in Google Scholar
[Naton, B., Hahlbrock, K., Schmelzer, E. (1996). Correlation of rapid cell death with metabolic changes in fungus-infected, cultured parsley cells. Plant Physiol., 112, 433-444.10.1104/pp.112.1.43315796512226400]Search in Google Scholar
[Ormrod, D. J., O'Reilly, H. J., van der Kamp, B. J., Borno, C. (1984). Epidemiology, cultivar susceptibility, and chemical control of Gymnosporangium fuscum in British Columbia. Canadian J. Plant Pathol., 6, 63-7.10.1080/07060668409501592]Search in Google Scholar
[Pearson, R. C., Seem, R. C., Meyer, F. W. (1980). Environmental factors influencing the discharge of basidiospores of Gymnosporangium juniperivirginianae. Phytopathology, 70, 262-266.10.1094/Phyto-70-262]Search in Google Scholar
[Prokopova, B. (2011). The severity of European pear rust depending on pear cultivars. Sodininkyste ir Darzininkyste, 30 (2), 43-50.]Search in Google Scholar
[Rancane, R., Lace, B., Lacis, G. (2012). Distribution and development of European pear rust in Latvia and relationship between severity and yield. Integrated Plant Protection in Fruit Crops” Subgroup “Pome Fruit Diseases”, IOBC-WPRS Bulletin (International Organization for Biological Control, West Palearctic Regional Section), 84, 39-45.]Search in Google Scholar
[Richards, H.M(1889). The uredo-stage of Gymnosporangium. Bot. Gazette, 14 (9), 211-216.10.1086/326446]Search in Google Scholar
[Saccardo, P. A. (1881). Fungi Italici Autographice Delineati. Fascs 17-28, Patavii, Italy. Tabs 641-1120.]Search in Google Scholar
[Schildberger, B. (2011). Untersuchungen zur Biologie des Birnengitterrostes (Gymnosporangium sabinae) und zum Befallsverlauf an der Birne. Wissenbericht, 173-176.]Search in Google Scholar
[Shamsi, S., Naher, N. (2010). Hypoparasitic fungus Tuberculina persicina (Ditm. Ex Fr.) sacc., as biocontrol agent for rusts. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci., 19, (1), 99-102.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sharma, P. D. (2014). Principles of Plant Pathology. Rastogi Publications, New Delhi (India). 478 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Shirasu, K., Schulze-Lefert, P. (2000). Regulation of cell death in disease resistance. Plant Mol. Biol., 44, 371-385.10.1023/A:1026552827716]Search in Google Scholar
[Smarods, J. (1947). Retrieved from National Museum collection of Latvia (Latvijas Nacionālā Muzeja krājumi) database. Available at: http://www.nmkk.lv/Items/ItemViewForm.aspx?id=177841 (accessed 7 June 2017).]Search in Google Scholar
[Smarods, J. (1951). Retrieved from National Museum collection of Latvia (Latvijas Nacionālā Muzeja krājumi) database. Available at: http://www.nmkk.lv/Items/ItemViewForm.aspx?id=177890 (accessed 7 June 2017).]Search in Google Scholar
[Soriano, J. M., Joshi, S. G., van Kaauwen, M. Noordijk, Y., Groenwold, R., Henken, B., van de Weg W. E., Schouten, H. J. (2009). Identification and mapping of the novel apple scab resistance gene Vd3. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 5, 475-482.10.1007/s11295-009-0201-5]Search in Google Scholar
[Soufflet-Freslon, V., Gianfranceschi, L., Patocchi, A. Durel, C. E. (2008). Inheritance studies of apple scab resistance and identification of Rvi14, a new major gene that acts together with other broad-spectrum QTL. Genome, 51, 657-667.10.1139/G08-04618650955]Search in Google Scholar
[Thaxter, R. (1886). On certain cultures of Gymnosporangium, with notes on their Roesteli¿. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 22, 259-269.10.2307/25129868]Search in Google Scholar
[Thaxter, R. (1889). Notes on cultures of Gymnosporangium made in 1887 and 1888. Botanical Gazette, 14 (7), 163-172.10.1086/326427]Search in Google Scholar
[Thaxter, R. (1891). The Connecticut species of Gymnosporangium (cedar apples). Bull. Connecticut Agricult. Exper. Station, 107, 1-6.]Search in Google Scholar
[Toome, M., Aime, M. C. (2012, January). Pucciniomycetes. Available at: http://tolweb.org/%20Pucciniomycetes/51246/2012.01.30 (accessed 11 August 2016).]Search in Google Scholar
[Vilar, L., Caudullo, G., de Rigo, D. (2016). Juniperus oxycedrus in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A. (eds.). European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Publication Office of the European Union, European Commission, Luxembourg, p. 105.]Search in Google Scholar
[Wicker, E. F. (1981). Natural control of white pine blister Rust by Tuberculina maxima. Phytopatalogy, 71, 997-1000.10.1094/Phyto-71-997]Search in Google Scholar