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The relationship between phytoplankton and fish in nutrient-rich shallow Lake Qarun, Egypt

Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Krzebietke
Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Krzebietke
, 
Abd-Ellatif M. Hussian
Abd-Ellatif M. Hussian
, 
Ahmed M. Abd El-Monem
Ahmed M. Abd El-Monem
 y 
Alaa M. El-Far
Alaa M. El-Far
   | 12 dic 2016
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Article Category: Original research paper
Publicado en línea: 12 dic 2016
Páginas: 539 - 553
Recibido: 21 ene 2016
Aceptado: 09 mar 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2016-0045
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© Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland. All rights reserved.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The water sampling sites in the east – sites 1, 2, 3, the middle – sites 4, 5, 6, 7 and the west subarea – 8, 9, 10 in Lake Qarun in 2012, and the main landing sites for fish catch: 1) Senoris, 2) Abu-Neema, 3) Shakshouk, 4) Abu-Soliman, 5) Abu-Shanab, 6) Kahk, 7) El-Lokanda, 8) El-Rawashdia, 9) El-Saaida, 10) Ayuob and 11) Qarun
The water sampling sites in the east – sites 1, 2, 3, the middle – sites 4, 5, 6, 7 and the west subarea – 8, 9, 10 in Lake Qarun in 2012, and the main landing sites for fish catch: 1) Senoris, 2) Abu-Neema, 3) Shakshouk, 4) Abu-Soliman, 5) Abu-Shanab, 6) Kahk, 7) El-Lokanda, 8) El-Rawashdia, 9) El-Saaida, 10) Ayuob and 11) Qarun

Figure 2

Environmental parameters (mean, mean±standard error, min.-max) in Lake Qarun in 2012, the codes of 10 sampling sites were given in Fig. 1
Environmental parameters (mean, mean±standard error, min.-max) in Lake Qarun in 2012, the codes of 10 sampling sites were given in Fig. 1

Figure 3

The annual phytoplankton density (A) and its composition (B) in Lake Qarun in 2012, the codes of 10 sampling sites were given in Fig. 1
The annual phytoplankton density (A) and its composition (B) in Lake Qarun in 2012, the codes of 10 sampling sites were given in Fig. 1

Figure 4

Cluster analysis based on phytoplankton taxa similarity in Lake Qarun in 2012, the codes of S1-10 sampling sites were given in Fig. 1
Cluster analysis based on phytoplankton taxa similarity in Lake Qarun in 2012, the codes of S1-10 sampling sites were given in Fig. 1

Figure 5

Seasonal structure of phytoplankton in Lake Qarun in 2012
Seasonal structure of phytoplankton in Lake Qarun in 2012

Figure 6

Fish and seafood catches from Lake Qarun and their composition during the period of 2003-2012 according to GAFRD (2013)
Fish and seafood catches from Lake Qarun and their composition during the period of 2003-2012 according to GAFRD (2013)

Figure 7

Seasonal variation of catch composition in the east, middle and west subarea of Lake Qarun during the fishing season of 2012 according to GAFRD (2013)
Seasonal variation of catch composition in the east, middle and west subarea of Lake Qarun during the fishing season of 2012 according to GAFRD (2013)

Figure 8

Models (optimal trend lines) of changes in phytoplankton, chlorophyll a and Secchi disk depth at the study sites (A) and the total catch with dominant fish in summer and winter (B) in three subareas of Lake Qarun
Models (optimal trend lines) of changes in phytoplankton, chlorophyll a and Secchi disk depth at the study sites (A) and the total catch with dominant fish in summer and winter (B) in three subareas of Lake Qarun

The trophic-level based (TLI – Trophic Level Index) assessment of Lake Qarun in 2012 compared to partly available data on SDD, TP and TN from 1995 to 2006Based on data cited in El-Shabrawy & Dumont (2009), Satar et al. (2010) and El-Shabrawy et al. (2015)

Subareas Sites

The codes of sites’ names are given in Fig. 1, TLI – the trophic level index based on Secchi disc depth – TLISDD, chlorophyll a concentration – TLIChl, total phosphorus concentration – TLITP, total nitrogen concentration – TLITN, HYP – hypereutrophic, EUT – eutrophic according to Parparov et al. (2010), – no data

 TLISDD TLIChl TLITP TLITN TLI Trophic state
East 1 6.03 5.87 8.17 8.08 7.04 HYP
2 5.61 6.28 6.93 7.02 6.46 HYP
3 5.32 6.06 7.06 7.02 6.36 HYP
Middle 4 5.22 5.95 6.86 6.49 6.13 HYP
5 5.21 5.81 6.67 7.05 6.19 HYP
6 4.85 4.92 6.92 7.15 5.96 EUT
7 5.72 5.05 7.71 7.00 6.37 HYP
West 8 4.89 4.74 7.10 7.15 5.97 EUT
9 5.13 4.40 7.28 7.26 6.02 HYP
10 4.91 4.85 7.02 7.31 6.02 HYP
1995 average for the whole lake 5.69 - 6.29 8.05 6.68

Average of available partial TLI

 HYP
1999-2000 5.59 - 6.82 - 6.21

Average of available partial TLI

 HYP
2003 5.68 - 7.71 - 6.70

Average of available partial TLI

 HYP
2006 5.57 - 8.30 - 6.94

Average of available partial TLI

 HYP
2012

Average per lake based on the current data

 5.23 5.56 7.25 7.17 6.30 HYP

Seasonal variation in fish and seafood catches in subareas of Lake Qarun in 2012

Subarea East Middle West Total
Season winter summer winter summer winter summer
Catch, ton 500.0 699.0 1146.7 427.0 314.7 1322.6 4410.0
Catch, % 11.34 15.85 26.00 9.68 7.14 29.99 100.0
Subarea, % 27.19 35.68 37.13

Statistical relationships (R-Spearman correlation coefficient) between physicochemical and biological variables in Lake Qarun

Variables Total catch Mugil cephalus Tilapia zillii Solea spp. Engraulis encrasicolus Others
Total catch - 0.829 n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
Mugil cephalus 0.829 - n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
Tilapia zillii n.s. n.s. - n.s. n.s. n.s.
Solea spp. n.s. n.s. n.s. - n.s. n.s.
Engraulis encrasicolus n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. - n.s.
Other fish species n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. -
Phytoplankton density n.s. n.s. n.s. -0.943 n.s. n.s.
Bacillariophyceae n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
Dinophyceae n.s. n.s. 0.943 -0.829 n.s. n.s.
Chlorophyll a n.s. n.s. n.s. -0.943 n.s. n.s.
Total nitrogen n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
Total phosphorus n.s. n.s. 0.943 n.s. n.s. n.s.
Secchi disk depth n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
Trophic Level Index n.s. n.s. 0.943 n.s. n.s. n.s.
Ammonium n.s. n.s. 0.829 n.s. n.s. n.s.
Nitrite n.s. n.s. n.s. -0.829 n.s. n.s.
Nitrate n.s. n.s. n.s. -0.812 n.s. n.s.
Orthophosphate n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. -0.943
Temperature n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
Salinity n.s. n.s. n.s. 0.829 n.s. n.s.
pH n.s. n.s. 0.829 n.s. n.s. n.s.
Electrical conductivity n.s. n.s. n.s. 0.829 n.s. n.s.

Dominant species in phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Qarun in 2012

Species

the currently accepted taxonomical names of species according to Guiry & Guiry (2016)

 Sampling sites

the codes of 10 sampling sites were given in Fig. 1,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Spring
Aphanocapsa elachista var. conferta West & G. S. West

present

present

present

absent.

present

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

present
Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Sim.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present

present

present

present
Chroococcus dispersus (Keiss.) Lemm.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

present

present

absent.
Coscinodiscus lacustris Grun.

present

present

present

absent.

present

present

present

present

present

present
Cosmarium nitidulum De Notaris

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

present
Crucigenia tetrapedia (Kirch.) Kuntze

present

absent.

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

present

present

absent.
Cyclotella glomerata Bach.

present

present

present

present

absent.

present

absent.

present

present

present
Cyclotella operculata (C. Agardh) Bréb.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present

present

present
Desmodesmus protuberans (F. E. Fritsch & M. F. Rich) E. Heg.

absent.

present

present

absent.

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

absent.
Gomphonema truncatum Ehr.

present

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

present

present

present
Lindavia kuetzingiana (Thwait.) T. Nakov et al.

present

present

present

absent.

present

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.
Lindavia ocellata (Pant.) T. Nakov et al.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.
Mallomonas ploesslii Perty

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

present

absent.

present
Mallomonas sp.

present

absent.

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.
Navicula dicephala Ehr.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

present
Nitzschia acicularis (Kütz.) W. Smith

present

absent.

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

present
Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) P. Comp.

present

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

present

present

present
Summer
Cosmarium sp.

absent.

absent.

present

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present
Cyclotella glomerata Bach.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present

present
Lindavia ocellata (Pant.) T. Nakov et al.

absent.

absent.

present

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

present
Mallomonas helvetica Pasch.

present

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.
Mallomonas sp.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present
Nusuttodinium aeruginosum (F. Stein) Y. Tak. & T. Hor.

present

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

present

present

present
Parvodinium pusillum (Penard) S. Carty

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present
Parvodinium umbonatum (Stein) S. Carty

present

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

present

absent.

present
Prorocentrum micans Ehr.

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present
Rhabdoderma lineare Schmid. & Laut.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.
Schroederia nitzschioides (G. S. West) Korsch.

absent.

present

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

absent.
Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) P. Comp.

present

present

present

absent.

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

present
Autumn
Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kütz.) Czarn.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

present
Amphora ovalis (Kützing) Kützing

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.
Aphanocapsa elachista var. conferta West & G. S. West

present

present

present

absent.

present

absent.

present

present

present

absent.
Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Sim.

present

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

present

present
Chlamydomonas globosa J. W. Snow

absent.

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

present

present
Chroococcus dispersus (Keiss.) Lemm.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present

absent.

absent.
Cosmarium nitidulum De Notaris

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

present
Cyclotella glomerata Bach.

absent.

absent.

present

present

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.
Lindavia ocellata (Pant.) T. Nakov et al.

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

present

present

present

present

absent.
Mallomonas ploesslii Perty

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.
Prorocentrum micans Ehr.

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present
Prorocentrum scutellum Schröd.

absent.

present

present

absent.

present

absent.

present

absent.

absent.

present
Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb.

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

absent.
Thalassiosira leptopus (Grun. ex Van Heurck) Hasle & G. Fryx.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

absent.

present

present

present

absent.
Trachelomonas dubia Svir. [Swir.]

absent.

present

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.
Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) P. Comp.

present

absent.

present

present

present

present

absent.

present

present

present
Winter
Conticribra guillardii (Has.) K. Stach.-Such. & D. M. Will.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present

present

present

present

present

present
Cosmarium nitidulum De Notaris

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present

present

absent.

present
Cyclotella glomerata Bach.

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

present

absent.

present

present
Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz.

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

present
Cyclotella operculata (C. Agardh) Bréb.

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

present

present
Cyclotella schroeteri Lemm.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present

present

absent.

absent.

absent.

present
Gymnodinium colymbeticum T. M. Harris

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present
Lindavia ocellata (Pant.) T. Nakov et al.

absent.

present

present

present

present

absent.

present

present

absent.

absent.
Prorocentrum micans Ehr.

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present
Prorocentrum scutellum Schröd.

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

absent.

absent.
Staurastrum paradoxum Mey. ex Ralfs

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

absent.

present

present

present

present

absent.
Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) P. Comp.

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present

present
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