<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In electric and hybrid vehicles, it is possible to recover energy from the braking process and reuse it to drive the vehicle using the batteries installed on-board. In the conditions of city traffic, the energy dissipated in the braking process constitutes a very large share of the total resistance to vehicle motion. Efficient use of the energy from the braking process enables a significant reduction of fuel and electricity consumption for hybrid and electric vehicles, respectively. This document presents an original method used to estimate the efficiency of the regenerative braking process for real traffic conditions. In the method, the potential amount of energy available in the braking process was determined on the basis of recorded real traffic conditions of the analysed vehicle. The balance of energy entering and leaving the battery was determined using the on-board electric energy flow recorder. Based on the adopted model of the drive system, the efficiency of the regenerative braking process was determined. The paper presents the results of road tests of three electric vehicles, operated in the same traffic conditions, for whom the regenerative braking efficiency was determined in accordance with the proposed model. During the identification of the operating conditions of the vehicles, a global positioning system (GPS) measuring system supported by the original method of phenomenological signal correction was used to reduce the error of the measured vehicle’s altitude. In the paper, the efficiency of the recuperation process was defined as the ratio of the accumulated energy to the energy available from the braking process and determined for the registered route of the tested vehicle. The obtained results allowed to determine the efficiency of the recuperation process for real traffic conditions. They show that the recuperation system efficiency achieves relatively low values for vehicle No. 1, just 21%, while the highest value was achieved for vehicle No. 3, 77%. Distribution of the results can be directly related to the power of electric motors and battery capacities of the analysed vehicles.
</abstract>

Estimation of the Regenerative Braking Process Efficiency in Electric Vehicles

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Heavy agricultural trailers can be equipped with a three-axle chassis with a tandem axle set at the rear and one mounted on a turntable at the front. In such trailers, selection of the distribution of braking forces that meet the requirements of the EU Directive 2015/68, with regard to braking, largely depends on the type of tandem suspension used. The requirements for brake force distribution in agricultural trailers of categories R3 and R4 are described. On this basis, a methodology for calculating the optimal linear distribution of braking forces, characteristic of agricultural trailers with air braking systems, was developed. An analysis of the forces acting on a 24-tonne three-axle trailer during braking was performed for five different suspensions of the rear tandem axle. An optimization algorithm using the quasi Monte Carlo method was described, on the basis of which a computer program for selection of the linear distribution of braking forces was developed. The calculations were made for an empty and loaded trailer with and without the weight of the tandem suspension. The most uniform distribution of braking forces was obtained for two leaf spring with dynamic equalization and air suspension, in which the ratio of the braking force of the tandem axle and the total braking force varied between 22.9% and 25.5% for the different calculation variants. A large variation in the braking force distribution was achieved for the two leaf spring suspension, in which the ratio of tandem axle braking force and the total braking force ranged from 2.7% to 6.4% for the leading axle and from 27.8% to 36.2% for the trailing axle. The presented calculation methodology can be used in the initial phase of the design of air braking systems for three-axle agricultural trailers.
</abstract>

Calculation of the Optimal Braking Force Distribution in Three-Axle Trailers with Tandem Suspension

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>In the article the analysis of airflow through electrical motor was conducted and optimal design solution was chosen in order to increase cooling efficiency. Numerical simulations allow to determine the areas of temperature occurrence which may have destructive influence on electrical motor parts and on its safe operation. The numerical calculations of airflow was carried out for two different types of fans as well as for two different housings. An analysis of the construction was carried out by CFD method using Autodesk Simulation CFD 2013. Community results of the analysis, we can conclude that the better solution for machines with fixed direction of rotation is to use instead of the radial the axial fan. For axial fan the motor temperature in the same condition was lower by about 5°C.</abstract>

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Bielsko-Biala, ul. Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland

Institute Research & Development Centre of Electrical Machines "KOMEL", 188 Roździeńskiego Ave., 40-203 Katowice, Poland

AIR FLOW ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRICAL MOTOR'S COOLING SYSTEM WITH AUTODESK SIMULATION CFD 2013 PROGRAM

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The article presents the analysis of the structure of the load capacity of riveted joints. For the four joining systems the lap joint specimens were made and tested in the shearing test. The joints were prepared for the three combinations of the DC01 steel and EN AW- 5754 aluminium alloy sheets with the thickness of 2mm. On the basis of the obtained load-elongation diagram tensile shear test curves, the basic parameters defined in the ISO/DIS 12996 standard were determined. In the case of the conventional riveted joints the maximum load capacity of the joint is determined by the strength of the fastener. For the joints with aluminium-steel blind rivet , the load capacity of the joint was on the strength limit of the rivet tubular part and on the strength limit of the sheet material. The strength of the SSPR joint is determined by the mechanical properties of the material of the joined sheets. From all sheets and rivet specimens arrangements the highest load capacity of the joint was obtained for the DC01 sheet material joints, and the lowest load capacity of the joint was obtained for the EN AW-5754 sheet material joints.</abstract>

The Structure of the Strength of Riveted Joints Determined in the Lap Joint Tensile Shear Test

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The study of flow around obstacles is devised into three different positions: above the obstacle, upstream of the obstacle, and downstream of the latter. The behaviour of the fluid downstream of the obstacle is less known, and the physical and numerical modelling is being given the existence of recirculation zones with their complex behaviour. The purpose of the work presented below is to study the influence of the inclined form of the two upper peaks of a rectangular cube. A three-dimensional study was carried out using the ANSYS CFX calculation code. Turbulence models have been used to study the flow characteristics around the inclined obstacle. The time-averaged results of contours of velocity vectors &lt;V&gt;, cross-stream &lt;v&gt; and stream wise velocity &lt;u&gt; and streamlines were obtained by using K-ω shear -stress transport (SST), RANG K-ε and K-ε to model the turbulence, and the governing equations were solved using the finite volume method. The turbulence model K-ω SST has presented the best prediction of the flow characteristics for the obstacle among the investigated turbulence models in this work.</abstract>

Simulation and Analysis of a Turbulent Flow Around a Three-Dimensional Obstacle

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Regenerative braking is a technique that employs electric motors to convert the dynamic mechanical energy from the motor’s spinning rotor and any attached loads into electricity. However, such a type of regenerative braking can only slow but not stop the vehicle because there is too little energy to excite the motor acting as a generator at low speeds. Therefore, this paper presents a unique flywheel-based regenerative braking system for railway vehicles. This system is supposed to meet high safety and comfort expectations in all operating conditions. The braking action control of this system should allow braking of empty or loaded vehicles according to load, the anti-blockage braking action of wheels and prevent wheel-slide during braking or wheel slip during acceleration. The new regenerative braking system under development, like any kinetic energy recovery system, requires the application of continuously variable transmission. The essence of the new solution is to design and build this type of variable transmission using only one planetary gear controlled through the powertrain control module for an electric motor cooperating concurrently. This paper describes complete modelling and simulation realisation on a closed-loop servomotor drive, which cooperates with the variable transmission of the regenerative braking system based on the Scilab/Xcos environment.
</abstract>

A Flywheel-Based Regenerative Braking System for Railway Vehicles

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper presents a summary of a study that uses the Aboodh transformation and homotopy perturbation approach to analyze the behavior of electrically actuated microbeams in microelectromechanical systems that incorporate multiwalled carbon nanotubes and are subjected to the van der Waals force. All of the equations were transformed into linear form using the HPM approach. Electrically operated microbeams, a popular structure in MEMS, are the subject of this work. Because of their interaction with a nearby surface, these microbeams are sensitive to a variety of forces, such as the van der Waals force and body forces. MWCNTs are also incorporated into the MEMSs in this study because of their special mechanical, thermal, and electrical characteristics. The suggested method uses the HPM to model how electrically activated microbeams behave when MWCNTs and the van der Waals force are present. The nonlinear equations controlling the dynamics of the system can be roughly solved thanks to the HPM. The HPM offers a precise and effective way to analyze the microbeam’s reaction to these outside stimuli by converting the nonlinear equations into linear forms. The study’s findings shed important light on how electrically activated microbeams behave in MEMSs. A more thorough examination of the system’s performance is made possible with the addition of MWCNTs and the van der Waals force. With its ability to approximate solutions and characterize system behavior, the HPM is a potent instrument that improves comprehension of the physics at play and facilitates the design and optimization of MEMS devices. The aforementioned method’s accuracy is verified by comparing it with published data that directly aligns with Anjum et al.’s findings. We have faith in this method’s accuracy and its current application.
</abstract>

The Homotopy Perturbation Method for Electrically Actuated Microbeams in Mems Systems Subjected to Van Der Waals Force and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The present study deals with the analysis of heat and mass transfer for nanofluid flow of blood through an inclined stenosed artery under the influence of the Hall effect. The effects of hematocrit-dependent viscosity, Joule heating, chemical reaction and viscous dissipation are taken into account in the governing equations of the physical model. Non-dimensional differential equations are solved using the finite difference method, by taking into account the no-slip boundary condition. The effects of different thermophysical parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration, shear stress coefficient and Nusselt and Sherwood numbers of nano-biofluids are exhaustively discussed and analysed through graphs. With an increase in stenosis height, shear stress, the Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are computed, and the impacts of each are examined for different physical parameters. To better understand the numerous phenomena that arise in the artery when nanofluid is present, the data are displayed graphically and physically described. It is observed that as the Hartman number and Hall parameter increase, the velocity drops. This is as a result of the Lorentz force that the applied magnetic field has generated. Blood flow in the arteries is resisted by the Lorentz force. This study advances the knowledge of stenosis and other defects’ non-surgical treatment options and helps reduce post-operative consequences. Moreover, ongoing research holds promise in the biomedical field, specifically in magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), an imaging method for artery examination and anomaly detection.
</abstract>

Computer Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer Effects on Nanofluid Flow of Blood Through an Inclined Stenosed Artery With Hall Effect

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Modern control systems’ dependability, safety and efficiency have all been improved by studying fault-tolerant control systems (FTCS). FTCS techniques can typically be active or passive controls. The fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) method is used in this study’s active control branch to identify probable faults that could develop in the speed Hall sensors of brushless DC motors (BLDC). FDD methodologies can be categorised into two types, depending on the available data and the process involved: model-based methods and data-based methods. The proposed approach in this study explores the implementation of the Luenberger observer methodology as part of the model-based approach. The chosen methodology was practically implemented and subjected to experimental evaluation. The proposed observer relies on the residual signal, which displays the difference between the plant’s observed and estimated speed signals and serves as a failure alert for the entire system. Given the increasing demand for BLDC motors in various industrial control applications, including medical fields, automation and robotics, this particular motor was selected as a benchmark to thoroughly evaluate and validate the proposed method. The primary contribution of this paper lies in the real-time application of model-based sensor fault detection methods to BLDC motors. The efficiency of the suggested method is showcased through extensive MATLAB simulations, where the obtained results confirm the successful detection of faults with a high level of responsiveness. As a result, the project was successfully implemented in real-time, and the experimental results exhibited a close correlation with the simulated outcomes. This consistency between simulation and practical implementation validates the accuracy and reliability of the proposed methodology for detecting faults in the BLDC motor speed sensor. The results underscore the heightened reliability and safety attained by promptly and accurately detecting sensor faults during the operation of the motor.
</abstract>

Real-Time Simulation and Experimental Implementation of Luenberger Observer-Based Speed Sensor Fault Detection of BLDC Motors

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The efficiency of reducing the friction force in sliding motion under the influence of forced vibrations of an elastic substrate significantly depends on the direction of these vibrations in relation to the sliding direction. This article presents a comparison of computational models developed by the authors to estimate the friction force in sliding motion under longitudinal and transverse tangential vibrations of the substrate. Fundamental differences between these models are discussed, and the results of comparative analyses of the impact of tangential vibrations on the friction force depending on their direction are presented. In the developed models describing the friction force, dynamic friction models of Dahl and Dupont and the so-called LuGre model were utilised. The analyses were performed as a function of the sliding velocity and two basic parameters of vibration, which are frequency f and amplitude u0. It has been shown that under longitudinal vibrations, the key parameter, which determines the occurrence of friction force reduction at a given driving velocity vd, is the amplitude va of vibration velocity. However, the level of this reduction cannot be determined unequivocally based on the value of this parameter alone since the identical value va can be obtained at different magnitudes of the frequency and amplitude of vibrations, and the reduction level is a nonlinear function of these parameters. The results of simulation analyses were verified experimentally.
</abstract>

Friction Force Reduction Efficiency in Sliding Motion Under Tangential Vibrations of Elastic Support

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In this article, we propose a technique based on modified double integral transforms used to solve certain equations of materials science, namely Benney–Luke (BL) and singular pseudo-hyperbolic (SP-H) equations. We have established some analytical results. This method can provide accurate one-step solutions, although the equations used may exhibit a singularity in the initial conditions. Some numerical examples have been discussed for illustration and to show the effectiveness of the technique for certain types of equations. We have developed an exact solution in just one step, whereas other approaches require several stages to succeed in a particular solution, making the proposed strategy particularly successful and straightforward to apply to various varieties of the B–L and SP-H equations.
</abstract>

Modified Integral Transform for Solving Benney-Luke and Singular Pseudo-Hyperbolic Equations

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The study deals with the experimental examination of a magnetorheological (MR) damper control system with vibration energy harvesting using a specially engineered electronic unit (EU). Unlike a typical MR damper control system, which requires an external energy source, the developed system is powered exclusively by energy extracted from a vibrating structure (mechanical system with one-degree-of freedom) and processed through the EU. The work describes the structure and functions of the EU, presents the test rig and the control algorithm implementation, and discusses the test results of the control system under harmonic kinematic excitations of low frequency range.
</abstract>

Examination of a Magnetorheological Damper Control System with Vibration Energy Harvesting

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The article presents the results of research on the effect of extrusion tube geometry on the axial force being the key parameter of the dry ice piston extrusion process. The tests were carried out with the experimental set-up based on a cylindrical extrusion tube used alone and supplemented with reducer (orifice). The focus of the experiments was to determine the effect of compression tube reducer on the value of the force of resistance FOP in the dry ice compression process. Its value can subsequently be used as the basis for establishing guidelines for designing and building machines for compression and pelletizing of dry ice.</abstract>

Dry Ice Compaction in Piston Extrusion Process

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In this paper, we are putting forward the periodic solution of non-linear oscillators by means of variational iterative method (VIM) using Laplace transform. Here, we present a comparative study of the new technique based on Laplace transform and the previous techniques of maximum minimum approach (MMA) and amplitude frequency formulation (AFF) for the analytical results. For the non-linear oscillators, MMA, AFF and VIM by Laplace transform give the same analytical results. Comparison of analytical results of VIM by Laplace transform with numerical results by fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK) method conforms the soundness of the method for solving non-linear oscillators as well as for the time and boundary conditions of the non-linear oscillators.
</abstract>

Modified Laplace Based Variational Iteration Method for the Mechanical Vibrations and its Applications

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The on-going rapid development of industry encourages development of new production technologies and designing of machines that use inventive mechanical engineering solutions, a big demand for parts of such machines being a natural consequence. Polymeric power transmission belts are a good example of that. This paper proposes an improvement in the process of production of such belting. Their production includes cutting to length and splicing of elastic round belts to obtain endless belts of the specified length. This is the key phase of the whole production process. A number of splicing methods are available using different physical phenomena. One of them is butt welding technique. In this process heat is applied on the material through an additional heating element called the heat platen. The effect depends on several factors, including preparation of the work pieces. Due to its characteristics the process is often carried out by hand. The need for automated manufacturing was created by important factors associated with manufacturing on an industrial scale: cost, time and quality. The proposed butt welding machine, complete with a control system is an answer to this need. The practical benefits include improved repeatability of splices, time savings and less work load for the operator.</abstract>

Butt Welding of Round Drive Belts

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The well-known problem with the fatigue lifetime assessment of non-Gaussian loading signals with the use of spectral method has been presented in the paper. A correction factors that transform the non-Gaussian signal into an equivalent Gaussian signal proposed by Bracessi et al. (2009) has been used for the purpose of lifetime calculations together with Palmgren-Miner Hypothesis. The calculations have been performed for the 10HNAP steel under random non-Gaussian load with four dominating frequencies. The signal has been generated on the test stand SHM250 for random tension-compression tests. The results with zero and non-zero mean stresses have been used to calculate the fatigue life with the frequency domain method based on Dirlik’s model and with a time domain method with the use of the rainflow cycle counting algorithm. The obtained calculation results have been compared with experimental results.</abstract>

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanics and Machine Design, Opole University of Technology, ul. Mikołajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland

Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, 06125 Italy

The Use of Spectral Method for Fatigue Life Assessment for Non-Gaussian Random Loads

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This paper explains the role of magnetorheological fluids and elastomers in today’s world. A review of applications of magnetorheological fluids and elastomers in devices and machines is presented. Magnetorheological fluids and elastomers belong to the smart materials family. Properties of magnetorheological fluids and elastomers can be controlled by a magnetic field. Compared with magnetorheological fluids, magnetorheological elastomers overcome the problems accompanying applications of MR fluids, such as sedimentation, sealing issues and environmental contamination. Magnetorheological fluids and elastomers, due to their ability of dampening vibrations in the presence of a controlled magnetic field, have great potential present and future applications in transport. Magnetorheological fluids are used e.g. dampers, shock absorbers, clutches and brakes. Magnetorheological dampers and magnetorheological shock absorbers are applied e.g. in damping control, in the operation of buildings and bridges, as well as in damping of high-tension wires. In the automotive industry, new solutions involving magnetorheological elastomer are increasingly patented e.g. adaptive system of energy absorption, system of magnetically dissociable [hooks/detents/grips], an vibration reduction system of the car’s drive shaft. The application of magnetorheological elastomer in the aviation structure is presented as well.</abstract>

Role of Magnetorheological Fluids and Elastomers in Today’s World

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>One of the issues related to formation flights, which requires to be still discussed, is the stability of formation flight in turns, where the aerodynamic conditions can be substantially different for outer vehicles due to varying bank angles. Therefore, this paper proposes a decentralized control algorithm based on a leader as the reference point for followers, i.e. other UAVs and two flocking behaviors responsible for local position control, i.e. cohesion and repulsion. But opposite to other research in this area, the structure of the formation becomes flexible (structure is being reshaped and bent according to actual turn radius of the leader. During turns the structure is bent basing on concentred circles with different radiuses corresponding to relative locations of vehicles in the structure. Simultaneously, UAVs' air-speeds must be modified according to the length of turn radius to achieve the stability of the structure. The effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by the results of simulated flights of five UAVs.</abstract>

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

The Journal of Bialystok Technical University