Temporal variation of prehistoric human settlement recorded in the oxbow lake deposits of San river (Sandomierz Basin, SE Poland)

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Macroscopic description of Leszno 19 profile_

Layer depth (cm)	Description of deposits	Sample no.	Sample depth (cm)
0–12	Clayey peat with macrofossils (poorly decomposed), overgrown with small roots	1	5–6
12–37	Clayey silt, grey-brown, organic, with single plant remains, overgrown with small roots	2	14–15
		3	32–33
37–45	Clayey peat, sticky, brown with plant remains, overgrown with small roots	4	41–42
45–53	Clayey peat, well decomposed, brown with macrofossils
53–58	Clayey silt, grey, with organic matter	5	55–56
58–69	Silt with clay, decomposed macrofossils, redeposited fragments (aggregates) of grey clayey silt	6	60–62
69–78	Clayey silt: 69–71 cm massive clayey silt	7	69–70
	71–78 cm laminated grey silt, separated by organic laminate (organic lamina thicknesses of 3–4 mm)	8	73–74
78–82	Clayey silt, light grey-olive, massive, overgrown by vertical roots with plenty of macrofossils	9	79–80
82–85	Organic silt, brown, dispersed organic remains, silt aggregates	10	83–84
85–94	Silt with clay, massive, organic grey-brown-olive, with macrofossils, roots	11	89–91
94–99	Bulk sediment collected for radiocarbon dating 14C date: 2310±70 BP (MKL-3230) (754–180 BC)
99–120	Organic silt, clayey, grey-brown, remains of water plants, redeposited fragments (aggregates) of clayey silt	12 13	101–102 111–112
120–125	Bulk sediment collected for radiocarbon dating 14C date: 2850±60 BP (MKL-3231) (1210–850 BC)
125–130/133	Organic silt, grey–brown, with macrofossils, lower boundary oblique to 133 cm	14	129–130
130/133–136	Transitional layer, clayey silt with organic matter, clay aggregates	15	133–134
136–147	Clay olive, massive, small plant remains	16	141–142
147–160	Organic silt, grey-olive-brown, disperse organic matter, with plant remains, lower boundary oblique	17	154–155
160–167	Clayey silt light grey-olive, organic remains	18	163–164
167–173	Clayey silt grey–olive, disperse organic matter	19	169–170
173–180	Silt grey-olive-brown, with disperse organic matter, in the top organic lamina thicknesses of 2–3 mm	20	176–177
180–193	Coarser silt, organic laminate (at the depth 187–188 cm and 190–191 cm)	21	185–186
193–200	Clayey silt, grey-olive, massive	22	187–188
		23	195–196

Radiocarbon dates from the Leszno profile and ages interpolated from the closest pollen profiles, used for the construction of the depth-age model_

No	Name of sample	Laboratory code	Age 14C (BP)	Calibrated age BC/AD (95.4% probability)
1	Leszno, LE/2016, 94–99 cm	MKL-3230	2310 ± 70	745–687 BC (4.1%) 665–644 BC (1.3%) 552–183 BC (90.1%)
2	Leszno, LE/2016, 120–125 cm	MKL-3231	2850 ± 60	1210–894 BC (93.9%) 871–853 BC (1.5%)
3	interpolated data Stubno-Nakło 6/1, 112–114 cm; (1.1 km from Leszno 19)	MKL-2546	4960 ± 90	3964-3632 BC (94%) 3558–3538 BC (1.4%)
4	interpolated data Zariczczja, Z- 2/2015, 18–20 cm; (ca. 25 km from Leszno 19)	MKL-2995	300 ± 35	AD 1484–1660 (100%)

Number of settlement attributed to the particular cultures and periods at the 131 archaeological sites on the area of 72_5 km2 in the San river valley_

Settlement facts	Absolute chronology	San-Region (72.5 km2 – Fig. 1)		Wisznia-Region (1260 km2 – Czopek et. al., 2018)
		No	(%)	No	(%)
Number of recorded settlement facts	-	271	100.0	3612	100.0
Palaeolithic/Mesolithic	until 6th millennium BC	1	0.4	24	0.7
Neolithic	6th-3th millennium BC	12	4.4	276	7.6
Stone Age	until 3th BC	19	7.0	224	6.2
Early Bronze Age (Mierzanowice culture)	24th-18th century BC	15	5.5	176	4.9
Older/Middle Bronze Age (Trzciniec culture)	18th-13th century BC	33	12.2	193	5.3
Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture and related materials)	13th-5th century BC	42	15.5	692	19.2
Pre-Roman period and Pomeranian culture	5/4th-1th century BC	1	0.4	14	0.4
Roman Period (Przeworsk culture)	1th-5th century AD	44	16.2	283	7.8
Prehistoric Periods	until 5/6th century AD	30	11.1	240	6.6
Early Middle Ages	6/7th-13th century AD	30	11.1	584	16.2
Late Middle Ages and Modern Period	14th-18/19th century AD	43	15.8	751	20.8
Indeterminate chronology	?	1	0.4	155	4.3