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Ecological patterns of water bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) assemblages in karst springs: a case study from central Montenegro

Bogić Gligorović
Bogić Gligorović
, 
Ana Savić
Ana Savić
, 
Ljiljana Protić
Ljiljana Protić
 y 
Vladimir Pešić
Vladimir Pešić
   | 12 dic 2016
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Article Category: Original research paper
Publicado en línea: 12 dic 2016
Páginas: 554 - 563
Recibido: 24 mar 2016
Aceptado: 29 abr 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2016-0046
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© Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland. All rights reserved.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

(A) Similarity distance between the sites in groups A, B, and C reflecting environmental characteristics of the investigated springs. (B) Bray-Curtis similarity of water bug assemblages within the investigated springs
(A) Similarity distance between the sites in groups A, B, and C reflecting environmental characteristics of the investigated springs. (B) Bray-Curtis similarity of water bug assemblages within the investigated springs

Figure 2

(A) Results of PCA showing environmental characteristics of 32 investigated springs in relation to environmental classification into groups A, B and C. (B) Results of PCA showing environmental characteristics of 32 investigated springs in relation to faunistic classification into groups I, II, II and IV. Abbreviations: TW – water temperature, DI – discharge, SU – spring size, AL – altitude, ST – stones, GR – gravel, SI – sand, CL – clay, OM – organic mud, AG – algae, MO – moss, MA – macrophytes
(A) Results of PCA showing environmental characteristics of 32 investigated springs in relation to environmental classification into groups A, B and C. (B) Results of PCA showing environmental characteristics of 32 investigated springs in relation to faunistic classification into groups I, II, II and IV. Abbreviations: TW – water temperature, DI – discharge, SU – spring size, AL – altitude, ST – stones, GR – gravel, SI – sand, CL – clay, OM – organic mud, AG – algae, MO – moss, MA – macrophytes

Figure 3

CCA biplot of species and environmental variables based on 32 investigated springs
CCA biplot of species and environmental variables based on 32 investigated springs

General characteristics of the studied springs

Code Spring Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Altitude (m) Spring type Land use
S1 Skadar Lake area, spring “Karuč" 19° 6'20.8" 42°21'29.8" 12 sublacustrine Lake, village
S2 Skadar Lake area, spring “Sinjac" 19°09'11.8" 42°22'01.6" 9 rheocrene edge of forest
S3 Podgorica area, spring “Kaluđerovo oko" 19°8'58.6" 42°22'28.31" 17 sublacustrine meadows, edge of forest
S4 Podgorica area, Bandići, spring “Crno oko" 19°9'14.95" 42°29'3.76" 38 limnocrene village
S5 Podgorica area, Bandići, spring “Vriješko vrelo" 19°10'25.2" 42°29'09.6" 39 limnocrene village
S6 Podgorica, village Daljam, spring “Kraljičino oko" 19°08'44.2" 42°28'52.3" 44 rheocrene meadow
S7 Podgorica, spring “Vrela ribnička" 19°17'57.1" 42°26'10.7" 55 rheocrene urban
S8 Podgorica, Piperi, spring"Studenci" 19°14'35.5" 42°28'59.4" 48 rheocrene meadow
S9 Podgorica, Piperi, spring"Taban" 19°13'08.5" 42°31'39.3" 89 rheocrene edge of forest
S10 Danilovgrad, spring "Glava Zete" 18°59'48.7" 42°40'29.5" 78 rheocrene edge of forest
S11 Danilovgrad, spring “Milojevića vrela” 19°00'40.3" 42°37'56.1" 50 rheocrene edge of forest
S12 Danilovgrad, spring "Oraška jama" 19°05'33.1" 42°31'52.5" 56 rheocrene meadow
S13 Podgorica, Mareza I spring on road to Daljam village 19°10'55.6" 42°28'48.2" 38 limnocrene rocky ground
S14 Podgorica, Mareza II spring on road to Daljam village 19°10'52.5" 42°28'50.8" 40 rheocrene meadow
S15 Podgorica, Morača river , spring Zlatica 19°17'18.4" 42°28'07.2" 41 rheocrene riverside
S16 Podgorica region, Kuči, spring"Mosor" 19°18'32.1" 42°27'46.7" 115 rheocrene (piped) village
S17 Danilovgrad, village Gornji Martinići, spring “Pištet" 19°11'35.5" 42°33'19.7" 194 rheocrene village
S18 Danilovgrad, village Gornji Martinići, Glizica, spring 19°10'43.9" 42°33'44.8" 204 rheocrene (piped) village
S19 Podgorica region, Piperi, spring"Studenac" 19°13'40.7" 42°32'25.2" 443 rheocrene (piped) village
S20 Podgorica, Piperi, spring “Mrtvak" 19°13'21.2" 42°32'39.7" 406 rheocrene (piped) village
S21 Podgorica, Piperi, spring “Gospođina voda" 19°13'16.0" 42°32'47.1" 405 rheocrene (piped) village
S22 Podgorica, Piperi, spring “Bitorod" 19°13'59.9" 42°32'02.3" 404 rheocrene (piped) village
S23 Podgorica, Piperi, spring “Močila" 19°15'46.6" 42°30'23.9" 106 rheocrene (piped) edge of forest
S24 Danilovgrad, spring Kupinovo 19° 2'47.1" 42°38'35.3" 516 rheocrene (piped) village
S25 Podgorica region, Kuči, spring"Fundina" 19°21'52.7" 42°26'42.8" 651 rheocrene (piped) village
S26 Danilovgrad, Podostrog, spring Šobajići 19° 2'47.1" 42°38'35.3" 516 rheocrene (piped) village
S27 Nikšić, village Vidrovan, spring “Vukovo Vrelo" 18°56'31.5" 42°51'26.7" 663 rheocrene village
S28 Podgorica, spring “Manastir Morača" 19°23'26.1" 42°46'00.4" 308 rheocrene village
S29 Ponikvica Mt., Martinićka Ponikvica, spring I 19°16'01.3" 42°40'28.5" 1419 rheocrene edge of forest
S30 Lukavica Mt., spring “Babino sicelo" 19°12'54.9" 42°48'15.9" 1607 limnocrene meadow
S31 Lukavica Mt., spring near Kapetanovo Lake 19°13'40.5" 42°48'46.5" 1706 rheocrene meadows
S32 Lukavica Mt., spring near Manito Lake 19°14'42.84" 42°48'22.96" 1786 limnocrene meadow

Results of SIMPER analysis for aquatic bug assemblages of site groups A, B and C, and site groups I, II, III and IV

Group Aaverage similarity: 28.98Group Baverage similarity: 20.41Group Caverage similarity: 15.43 Groups A and Baverage dissimilarity = 78.02Groups A and Caverage dissimilarity = 85.97Groups B and Caverage dissimilarity = 81.84 Group Iaverage similarity: 29.07Group IIaverage similarity: 32.48Group IIIaverage similarity: 23.25Group IVaverage similarity: 26.67 Group I and IIaverage dissimilarity = 88.21Group I and IIIaverage dissimilarity = 86.72Groups I and IVaverage dissimilarity = 91.10Groups II and IIIaverage dissimilarity = 88.70Groups II and IVaverage dissimilarity = 93.80
Species Av. Abund. Av. Sim Groups III and IV average dissimilarity =92.33 Contrib. % Cum % Species Av. Abund. Av. Sim Sim/SD Contrib. % Cum %
Group A Group I
Apa 1.75 11.32 0.90 39.07 39.07 Sla 3.67 21.66 1.22 74.52 74.52
Hpa 2.25 6.15 0.80 21.22 60.29 Gas 1.33 7.41 0.58 25.48 100
Hst 1.25 4.56 0.91 15.75 76.04 Group II
Ngl 1.75 4.17 0.41 14.38 90.42 Nci 3.67 16.55 2.02 50.96 50.96
Group B Sni 1.33 3.22 0.70 9.93 60.89
Ngl 2.00 6.69 0.60 32.80 32.80 Rli 1.17 2.39 0.75 7.35 68.24
Sla 1.63 5.05 0.63 24.75 57.55 Hst 1.17 2.21 0.75 6.80 75.04
Vaf 1.13 2.72 0.41 13.35 70.90 Hli 1.67 1.72 0.48 5.28 80.32
Ana 0.88 2.26 0.49 11.10 82.00 Ana 1.17 1.65 0.45 5.07 85.40
Hst 0.75 1.46 0.34 7.17 89.17 Pmi 1.00 0.99 0.45 3.06 88.46
Nma 0.63 0.68 0.19 3.33 92.50 Ici 1.50 0.99 0.26 3.04 91.50
Group C Group III
Vaf 1.00 2.86 0.38 18.52 18.52 Vaf 1.48 6.79 0.65 29.20 29.20
Hst 0.95 1.93 0.41 12.52 31.03 Hgl 1.43 4.00 0.43 17.21 46.41
Ana 0.80 1.39 0.28 9.03 40.07 Hst 0.95 2.24 0.40 9.65 56.06
Sfa 0.85 1.38 0.32 8.93 48.99 Ana 0.76 1.78 0.30 7.66 63.73
Nma 0.80 1.14 0.27 7.40 56.39 Sla 0.76 1.73 0.35 7.46 71.19
Nci 1.00 0.95 0.26 6.18 62.56 Apa 0.76 1.60 0.31 6.88 78.06
Ngl 0.70 0.93 0.22 6.01 68.58 Nma 0.67 1.44 0.31 6.18 84.25
God 0.70 0.91 0.22 5.87 74.45 God 0.81 1.24 0.26 5.32 89.60
Sla 0.70 0.82 0.20 5.34 79.79 Sfa 0.48 0.89 0.26 3.83 93.43
Cpu 0.50 0.58 0.16 3.79 83.58 Group IV
Gar 0.35 0.54 0.17 3.48 87.06 Gar 2 26.67 / 100 100
Rli 0.45 0.38 0.22 2.44 89.50
Hli 0.70 0.36 0.17 2.35 91.84

Physical characteristics (spring size – SU and discharge – DI), temperature (TW), substrate composition and aquatic vegetation of 32 investigated springs (S1-S32)

Spring code Physical characteristics TW Substrate Aquatic vegetation
SU DI Anoxic mud clay sand gravel stones Moss Macrophyte Algae
S1 4 4 17.4 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
S2 4 3 18.4 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
S3 4 3 18.6 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
S4 3 2 15.6 2 1 0 0 1 1 3 1
S5 4 4 14.2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
S6 1 2 13.4 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1
S7 2 2 12.1 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
S8 2 2 14.1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 1
S9 1 1 16.7 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
S10 4 4 11 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 1
S11 3 4 12.3 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 1
S12 4 2 10.1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1
S13 3 2 13.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1
S14 2 1 12.4 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
S15 2 1 13.1 1 0 2 0 1 2 0 1
S16 2 1 16.1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0 1
S17 1 1 17.2 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 1
S18 1 1 14.3 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 1
S19 1 1 12.3 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 1
S20 2 1 15.2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
S21 2 2 13.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
S22 1 1 16.4 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1
S23 1 1 16.1 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 1
S24 1 1 14.1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
S25 1 1 13 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1
S26 1 1 15.1 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
S27 4 4 8.4 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
S28 3 4 10.1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1
S29 1 1 9.2 2 3 0 0 1 1 0 1
S30 4 1 10.1 3 1 0 0 1 1 2 2
S32 1 1 8.3 3 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
S32 2 1 11.3 3 1 0 0 1 2 2 2

The occurrence of species in the studied springs A – abbreviations of the species names. Species new to Montenegro are marked by one asterisk.

Taxa A Spring number
Nepomorpha
Nepidae
 Nepa cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 Nci 1,2,3,4,8,11,12
 *Ranatra linearis (Linnaeus, 1758) Rli 2,3,4,8,27,28
Naucoridae
 Ilyocoris cimicoides (Linnaeus, 1758) Ici 2,4
Corixidae
 *Corixa punctata (Illiger, 1807) Cpu 12,18,20,26
 Hesperocorixa linnaei (Fieber, 1848) Hli 1,2,3,27,28
 *Hesperocorixa parallela (Fieber, 1860) Hpa 29,31,32
 *Sigara nigrolineata (Fieber, 1848) Sni 1,3,4,11,17,25
 *Sigara lateralis (Leach, 1817) Sla 1,5,7,10,12,15,21,24,27,28,31,32
 Sigara falleni (Fieber, 1848) Sfa 3,4,12,13,16,19,23,25,30
Notonectidae
 Notonecta glauca Linnaeus, 1758 Ngl 1,5,7,9,11,13,15,18,22,25,31,32
 *Notonecta maculata Fabricius, 1794 Nma 3,5,14,16,20,23,25,28,32
 *Notonecta meridionalis Poisson, 1926 Nme 1,2,7,14
 *Anisops sardeus Herrich-Schaeff er, 1849 Asa 2
Pleidae
 Plea minutissima Leach, 1817 Pmi 1,2,3
Belostomatiidae
 Lethocerus patruelis (Stal, 1854) Lpa 1,3,6,7
Gerromorpha
Hydrometridae
 Hydrometra stagnorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Hsa 1,2,4,8,10,13,14,15,17,22,26,27,29,31,32
Veliidae
 Velia sp. Vaf 9,15,16,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,26,28,30
Gerridae
 *Aquarius najas (De Geer, 1773) Ana 1, 3,5,11,13,15,17,19,24,25
 *Aquarius paludum (Fabricius, 1794) Apa 11,18,19,22,27,29,30,31
 Gerris lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Gla 21,27,28,31,32
 *Gerris argentatus Schummel, 1832 Gar 13,14,15,24,27
 Gerris thoracicus Schummel, 1832 Gth 9,19
 Gerris costae (Herich-Schaeff er, 1850) Gco 2,3
 Gerris odontogaster (Zetterstadt, 1828) God 15,16,17,20,22,24
 *Gerris asper (Fieber, 1860) Gas 4,7,10
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