Studia Humana

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<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This special issue of <italic>Studia Humana</italic> is devoted, and dedicated, to libertarianism; its promotion and its study. I am very grateful to the editors of this journal for inviting me to put together such a compilation. There are 16 contributions in all, covering most of the social science disciplines.</abstract>

Abstract

Keywords

<article-title>Preface. Libertarianism from the Philosophical Perspective</article-title>

Preface. Libertarianism from the Philosophical Perspective

{"article-title":"Preface. Libertarianism from the Philosophical Perspective"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Many years before Adam Smith, numerous theologians associated with the School of Salamanca, such as Domingo de Soto, Juan de Lugo, Juan de Mariana, Luís Saravia de la Calle, Martin de Azpilcueta, Luis de Molina, Leonard Lessius, Thomas Cajetan, and Francisco Garcia had made great strides in the development of economics. Specifically, these theologians, otherwise known as the “Scholastics,” analyzed and argued against price and wage controls by explaining that the only “just” prices and wages are those that are set by the market, examined and pushed back against prohibitions on usury, understood the concept of time preference, and helped develop monetary theory in multiple ways. They also demonstrated that all of this was consistent with the Catholic religion. This paper analyzes the ways in which these early theologians contributed to the development of economics and reconciled it with their Catholicism.</abstract>

<article-title>The School of Salamanca’s Reconciliation of Economics and Religion</article-title>

The School of Salamanca’s Reconciliation of Economics and Religion

{"article-title":"The School of Salamanca\u2019s Reconciliation of Economics and Religion"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The Society of Jesus sprang from the devout faith of a sidelined soldier who traded in his weapons to form a militant order of Catholic Reformers sworn to serve the Papacy as missionary soldiers of Christ. Specialization in education led Jesuits to roles as theologians of the 16th Century, including as members of the School of Salamanca, whose Jesuit members mostly took pro-market positions on free enterprise. One learned Jesuit in particular deviated from his order’s default position of papal dirigisme to become an enemy of the state.</abstract>

<article-title>Beneath the Black Robes of Ignatius and Mariana: Limited Liberty within an Interventionist Order</article-title>

Beneath the Black Robes of Ignatius and Mariana: Limited Liberty within an Interventionist Order

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Martín de Azpilcueta and his fellow Spanish Scholastics writing and teaching at the University of Salamanca during Spain’s Golden Age are rightly pointed to by historians of economic thought as being major contributors toward, if not outright founders of modern economic theory. Among these is the theory of time-preference for which Azpilcueta has repeatedly been given the credit for discovering. However, this discovery is a curious one given how the same man, Azpilcueta, condemned usury in general during his whole life. If Azpilcueta did in fact discover this theory and fully understand its implications, we would reasonably expect him to have questioned his support for the ban on charging an interest on a loan. This paper, therefore, challenges the claim that Azpilcueta understood and revived time-preference theory and shows how his understanding was much more nuanced, and, at times, inconsistent.</abstract>

<article-title>Martín de Azpilcueta: The Spanish Scholastic on Usury and Time-Preference</article-title>

Martín de Azpilcueta: The Spanish Scholastic on Usury and Time-Preference

{"article-title":"Martín de Azpilcueta: The Spanish Scholastic on Usury and Time-Preference"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>In his libertarian manifesto, <italic>For a New Liberty</italic>, Murray Rothbard [15] points to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as an excellent model for what a private welfare program would look like in a free society. In analyzing this same organization, we can see that nearly 50 years later Rothbard’s analysis is truer than ever. Unlike the public welfare programs in the U.S., the LDS church has successfully helped lift countless individuals out of poverty and off the welfare rolls by increasing their level of productivity – a point that Henry Hazlitt [7] made in his book, <italic>The Conquest of Poverty</italic>. Public welfare, on the other hand, has continuously failed to increase the standard of living or even lift those it ostensibly seeks to help out of poverty; on the contrary, it is a system that prevents economic independence. The analysis in the present paper seeks to revive, amplify and bring up to date Rothbard’s observation and provide further insight on key factors that other private organizations can take from the Church’s model. Ultimately, it reveals that the successful journey out of poverty is not a public but rather a private endeavor.</abstract>

<article-title>Rethinking Welfare: The LDS Welfare Program vs Public Welfare</article-title>

Rethinking Welfare: The LDS Welfare Program vs Public Welfare

{"article-title":"Rethinking Welfare: The LDS Welfare Program vs Public Welfare"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Libertarianism has often found itself under attack from those with misplaced maternal instincts, who champion the state as the honorable protector of the vulnerable – and there is no one more in need of protection than a helpless infant. Consequently, much of the vitriol aimed at libertarianism and its laissez-faire attitude has included morbid references to child abuse and exploitation which would supposedly result from its implementation. It is therefore imperative that more work be done on the topic of children’s rights in order to reinforce the philosophical framework developed by Murray Rothbard [9] and expanded on by Walter Block and others [2], [3], [5], [6]. The purpose of this paper is to provide an independent rational foundation for the conclusions drawn by Block and co-authors [2], [5] and to expand on parts that are insufficient.</abstract>

<article-title>A Rational Theory of the Rights of Children</article-title>

A Rational Theory of the Rights of Children

{"article-title":"A Rational Theory of the Rights of Children"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Huemer [33] argues against the killing of animals. I offer a critical libertarian analysis of his claim.</abstract>

<article-title>On Huemer on Ethical Veganism</article-title>

{"article-title":"On Huemer on Ethical Veganism"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>In times of pandemics or natural catastrophes, prices of commodities, such as water, food and medicines, tend to shoot up, in response to a surge in demand and depleting supplies. The government, in its misguided efforts to maintain “price affordability”, imposes price controls and anti-price-gouging legislation and bans the reselling of food and medical supplies. These interventions in the free market are the exact opposite of what the government should do, if it wants to ensure that enough commodities go to people who need them, that people do not hoard all available goods on grocery shelves, and most importantly, that suppliers have the incentive to produce more goods to meet current and future demand at market prices.</abstract>

<article-title>Medical Mask Resellers Punished in Canada</article-title>

Medical Mask Resellers Punished in Canada

{"article-title":"Medical Mask Resellers Punished in Canada"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Most analysts view the United Nations as a positive stabilising force in international affairs. In this paper, I critically assess this opinion of the UN’s peace enforcement actions using the case studies of the Korean War and the Gulf War while relying on the non-aggression axiom of libertarian philosophy. In the process, I shed light on some of the moral considerations at play when deciding on UN-sanctioned military intervention.</abstract>

Macquarie University Law School 6 First Walk Sydney

<article-title>A Libertarian Perspective on Peace Enforcement by the United Nations</article-title>

A Libertarian Perspective on Peace Enforcement by the United Nations

{"article-title":"A Libertarian Perspective on Peace Enforcement by the United Nations"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Libertarianism deals with what the law should be. In this article, we focus on what the appropriate law to punish criminals should be in a libertarian society; that is, one that respects the Non-Aggression Principle and property rights. We examine various theories of punishment and explain why some are incompatible with libertarianism. We contribute to the latest libertarian theory of punishment suggesting the necessity to take time preference into consideration. We conclude stating a limit and a limitation to libertarian punishment theories.</abstract>

<article-title>Nulla Libertarian Poena Sine NAP: Reexamination of Libertarian Theories of Punishment</article-title>

Nulla Libertarian Poena Sine NAP: Reexamination of Libertarian Theories of Punishment

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The modern American libertarian movement began in the mid-1960s. The surviving written resources from this early era are vanishing, unless converted to digital format. This article provides background for the development of this movement and presents currently available online digital publication platforms. Along with some relevant publications in need of digital preservation.</abstract>

<article-title>A Review: Digital Archeology of the Modern American Libertarian Movement</article-title>

A Review: Digital Archeology of the Modern American Libertarian Movement

{"article-title":"A Review: Digital Archeology of the Modern American Libertarian Movement"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This retrospective, covering half a century, is a personal history of modern libertarianism. It provides some historical perspective on the growth of libertarianism and its impact on society, especially for those who were born into an existing libertarian movement, including political and academic paths. As outsiders, Austrians and libertarians can expect more than their share of difficult times and roadblocks, although that situation has improved over time. It also shows the limitations of the political path to liberty and the importance of the Austrian view that society changes via emphasis on sound economic science, its practicality, and its subsequent impact on ideology. Finally, it conveys the importance of solving practical problems and puzzles via the thin, radical version of libertarianism.</abstract>

<article-title>Libertarianism: A Fifty-Year Personal Retrospective</article-title>

Libertarianism: A Fifty-Year Personal Retrospective

{"article-title":"Libertarianism: A Fifty-Year Personal Retrospective"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This article intends to be a simple guide to understand how Hoppe built the Argumentation Ethics. In my early studies of libertarian ideas, and of Argumentation Ethics in particular, I could not find a unique text that would explain how Hoppe put the necessary bricks together to build the Ethics. As I was curious about this issue, I assumed others would also like to know it. To write this article, I reviewed the main literature on Argumentation Ethics, starting with Kinsella’s Concise Guide [9]. Then, I interviewed Stephan Kinsella and Prof. Walter Block. Finally, I synthesized the main ideas from the literature and the interviews elaborating an interpretative model, presented in this article.</abstract>

<article-title>An Interpretative Model of the Evolution of Hoppe’s Argumentation Ethics</article-title>

An Interpretative Model of the Evolution of Hoppe’s Argumentation Ethics

{"article-title":"An Interpretative Model of the Evolution of Hoppe\u2019s Argumentation Ethics"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Thick moral terms – such as theft, fraud, and counterfeiting – are terms whose very use implies a definitionally necessary moral evaluation of their content. In this paper, I shall argue that the philosophy of statism – that is, a philosophy grounded in the belief in the normative justifiability and desirability of monopolistic apparatuses of initiatory violence – is necessarily amoral insofar as it cannot apply thick moral terms in a logically consistent manner. By the same token, I shall argue that libertarianism – i.e., the view that only consensual social relations are morally acceptable – is the only general sociopolitical doctrine capable of accomplishing this task, thus, in contrast to statism, making its prescriptions susceptible to genuine moral evaluation.</abstract>

<article-title>Is Statism an Amoral Philosophy?</article-title>

{"article-title":"Is Statism an Amoral Philosophy?"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>In this short paper, we investigate the problems with the employment of the notion of <italic>freedom</italic> and <italic>voluntariness</italic> in libertarianism. We pretend to demonstrate that these two, as conceived of by libertarians, figure in as the main issue when it comes to justifying its major institutions, say: bequeathing, gifts, transactions (or what they label as “voluntary transfer”). The difficulty here boils down to the fact that a purely rights-based idea of freedom and voluntariness, the pretentions of Nozick notwithstanding, cannot do alone, since it is the consideration whether we do something (e.g. bequeath, donate etc.) <italic>voluntarily</italic> (or <italic>freely</italic>) (in a non-moralized sense) that could account for the rights redistribution. Therefore, it seems that – at least sometimes – the notion of voluntariness (or freedom) is prior to the notion of rights.</abstract>

<article-title>Problems With the Notion of Freedom and Voluntariness in Right Libertarianism</article-title>

Problems With the Notion of Freedom and Voluntariness in Right Libertarianism

{"article-title":"Problems With the Notion of Freedom and Voluntariness in Right Libertarianism"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Peter Singer’s famous and influential article is criticised in three main ways that can be considered libertarian, although many non-libertarians could also accept them: 1) the relevant moral principle is more plausibly about upholding an implicit contract rather than globalising a moral intuition that had local evolutionary origins; 2) its principle of the immorality of not stopping bad things is paradoxical, as it overlooks the converse aspect that would be the positive morality of not starting bad things and also thereby conceptually eliminates innocence; and 3) free markets – especially international free trade – have been cogently explained to be the real solution to the global “major evils” of “poverty” and “pollution”, while “overpopulation” does not exist in free-market frameworks; hence charity is a relatively minor alleviant to the problem of insufficiently free markets. There are also various subsidiary arguments throughout.</abstract>

<article-title>Peter Singer’s “Famine, Affluence, and Morality”: Three Libertarian Refutations</article-title>

Peter Singer’s “Famine, Affluence, and Morality”: Three Libertarian Refutations

Peter Singer���s ���Famine, Affluence, and Morality���: Three Libertarian Refutations

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Libertarianism has a problem, perhaps an insurmountable one, and its problem lies squarely in the domain from which it is sourced: the intellectual and political elite of the West. As such, it rests on an ontological viewpoint far outside the purview and experience of quotidian man. Furthermore, it rests on an epistemology of the person as sovereign, Natural Law, which requires a concomitant education or understanding of the Classics, or at least self-awareness and the ability to think logically. Many non-intellectuals are either uninterested or incapable of following the Libertarian arguments of personal sovereignty and instead submit. This unconscious submission to the authority of a government, father figure, or other self-appointed “authority” relieves the individual of the psychological pain of breaking out of the herd. C. G. Jung (1875-1961) was adamant that to be an individual is a radical act: “To develop one’s own personality is indeed an unpopular undertaking, a deviation that is highly uncongenial to the herd, an eccentricity smelling of the cenobite, as it seems to the outsider [11, Para. 298]. Further, Alexander Hamilton (1755 or 1747-1804) noted that the elite are more than happy to have the masses submit to their authority without question as it advances their control: “a fondness for power is implanted in most men, and it is natural to abuse it when acquired” [9]. The rest of this article explores this psychosis of authority and how Libertarianism suffers in popularity as a result.</abstract>

<article-title>A Proletariat of One: Libertarianism and the Psychosis of Authority</article-title>

A Proletariat of One: Libertarianism and the Psychosis of Authority

{"article-title":"A Proletariat of One: Libertarianism and the Psychosis of Authority"}

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Studia Humana (SH) is a multi-disciplinary double blind peer reviewed journal publishing valuable contributions on any aspect of human sciences such as analytic philosophy and philosophical logic related to universal features of epistemology, philosophy of science, foundations and methodology of physics, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, praxeology, non-classical logics and their applications to methodology of science, linguistics or theology, etc.; political economy to provide a forum for the academic discussion of original ideas which explore new approaches and methodologies in economics with emphasis on fiscal policy, international trade and finance, industrial organization, social economics of legislation and legislative processes, methodology of Austrian school of economics, corporate finance and governance, economy in conjunction with issues of culture, identity, gender, and ecology, etc.; political science in the form of academic study of prospects and limits for transforming modern societies, including philosophy of law, e-governance, global governance and regulation, post-Socialist modernization, the protection of cultural heritage and minority rights, anarchism and freedom, etc.; sociology including academic articles and applied case study materials in all areas of sociology and social policy, but predominantly with a comparative perspective for approaches and methodologies that are not in mainstream to promote dialogue and exchange in looking for new theoretical means of conceiving the life-world. The editors invite the submission of articles, book reviews, discussions, responses, and notices from professional scientists. It is particularly interested in publishing contributions by new authors who pursue their academic development. One of the objectives of SH is the provision of a suitable platform for the discussion in all areas of human sciences beyond the limits of Western-centrism, with emphasis on problems of post-Socialist European states and ideas marginal to mainstream. SH is published in electronic and hard copy formats. Currently, SH has four electronic issues per year, which are published in four hard copy volumes. SH aspires to become a venue to connect post-Socialist human sciences to the world and thus the editors strongly encourage submissions in English language. The journal also aims to contribute to the understanding of society and state through the study of relevant institutions, using concepts belonging to the disciplines of philosophy, political science, legal science, economics, and sociology. The crossing of different disciplinary points of view will enable us to gain a deeper insight into the various aspects of the observed phenomena. Our main objective is to study changes and their underlying mechanisms in modern societies (e.g. in post-Soviet republics), through the analysis of the institutions that remain most hidden from the public eye. The aim of the thematic sections is to provide a viewpoint on a given issue and suggest new approaches or avenues of research. The preparation of a thematic section is entrusted to two members of the editorial board, who jointly formulate the angle of approach to this theme. There are 5 to 10 articles per section. Calls for contributions will be also published on the journals website and in newsletters sent through internet. Archiving Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in <A href="https://www.portico.org/">Portico</A> - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections. Plagiarism Policy The editorial board is participating in a growing community of <A href="https://www.crossref.org/services/similarity-check/">Similarity Check System's</A> users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.

Editor-in-Chief Jan Hertrich-Woleński, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Poland Deputy/ Managing Editor Andrew Schumann, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Poland Editorial Advisory Board Paweł Kawalec, Lublin Catholic University, Poland Steven Horwitz, St. Lawrence University in Canton, USA Mark Thornton, Senior Fellow at the Ludwig von Mises Institute, USA Dariusz Łukasiewicz, Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland Walter Block, Loyola University New Orleans, and Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute, USA Jesús Huerta de Soto, King Juan Carlos University, Spain Arkadiusz Chrudzimski, University of Szczecin, Poland Vadim Novikov, Senior Research Fellow at Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russia Marek Hetmański, Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej University in Lublin, Poland Hanna Herzog, Tel Aviv University, Israel Gëzim Alpion, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom Stephen R. Palmquist, Hong Kong Baptist University, China Berislav Žarnić, University of Split, Croatia Roman Murawski, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland Andrew Adamatzky, University of the West of England, United Kingdom Péter Szegedi, Eötvös University, Hungary Andrej Ule, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Viktor Winschel, University of Mannheim, Germany Peter Simons, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Andrei Khrennikov, Linnaueus University, Sweden Nijaz Ibrulj, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina András Máté, Philosophical Institute of the Eötvös University, Hungary Bruce Foltz, Eckerd College, USA Larbi Sadiki, University of Exeter, England Paweł Kozłowski, Institute of Economics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Michael Huemer, University of Colorado, USA Janusz Korek, Stockholm University, Sweden Joseph T. Salerno, Lubin School of Business of Pace University in New York, USA Sofia Almpani, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Elena Lisanyuk, St Petersburg State University, National Research University Higher School of Economics in Moscow, Russia Technical Editor Konrad Szocik, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Poland Contact <A href="mailto:Studia.Humana@gmail.com">Studia.Humana@gmail.com</A> <A href="mailto:Andrew.Schumann@gmail.com">Andrew.Schumann@gmail.com</A> Publisher De Gruyter Poland Bogumiła Zuga 32A Str. 01-811 Warsaw, Poland T: +48 22 701 50 15

The editors at Studia Humana only accept articles in English of up to 20-pages length in normalized typewritten font (Times New Roman, 12pt) in Microsoft Word or LaTeX. Articles should be prepared using the format supplied (download sample article). We also require that citations and bibliographies are done according to the following standards: Book: 1. Ayer, A.J., Language, Truth and Logic. New York: Dover Publications, 1952. 2. Benjamin, A. Cornelius, Coherence Theory of Truth [in:] Dagobert D. Runes (ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, 1962. Journal: Tarski, A., "The Semantical Concept of Truth and the Foundations of Semantics", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 4, 1944, pp. 341-375. Articles submitted without adhering to these rules will be returned for correction. Please submit articles electronically after registration at <a href="https://studiahumana.wsiz.edu.pl/journal/public/">studiahumana.wsiz.edu.pl/journal/public/</a> Contact by e-mail: <a href="mailto:Studia.Humana@gmail.com">Studia.Humana@gmail.com</a> The editors reserve the right to suggest the change of titles and sub-titles or making other changes. Peer review The journal uses double-blind review, which means that both the reviewer and author identities are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa. After a preliminary assessment of the submitted article, made by the editors, if it meets the requirements of the journal, it is sent anonymously to two experts in the subject of the article. Article Processing Charge (APC) The journal does not have article processing charges (APC's) nor article submission charges. Plagiarism policy The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. Open Access License This journal provides immediate open access to its content under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons BY 4.0 license</a>. Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY 4.0 license Open Access Statement The journal is an Open Access journal that allows a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users.

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Volumen 9 (2020): Heft 2 (July 2020)
Libertarianism from the Philosophical Perspective