<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The purpose of this article is to explore the role of gardens in the architecture of hospitals of the so-called “carioca school” of architecture, between the years of 1930 and 1960. In other words, to analyze gardens in the works of carioca architects who surrounded the architect Lucio Costa, or whose projects were influenced by the conceptions of this first generation of modern architects, who first graduated architecture school at the National College of Fine Arts and then, after 1945, at the National College of Architecture, in Rio de Janeiro.The importance of gardens in the architecture of hospitals was mentioned in Edward Stevens’s book “The American hospital of the twentieth century”, in 1918, a publication which can be found at the UFRJ Architecture School library, as well as in the Brazilian doctors’ book collections at the time. Stevens dedicates a chapter of this book to the landscape theme, where he states that the hospital designer and the landscape architect should work together.On the other hand, Pasteur’s discoveries and their implications in the management of hospital space did not occur without the mediation of landscaping. They resulted in changes when it came to choose the site for the hospital building within a city, as well as in its formal typology - from the Tollet model of pavilions, to the existence of green areas surrounding high buildings, and overlapping nurseries.It is also relevant to bear in mind that public nationalist buildings played an important role after the revolution of 1930 in Brazil as they represented the state, and this resulted in significant projects.We are therefore going to present four hospital buildings which were analyzed in our research on the integration of the Arts in the architecture of hospitals. Although the Lagoa Hospital, by Oscar Niemeyer, the Sanatorium Complex of Curicica, by Sérgio Bernardes, the IPPMG, by Jorge Machado Moreira, and the Souza Aguiar Hospital, by Ary Garcia Roza, all have different programs, formal typologies and links with their surrounding area, they are good examples for debating the presence of gardens in the Modern architecture of hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Three of these examples have fortunately included projects by landscape designer Roberto Burle Marx - the Lagoa Hospital, the IPPMG and the Souza Aguiar Hospital. The two former hospitals have had their buildings be surrounded by large gardens, in order to mitigate the harmful health effects related to the inclusion of hospitals within urban areas. The latter has been built in the 1960s with a complex program, in a dense historical area downtown, but adjacent to an urban park. It includes a vertical garden, which delimits, along with a panel in the hall (also by the same designer), a hallway for the user, between the urban and the healing space.</abstract>

The garden in the modern hospital architecture of the ‘Carioca School’ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The immediate surroundings of hospitals assume great relevance in treatment therapies, whether the basis of isolation, fresh air and the use of exposure to the sun. It is thus known that the emergence of a new health program in neoclassical hospitals built in the city of Rio de Janeiro was directly associated with urban and sanitary improvements. The article explores the context of the creation and the role played by gardens in the architectural production of hospitals in the imperial period in Brazil during the nineteenth century, as well as in exposing the health policy of the city.</abstract>

Notes on the therapeutic values of historic gardens in neoclassical hospitals in Rio de Janeiro (1830-1900)

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The first two public gardens in Bucharest, as well as some of the oldest in the South and East regions of nowadays country of Romania, were designed, built and planted around the mid-nineteenth century by a German-born landscape gardener named Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Meyer. These two public gardens were designed according to modern nineteenth century landscaping concepts and were planted with exotic species of flowers, shrubs and trees not common at that time either in Bucharest or anywhere in the Romanian provinces south or east of the Carpathians. To better understand the design, development, and meaning of these gardens, this paper aims to analyze the specific palette of ornamental species of plants and the planting patterns that were used for the Kiseleff and Cișmigiu gardens in Bucharest and to outline the importance of their use.</abstract>

Planting patterns and exotic plants in nineteenth-century Bucharest public gardens

Introduction: Improving Natural Knowledge: The Multiple Uses and Meanings of Plants for European Gardens

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> This article reviews water transportation, testing and purification techniques in a regional context - the Indo-Pak subcontinent, a southern region of Asia - during the early modern period. A brief history of comparative methodologies based on surveys and historical texts has been explored as evidence of the evolving types of water testing parameters between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries. This analysis also took under consideration the role of culture, beliefs as well as religious rituals in the selection of drinking water and how it has influenced the population living conditions, dominating the process of decision-making within a specific community.</abstract>

Water Management, Purification and Testing Techniques in Indo-Pak Landscapes in the Early Modern Period

Gardens and Gardening in Early Modern England and Wales

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The gardens of the National Palace of Queluz, built in the eighteenth century, are supplied by a complex branched water supply system. The aim of the current research is to analyse the hydraulic behaviour of the pressurised supply systems, namely the water pathways, the available pressure-head at the fountains and the water consumption at the gardens, by means of computational simulation for different operating scenarios. Results show that the difference of elevation was sufficient to assure the water transport by gravity from the surrounding water sources to the ornamental fountains, cascades and lakes and to provide 8-12 m water jets. Several scenarios are analysed showing that the fountains and cascades water consumption are in the range of 12.4 to 42.2 L/s, available water sources are enough to satisfy these demands for several hours per day and the two existing tanks, Curro and Miradouro, have sufficient capacity to store water to be used in the ornamental fountains and cascades and in the irrigation of the botanical garden and the horticultural area.
</abstract>

Modelling the Water Supply System of the National Palace of Queluz Gardens

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In the context of the history of science and technology, the article explores the use of tide force in the Tagus estuary, more precisely in the municipality of Seixal, from the tide mills in the early modern period to the project of the hydraulic motor in the nineteenth century. The historical knowledge of practices and devices for the intelligent use of water in Seixal is an invitation to current reflection on the use of clean and renewable energies.
</abstract>

The Strength of the Tide in the Tagus Estuary

Introduction: Scope, Goals and Outcomes of AQUA’s Project

Book Reviews: Mohammed El Faïz, <italic>Os Mestres da Água: História da Hidráulica Árabe,</italic> Olhão: Universidade do Algarve, 2018

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This investigation deals about one of the most unique constructions in the Aranjuez hydraulic engineering program. The <italic>Azuda</italic>, a waterwheel, was built in the middle of the eighteenth century in an area close to the Renaissance canal of the Embocador. First, a spatial and chronological analysis of its construction process and its typology which combines a wheel and an aqueduct, is carried out. Next, it is contextualized in the cultural tradition of the Mediterranean norias and its functions are clarified as it covered both irrigation and recreation. Finally, it is argued how the cultural landscape of Aranjeuz was enriched with a work of great aesthetic value, with classical and Muslim roots, being reinterpreted under the spirit of the Enlightenment.
</abstract>

Water and Enlightened Techniques: The <italic>Azuda</italic> (Waterwheel) of Aranjuez (Spain)

Book Reviews: Michael J. Harrower, <italic>Water Histories and Spatial Archaeology: Ancient Yemen and the American West</italic>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. 224 pp

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The different combinations between the “classic” fourfold pattern and water in the garden have produced a high number of varied solutions since the distant past. However, during the Renaissance a new model emerges: a crossaxial garden with four basins arranged symmetrically around its center. The composite analysis of the related examples is addressed in this paper, which attempts to find an explanation for the different models as for the appearance of the contrasting solution at the same time in two different locations: the Villa Lante (Bagnaia, Italy) and the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo in El Escorial (Madrid, Spain).</abstract>

The Fourfold Water Garden, a Renaissance Invention

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The article investigates Renaissance naturalists’ views on the links between plants and places where they grow. It looks at the Renaissance culture of botanical excursions and observation of plants in their natural environment and analyses the methods Renaissance naturalists used to describe relations between plants and their habitat, the influence of location on plants’ substantial and accidental characteristics, and in defining species. I worked mostly with printed sixteenth-century botanical sources and paid special attention to the work of Italian naturalist Giambattista Della Porta (1535–1615), whose thoughts on the relationship between plants and places are original, yet little known.</abstract>

‘Where have all the flowers grown’: the relationship between a plant and its place in sixteenth-century botanical treatises

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The exploration of the Nabão River in Tomar, Portugal, and its resources was an exclusive right of the Order of Christ, and it was constantly evoked by the religious of this order when there were disputes over the right to build water wheels, mills, and other structures along the river. This singular relation of power over the territory led to also a unique urban occupation in the Portuguese panorama. These interactions of power were documented in the unpublished manuscript of “Bernardo Daniel de Moraes’ Requirement” of the year 1799. The manuscript allows to cross boundaries between the political, economic and social context and the Order of Christ and their impact on the use of the Nabão River. Therefore, with this document as main source for this paper, we seek to demonstrate the relations between industrial activity, the Nabão River and the development of the city of Tomar in the turn to the nineteenth century, having the Order of Christ as a constant and structuring element in this gear.
</abstract>

The Development of Industrial Activity in Tomar: a Study on the Unpublished Document of Bernardo Daniel de Moraes Requirement

Introduction: Ars therapeutica, hortus sanitatem. Gardens and Therapy