<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>There were evaluated responses of the respiratory system to changes in the variables of the external environment under increased pressure. To the model of professional underwater human activity underwater served the conditions of full saturation in compressed air or nitrogen-oxygen gas mixtures. Technical devices were presented by a number of underwater laboratories, mounted at the bottom (Ikhtiander-66, 67 and 68), hyperbaric chambers, submersible drilling rigs (Bur-1 and 2), and an autonomous diving Ikhtiander-2 for a long stay in the water.Studies of respiratory gases mass transport conditions in man showed than within the pressure range of 0.25-1.1 MPa at density of moderate hyperoxic and nitrogen-helio-oxygen environment up to 14 kg/m3 oxygen and carbon dioxide regimes of the organism come to a new functional level which provides the adaptation to the extremal conditions. It is determined that an increase of physiological dead breathing space, a decrease of the rate of the O2 diffusion through the alveole-capillary barrier, intensification of unevenness of ventilator-perfusional relations in lungs and an increase of blood shunting in lungs are the main respiratory mechanisms which regulate mass transfer of O2 and CO2 in man under hyperbaria. The leading hemodynamic mechanism is the retention of volume blood circulation and cardiac output. It is studied how the compression rate, high partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen, microclimate parameters in inhabited hypebaric chambers influence changes of functional breathing system. Absence of hypoxic state is proved in man (full saturation of man with nitrogen) under normoxia in nitrogen-oxygen environment with the density 6.34 kg/m3. These are also the data about accelerated rehabilitation of divers using the method of active adaptation o high altitudes. Basic directions in physiological studies of functional breathing system under increased pressure of gas and water environment are described.</abstract>

Habitable Underwater Hyperbaric Facilities: Respiratory Balance in the Human Organism During Adapting to Saturation Nitrogen-Oxygen Hyperbaria

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This article is consecutive in an unintended series on diving technology design [1,2]. Requests for a detailed account of the <italic>strategy</italic>1 employed and its compatibility with methodology2 suggest that the earlier description of it proved too general [3]. In the first part, on the example of diving technology used in mine warfare systems, its design is briefly discussed in the light of meeting NATO Standardisation Organisation requirements. The article refers to the elements of the methodology3 applied in the work on the Nx-SCR CRABE SCUBA diving technology on the basis of the national theory4 containing primarily deterministic methods5 for modelling semi-closed SCR breathing systems6, enabling reliable research with previously unavailable efficiency [4,5].
</abstract>

Design of Mine Warfare Diving Technology. Standardisation Requirements

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article presents the results of research carried out in the framework of an engineering thesis prepared at the Department of Underwater Works Technology of the Naval Academy in Gdynia. The objective of the work was to develop a method and a station to test the stability of deep-sea ROVs. The study presents the theoretical basis of the method as well as the results of performed experiments.
</abstract>

Stability Testing Method for Underwater ROVs

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
As any other therapy method, hiperbaric oxygen therapy is connected with the risk of complications. The article is a review of the results of research on adverse events of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The most common are: borotrauma of the middle ear, paranasal sinuses or lungs, oxygen toxicity can be pulmonary, ocular in extreme cases leading to cataracts, claustrophobia, pulmonary edema or hypoglycaemia. Research has shown that these events occur in the presence of high oxygen concentration or high pressure. Depending on the severity of complications, they are short-term not causing discontinuation of therapy or long-term excluding continuation of treatment. However adverse events connected with oxygen therapy are not common and are usually mild. This confirms that HBOT is an effective and safe method of treating decompression sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning, and the treatment of chronic wounds, delayed radiation injuries or necrotic soft tissue infections.
</abstract>

Adverse Events During Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy – Literature Review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The article presents problems related to the diagnostics of vibrations in reciprocating compressors driven by motors of less than 100 kW. None of the currently applicable norms concerning the issues of vibration diagnostics broach this subject, and therefore diagnosticians have no reference levels for measured vibration parameters. The present paper focuses on two types of compressors intended for diving purposes and hyperbaric techniques. The paper contains a suggested course of actions at the time of taking measurements. Further suggestions for developing coherent procedures as regards the diagnostics of reciprocating compressors of less than 100 kW have been indicated.</abstract>

Vibration Characteristics of Reciprocating Air Compressors Used For Hyperbaric Purposes

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article describes a diver performing a dive at small depths in a dry suit, breathing from a single-stage apparatus placed on his back. As a result of training deficiencies, the diver began breathing from inside the suit, which led to hypoxia and subsequent uncontrolled ascent. Upon returning to the surface, the diver developed neurological symptoms based on which a diagnosis of pulmonary barotrauma was made. The diver was successfully treated with therapeutic recompression-decompression.
</abstract>

Pulmonary Barotrauma During Hypoxia in a Diver While Underwater

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In order to gain access to the booster and main explosive charges of PLAB-250-120 aerial depth bombs, i.e. the TNT charge and the TGAF-5M explosive composition of TNT, hexogen (RDX), aluminum powder and phlegmatizing agent respectively, Explosively Generated Plasma (EGP) devices were used to perforate their steel bodies. EGP devices were made in two versions. The first used a cylindrical TNT charge, while the second used a cylindrical charge shaped from SEMTEX PW4 plastic explosive. The explosive charges were supported by waveguides with conical cavities tapering towards the bomb. The structural components of the EGP devices, i.e. the bodies housing the explosive charges and the waveguides, were made of plastic by 3D printing. The effects of the EGP on the bomb were studied depending on the explosive material used, its mass and the distance of the EGP device waveguide from the side surface of the bomb. Simultaneous firing of an array of two EGP devices inserted with SEMTEX PW4 explosive, contacted their waveguides with the bomb, resulted in its detonation, while simultaneous firing of the analogous array of the same type two EGP devices inserted with SEMTEX PW4 explosive, with their waveguides at a distance of 10 mm from the bomb, resulted in perforation of two circular through-holes in the bomb body. Firing single EGP device inserted with TNT, being in contact through its waveguide with the body of the bomb, resulted in local rupture of the bomb body with crushing the bomb explosive charges, so allowing easy access to bomb explosive charges and sampling them.
</abstract>

Field Test on the Effects of Explosively Generated Plasma on Aerial Depth Bombs Plab- 250-120

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of hyperbaric oxygen on the growth and metabolism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. The experiments were carried out on agar media and blood culture plates. Bacterial culture plates were exposed to hyperbaric oxygen under varying conditions of pressure and exposure time. Significant inhibition of bacterial growth and proteolytic activity was observed. Hyperbaric-treated pathogens also showed less virulence after the infection of experimental animals.
</abstract>

Experimentals Studies on the Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Vitro

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Ketoprofen lysine salt - a new non steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) is an improved formulation of ketoprofen. The former is believed to have gastroprotective properties, the latter to kill acute pain and increase the risk of gastric mucosa damage. In East Europe binge drinking and taking NSAIDs on the day after is common. The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis about the gastroprotective effect of ketoprofen lysine salt after exposure to 50% alcohol. The experiment was carried out on 36 female Wistar rats divided into 6 groups of 6:
1. 50% ethanol
2. 0.9% NaCl
3. 0.9% NaCl and ketoprofen
4. 50% ethanol and ketoprofen
5. 0.9% NaCl and ketoprofen lysine salt
6. 50% ethanol and ketoprofen lysine salt
On day 7 animals were sacrificed. Their stomachs were dissected for histopathological examination.
Microscopic examination of stomachs from groups 1, 3,4,5,6 revealed non-specific, high-grade lymphocytic-plasmocytic inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Conclusions - Ketoprofen lysine salt and ketoprofen damage gastric mucosa in female rats after and without alcohol intoxication. Ketoprofen lysine salt has no gastroprotective effect
</abstract>

Ketoprofen Lysine Salt Has No Gastroprotective Effect in Comparison with Ketoprofen in Female Rats After Ethyl Alcohol Intoxication

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper presents the results of a pilot programme to include psychological tests in the recruitment rules for candidates for military divers and scuba divers. A total of 207 candidates to undertake training at the Polish Army Divers and Scuba Divers Training Centre were examined. They were subjected to tests of mental fitness, tests examining personality traits, tests of psychomotor fitness and tests of general fitness.
Numerous psychological contraindications to undertake diving training and service were found; the most common was a low degree of mental fitness.
In conclusion, it was suggested that, following the example of other countries, psychological testing should be included in the selection of candidates for divers. The results of the tests, although not obligatory, were partly taken into account in the opinion issued by the Military Medical and Maritime Commission.
</abstract>

Selected Psychological Aspects of Recruiting Candidates for Diving and Scuba Diving

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Nematodes are invertebrates that can cause parasitic diseases in humans, animals and plants. These organisms also participate in the decomposition of dead remains of organisms. In recent years, new reports have appeared on the possibility of using intentional nematode infections in the treatment of autoimmune and neurological diseases.
The aim of this work is to summarize information about nematodes pathogenic to humans and the possibilities of therapeutic use of some nematodes. 36 original and review publications from 2008-2022 were analyzed.
Information was collected on 13 diseases caused by parasitic nematodes in humans (reservoir, routes of infection, susceptible organisms, symptoms of infection). Current publications on trials of using <italic>Trichuris suis</italic> eggs (TSO) in animal models, in healthy humans and in people with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or multiple sclerosis (MS) are summarized. Clinical improvement was observed in some of the subjects. However, researchers draw attention to the depletion of the biodiversity of the host’s intestinal microbiota in the presence of TSO.
Conclusions
The results of research on the therapeutic use of TSO remain inconclusive.
There are many more diseases caused by parasitic nematodes in humans than there are documented therapeutic effects of TSOs.
Exposure to parasitic nematodes’ eggs (especially <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> and <italic>Toxocara cati</italic>) is still very common.
</abstract>

Medical Significance of Nematodes

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This article is another in a series of articles on the research and implementation of saturation diving technology in Poland. It discusses the specificities related to the implementation of this technology against the background of economic and historical conditions in our country. In Poland, the issue of saturation diving for the needs of the emerging offshore mining industry has been for over a dozen years dealt with by the Department of Diving Equipment and Technology of Underwater Works (Polish abbr. ZSNiTPP). In parallel, deep diving technologies were developed, in the first stage, as a basic diving technology and, since 1994, as complementary to ensure the full backup for saturation diving. Since 1995, saturation diving has become an everyday occurrence in the Polish economic zone of the Baltic Sea. This article shows the difficult path that the implementation of saturation diving took during a period of economic instability when the scale of the domestic offshore industry’s facilities was small compared to global companies. Selected animators and participants in the implementation are recalled for two periods: one marked with the cooperation with the Italian underwater services company RANA and the other one, a period of implementation of long-term underwater works based on national capabilities. The article also considers the technical and organisational conditions for the implementation of saturation diving for the Polish mining industry. In 1990, the Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Company Petrobaltic (today LOTOS) played one of the key roles in the implementation of saturation diving in our country. The implementation of saturation diving in Poland was linked to the only operational diving system of Italian production, the Af-2, which enabled scientific research related to the application of new technical solutions and testing under operational conditions, as well as contributed to the development of scientific, engineering, and medical staff for the Polish offshore industry. The company played one of the main roles in the implementation of saturation diving in our country The 1995 became a landmark year in the history of saturation diving in Poland, as well as in the Baltic Sea. Through this technology, the process of installing the first two underwater exploitation heads on production wells B3-7 and B3-10 was initiated. The saturation diving was possible thanks to the leasing of the Af-2 diving system by Petrobaltic and its subsequent purchase by the Naval Academy in 1998.This system, after a series of upgrades, is still in service today.
</abstract>

Polish Studies on Saturation Diving and Practical Application of Their Findings. Part III B Technical and Organisational Issues of the Implementation of Saturation Diving in Poland from the 1990s Onwards. Part 2

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Scientific diving is increasingly being used for numerous studies. Moreover, this form of diving allows for the conduction of interdisciplinary research. The current nomenclature of this type of dive is defined as scuba diving to collect information to support science by using diving techniques. Underwater research is particularly important in the natural sciences where it allows for the non-invasive observations of fauna and flora of aquatic ecosystems in their natural environment. At the same time, the use of diving for scientific purposes avoids mistakes made in random sampling, which is related to the use of classical sampling methods. As a result, such diving is crucial in systematic, ecological and behavioural analysis. Nevertheless, dive techniques, however versatile, require optimisation, separate study and systematisation, depending on the type of research conducted. This article is an attempt to present an outline of the topic, to systematise basic concepts in presenting the principles of legal regulations in Poland and abroad..</abstract>

Scientific diving in natural sciences

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Objective.</bold> This research examines the emerging role of FMS™ in the context of predicting lower extremity injury in females University athletes. The secondary purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between FMS performance comparisons between three martial arts sports to establish baseline comparisons.
<bold>Method.</bold> Forty-seven university female athletes were recruited for this study, The data collected was separated into three groups based on their sports discipline (judo N=17 age: 19±4, wrestling N=15 age: 18±5, karate N=15 age: 19±3), Independent t-tests were performed on each group with significance being set at P&lt;0.05 to determine difference in FMS™ scores between injured and non injured athletes during the successive competitive seasons. One-way analyses of variances were used to determine if there was a significant difference between sports, ‘body parts injured’ groups, and ‘mechanisms of injury’ groups.
<bold>Results.</bold> One-way analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant difference between the two (ankle, knee) injury groups, and non-injury group (F2,54= 2.34; p=0.106). There was no statistical difference between the pre-season FMS™ scores of the injured and non-injured groups (t47 = -1.68; P=.100; d=0.52; 95%CI: -0.11, 1.15). Finally, strong evidence of FMS score was found when comparing the three sports with one-way ANOVAs (F=5.83, df= 2, 54, p=0.005).
<bold>Conclusion.</bold> One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that FMS™ has emerged as a powerful tool for identifying lower extremity injury in female athletes. Further investigation and experimentation into FMS™ are strongly recommended before implementing them into a pre-participation physical examination (PPE) for combat sports. What is now needed is a cross-national study involving other sports.
</abstract>

Functional Movement Screening as a Predictor of Injury in Highly Trained Female’s Martial Arts Athletes

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The activity of selected antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in erythrocytes, and the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in blood plasma and erythrocytes, were determined in people subjected to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy due to sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Venous blood samples were taken immediately before entering the hyperbaric chamber and 5 min after leaving it. In the study group, two age subgroups were distinguished: group I consisting of subjects under 35 and group II consisting of subjects over 50. The obtained values were analysed statistically using Student’s t-test. Differences were considered as statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05. A statistically significant decrease in the CAT activity was shown 5 min after leaving the hyperbaric chamber in pooled subjects (p &lt; 0.01) and group I (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, a statistically significant decrease in the erythrocyte TBARS concentration was observed in group II (p &lt; 0.05). It was demonstrated that a single exposure to hyperbaric oxygen affects the oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium as evidenced by, e.g., a statistically significant decrease in the activity of catalase in erythrocytes. It is possible that the antioxidant response to HBO depends on the age of subjects.</abstract>

The Oxidant–Antioxidant Equilibrium in the Blood of People with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss After the First Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Session – A Preliminary Study

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Decision-making in problem situations is based on up-to-date and reliable information. A great deal of information is subject to rapid changes, hence it may be outdated or manipulated and enforce erroneous decisions. It is crucial to have the possibility to assess the obtained information. In order to ensure its reliability it is best to obtain it with an own measurement process. In such a case, conducting assessment of measurement system reliability seems to be crucial. The article describes general approach to assessing reliability of measurement systems.</abstract>

Measurement System Reliability Assessment

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This article is a brief description of a new methodology1 for utilising the <italic>Nx – SCR CRABE SCUBA</italic> rebreather 2. This new approach differs from that described in a previous article [1,2]. The new methodology is based on a Polish theory3 mainly consisting of deterministic methods4 of modelling semi-closed circuit rebreathers. Further research5 can henceforth be carried out in a more reliable and efficient manner than ever before.</abstract>

Designing of diving technologies – process approach

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Polish Hyperbaric Research

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