Index | Grid | City background | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Core pollutants | Pollutants | ||||||
NO2 | PM10 | O3 | PM2.5 | CO | SO2 | ||
[μg · rn 1 | |||||||
very low class (VLC) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
25 | 50 | 25 | 60 | 15 | 5000 | 50 | |
low class (LC) | 25 | 50 | 25 | 60 | 15 | 5000 | 50 |
50 | 100 | 50 | 120 | 30 | 7500 | 100 | |
medium class (MC) | 50 | 100 | 50 | 120 | 30 | 7500 | 100 |
75 | 200 | 90 | 180 | 55 | 10,000 | 350 | |
high class (HC) | 75 | 200 | 90 | 180 | 55 | 10,000 | 350 |
100 | 400 | 180 | 240 | 110 | 20,000 | 500 | |
very high class (VHC) | >100 | >400 | >180 | >240 | >110 | >20,000 | >500 |
UTCI [°C] | Stress category | Physiological responses |
---|---|---|
>46 | extreme heat stress (EHS) | Increase in rectal temperature (Tre) time gradient Steep decrease in total net heat loss Averaged sweat rate >650 g · h−1, steep increase |
38.1–46.0 | very strong heat stress (VSHS) | Core to skin temperature gradient <1 K (at 30 min) Increase in Tre at 30 min |
32.1–38.0 | strong heat stress (SHS) | Dynamic thermal sensation (DTS) at 120 min >+2 Averaged sweat rate >200 g · h−1 Increase in Tre at 120 min Latent heat loss >40 W at 30 min Instantaneous change in skin temperature >0 K · min−1 |
26.1–32.0 | moderate heat stress (MHS) | Change of slopes in sweat rate, Tre and skin temperature: mean (Tskm), face (Tskfc) and hand (Tskhn) Occurrence of sweating at 30 min Steep increase in skin wettedness |
9.1–26.0 | no thermal stress (NTS) | Averaged sweat rate >100 g · h−1 DTS at 120 min <1 DTS between -0.5 and +0.5 (averaged value) Latent heat loss >40 W, averaged over time Plateau in Tre time gradient |
0.1–9.0 | slight cold stress (SlCS) | DTS at 120 min <–1 Local minimum of Tskhn (use gloves) |
-12.9 to 0.0 | moderate cold stress (MCS) | DTS at 120 min <–2 Skin blood flow at 120 min lower than at 30 min (vasoconstriction) – Averaged Tskfc Decrease in Tskhn Tre time gradient <0 K · h−1 30 min face skin temperature <15°C (pain) Tmsk time gradient <–1 K · h−1 (for reference) |
-26.9 to -13.0 | strong cold stress (SCS) | Averaged Tskfc <7°C (numbness) Tre time gradient <-0.1 K · h−1 Tre decreases from 30 min to 120 min Increase in core to skin temperature gradient |
-39.9 to -27.0 | very strong cold stress (VSCS) | 120 min Tskfc <0°C (frostbite) Steeper decrease in Tre 30 min Tskfc <7°C (numbness) Occurrence of shivering Tre time gradient <-0.2 K · h−1 Averaged Tskfc <0°C (frostbite). – 120 min Tskfc <-5°C (high risk of frostbite) |
<-40.0 | extreme cold stress (ECS) | Tre time gradient <–0.3 K · h−1 30 min Tskfc <0°C (frostbite) |
Pollutant | Unit | Averaging time | AQG level (WMO 2005 recommendation) | AQG level (WMO 2021 recommendation) | Dz.U.2021.845 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | μg · m−3 | Annual | 10 | 5 | 20 |
24-h | 25 | 15 |
– | ||
PM10 | Annual | 20 | 15 | 40 |
|
24-h | 50 | 45 |
50 |
||
O3 | Peak season | 60 |
|||
8-h | 100 | 100 |
120 |
||
No2 | Annual | 40 | 10 | 40 |
|
24-h | – | 25 |
– | ||
SO2 | Annual | – | 20 | ||
24-h | 20 | 40 |
125 | ||
CO | mg · m–3 | 24-h | – | 4 |
– |
Pollutants | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2015–2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 4.5 |
NO2 | 23.3 | 21.7 | 21.7 | 21.5 | 19.5 | 17.2 | 17.0 | 20.3 |
CO | 300 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 400 |
O3 | 45.1 | 37.4 | 48.0 | 48.8 | 50.6 | 43.1 | 37.6 | 44.4 |
PM2.5 | 28.1 | 26.6 | 22.0 | 24.5 | 20.3 | 18.7 | 23.9 | 23.4 |
PM10 | 36.4 | 30.8 | 32.5 | 33.6 | 26.5 | 22.3 | 28.9 | 30.1 |