Volumen 33 (2023): Heft 2 (June 2023)

The main purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze Positive and significant impact of defining employee performance criteria with the objectives: evaluation, empowerment and career development on the job performance of Keshavarzi Bank of Iran employees with regard to the mediating role of employee participation. The present study was based on the purpose of applied research and in terms of the method was a descriptivesurvey study. A questionnaire was used to collect research data. The statistical population of the present study consisted of senior and middle managers of the Keshavarzi Bank of Iran who had at least 5 years of work experience. The number of these people in the initial studies was estimated at 483 and finally, using Cochran's formula, 215 people were selected as the sample size. After collecting data through a questionnaire, data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the development of performance criteria with the objectives of evaluating, empowering, and developing the career path of employees has a positive and significant effect on the job performance of employees of the Keshavarzi Bank of Iran. Supplementary results also showed that employee participation in the relationship between the three objectives of developing performance criteria and job performance of employees has an effective mediating role, so this effect in the relationship between performance criteria to develop a career path and job performance of employees with the path coefficient of 0.684 is very obvious. Accordingly, it can be said that since employee participation is the basis for the development of service organizations such as banks, by implementing measures related to employee participation and benefiting from employees' opinions in formulating performance criteria, preparations for achieving an effective performance management system. And thus accelerated the movement of the Keshavarzi Bank of Iran on the path of development.

Energy is one of the most important resources needed for growth, and consumption is an indicator to measure the development of a country. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is among the sub-regions in the world with the lowest energy use per capita and one of the reasons for this is the energy price dynamics that have affected energy policy that can engender sustainable economic growth. The main objective of the study is to assess the nature and determinants of energy price dynamics in SSA using 21 countries with a complete dataset between 1980 and 2017 on variables such as energy consumption, exchange rate, and inflation rate, while energy price index and federal fund rate are also included as exogenous variables. EGARCH is used to derive the nature of energy dynamics, while panel-ARDL is used to investigate the determinants of energy price dynamics. The results show that energy price dynamics are asymmetric in nature, while the federal fund rate and exchange rate remain the most important factors influencing energy price dynamics in the sub-region. The finding is contrary to the symmetric energy price obtained by some previous authors who used oil price to proxy energy price. This study used aggregated values of energy prices, which include renewable and non-renewable energy. The implication of the findings is that currency devaluation and rise in federal fund rate aggravate the dynamics in energy piece and this causes much more macroeconomic instabilities in SSA. It is recommended that SSA countries should be cautious to embrace currency devaluation policy, and should reduce dependency on the importation of renewable energy products.

A clear manifestation of the technological revolution 4.0 in the context of digitalization of the economy is the use of digital, electronic, or IT-oriented versions of financial reporting. Today, the harmonization of national accounting systems and the formation of financial statements around the world is carried out through the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards by moving to the preparation of financial statements in a single electronic format – eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). The introduction of a new financial reporting system in XBRL format requires appropriate understanding and some practical adaptation. At the same time, the study of the use of the concept of “taxonomy financial reporting” in scientific works remains insufficiently developed. The article aims to study the quantitative and qualitative structure of the documentary flow of scientific periodicals on the keywords “taxonomy financial reporting”. The method of bibliometric analysis was used to conduct the study. The source of the bibliometric analysis of the documentary flow of scientific periodicals are publications from the scientometric database Scopus in the period between 2001-2021. As a result of the selection, data were obtained on scientific articles that were exported for processing into the computer program R (bibliometrics package). According to the results of quantitative analysis, 156 publications were received, the vast majority of which were scientific articles. It was found that the main areas of research on the taxonomy of financial reporting are: taxonomies, XBRL, financial reporting, and administrative data processing. The largest clusters appear around these keywords. It has been established that scientific cooperation on this topic is becoming closer, which contributes to the formation of geographical clusters, the three largest of which are united around the United States, Italy and the United Kingdom.

The paper explores the relationship between Central bank independence (CBI) and fiscal deficit in India. Moreover, the study tries to assess the impact of CBI on the levels of fiscal deficit. The study incorporates other variables like Gross Domestic Product, financial development, and trade openness to analyze their impact on the fiscal deficit. The study employed Auto-regressive distributed lag model (ARDL) Bounds test developed by Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001) to examine the long-run relationship between CBI and fiscal deficit. The study also employs a legal index for measuring CBI developed by Jasmine et al (2019) as well as an actual measure of independence developed by Cukierman (1992) to measure CBI in India. The study confirms the long-run relationship between the CBI and fiscal deficit as well as among other variables. An increase in the levels of CBI leads to falling in the levels of fiscal deficit. The other explanatory variables used in the study also confirm the long-run relationship and impact fiscal deficit negatively except for trade openness, which positively impacts the fiscal deficit.

The current study observes the link between export levels, GDP growth, gross savings, lending interest rates, and real interest rates. This study's evaluation approach combines an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), and Arrellano-Bover/Blundell-Bond estimation to observe the connection among export level, GDP growth, gross savings, lending interest rates, and real interest rate as a component of financial liberalization in the case of Kosovo over 12 years from 2009 to 2020. The findings reveal that GDP growth and lending interest rates have a positive impact on the level of export growth. However, as a component of financial liberalization, real interest rates have a negative impact on the level of exports. Whereas econometric analyses revealed that gross savings were insignificant. The negative relationship between the real interest rate and the level of exports represents that real interest rates restricted the financial possibility for businesses to maximize the level of exports throughout the research period. Due to the limited number of observations, this study is limited to analyzing the long-term correlations between the factors that characterize financial liberalization and export progress in the context of Kosovo. To meet the objective of growing exports, policymakers must design policies to enhance the financial system and invest in infrastructure development to encourage the business sector that exports its products or services.