<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This paper presents the results of analyses that were focused on pollutant emissions from road vehicles classified into the generalised categories with respect to vehicle use. The analyses were performed using the authorised results of Poland's pollutant emission inventory, carried out in 1990–2020 by the National Centre for Emissions Management (KOBiZE) at the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute (IOŚ-PIB) in order to meet requirements for the national emissions reporting under EU legislation and the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. The following road vehicle categories were analysed: passenger cars, light duty vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, buses (urban buses and coaches) and L category (motorcycles, mopeds, quads, microcars). The emissions of selected pollutants that are harmful to the health of living beings were studied, i.e. nitrogen oxides, non-methane volatile organic compounds, sulfur compounds, particulate matter size fractions, carbon monoxide and lead compounds. The shares of national annual pollutant emissions from each studied vehicle category of the total pollutant emissions from road transport were determined. With the aim to assess trends in improving environmental properties of road vehicles, there were determined changes of the energy emission factors for individual pollutants in all the vehicle categories under the study. The results obtained showed dynamic decreases in the energy emission factors for nitrogen oxides, non-methane volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide. In the case of particulate matter emission, the improvement was not as pronounced. The evident reduction in the emissions of sulfur and lead compounds in the 21st century was confirmed to be a consequence of practical elimination of these compounds from road vehicle fuels.
</abstract>

Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering

Analysis of Pollutant Emission in Poland From Road Vehicles of the Generalised Category in Accordance With the Vehicle Application Criterion

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The aim of this study was to determine the real share of the morphological components of the municipal waste generated in the municipal systems in Poland (all municipal waste collected from the communes). So far, the analysis of the morphological composition of municipal waste has not involved all of the waste streams. In addition, it is necessary to use factors for correcting estimates of waste mass to prevent false increases in the mass of certain groups of waste. Determining the real morphological composition of municipal waste is necessary for proper calculation of the levels of readiness for the re-use and recycling of municipal waste. This study shows that bio-waste accounted for the largest mass share of 28.68%, followed by paper, glass, and plastic, constituting 10.78%, 10.59%, and 10.29%, respectively. This study reveals the proportion of the rubble and mineral fractions is 6.60% in total; however, these fractions should not be found in municipal waste, according to the given definition of this waste and the indicated codes for municipal waste. The content of &lt;10 mm and 10–20 mm fractions was high, amounting for a total of 11.60%. The &lt;20 mm fine fraction contained, among other components, glass, earth, bio-waste, plastics, ceramics, and small stones. The following conditions contributed to the high share of the fine fraction: the crumbling of various groups of waste, the time of storage at the place of production, incorrect separate collection of waste by primary producers, and the means by which it was transported to waste treatment plants. This causes the morphological composition of the generated waste to differ from that of the waste supplied for treatment. For this reason and others, it is necessary to change the methodology for determining the morphological composition of municipal waste generated in the Polish municipal systems.
</abstract>

Department of Environmental Biotechnology

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

The Real Share of the Morphological Components of Municipal Waste Generated in Municipal Systems in Poland

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This paper presents the complexity of issues related to removal of risks related to historical mining workings and underground structures that are located numerously in the area of the Sudetes and their Foothills (Lower Silesia). These grounds, rich in raw materials, feature complex political and economic history, the material remnants of which are i.a. different kinds of underground structures of the anthropogenic origin, predominantly scantily surveyed and constituting risks resulting both from sheer existence of incorrectly or almost completely not liquidated underground hollows and especially from various sorts of wastes that have been accumulated there—including hazardous ones. Due to incorporation after World War 2 of a part of Lower Silesia into Poland (so called “Recovered Territories”), these historical workings and underground structures were created in the area of another state (Germany), which is the cause of a number of uncertainties concerning both the legal status of these objects and determining the form its responsibility for eradication of the risks related to them will take. An excellent example of this kind of situation constitutes the issue of the cluster of the underground workings located in the area of the town of Bolków where, in the years 1943–1944, an attempt was undertaken to locate an underground factory of airplane subassemblies there. Over half a century since the end of World War 2, an accumulation of potentially hazardous substances was discovered there—probably petroleum-derived, which have never been identified correctly and their present storage place remains unknown—due to an illegal penetration of the underground places by unauthorized persons and theft of the artefacts located there (including containers with an unknown content).
</abstract>

Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology

Adverse Influence of Legal Surroundings of the Historical Relics of the Underground Works in the Area of Lower Silesia on Removal of the Environmental Risks Related to Them

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This research was conducted to determine plant biomass, carbon potential, and CO2 reserve potential in understory vegetation in general, namely grasslands, shrubs, and rainfed rice fields. The sampling of the research was carried out randomly and intentionally, and was limited to the vegetation of reeds, shrubs and rainfed land bushes in the Aceh Besar District of Indonesia. The sample was taken based on a digitized map obtained from overlaying the land use map, slope map, soil type map, and Aceh Besar government map. Measurement of biomass in the vegetation of Imperata, shrubs, and rainfed rice fields is in accordance with procedures from the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_oszn-2022-0006_ref_014">Indonesian National Standard (2011)</xref> and the World Agroforestry Center. The area of bush vegetation is larger than that of rainfed rice fields and grasslands. In general, the plants found in bush vegetation are <italic>Acacia leucoeplhoea</italic>, <italic>Mimosa pudica</italic>, <italic>Cyperus rotundus,</italic> and <italic>Eleusine indica</italic>. Grassland vegetation has one plant only, namely, <italic>Pennisetum purpureum</italic>. The vegetation of rainfed rice fields consists of the <italic>Oryza sativa</italic> type of plant. Plant biomass, carbon [C] content, and carbon potential in bush vegetation are greater than that of grassland and rainfed rice fields, as well as plant biomass reserves, plant biomass carbon and total CO2 reserves. Shrubs and woody plants render the potential for biomass, carbon, and CO2 absorption greater than that of grassland and rainfed rice fields. This is in accordance with the research that the increase in biomass is followed by an increase in potential carbon storage. Parameters that affect biomass indirectly will also affect carbon storage in a biomass and in an ecosystem, namely, individual density, stem diameter, tree species diversity, and soil. The density of trees in an area will affect the increase in carbon stocks through an increase in biomass. This is because the vegetation of shrubs does not only consist of undergrowth, but also of woody stems such as <italic>Acacia leucoeploea,</italic> making carbon stock potential in bush vegetation greater than that of grassland and rainfed rice fields, as shrubs cover an area of 96,962.2 ha, hence larger than that of grasslands and rainfed rice fields.
</abstract>

Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Science

Agrotechnology Department of Universitas Syiah Kuala

Department of Livestock Product Technology

Analysis Distribution of Biomass Carbon of Grasslands, Shrubs, and Rainfed Rice Fields on Dry Land in the Aceh Besar District Indonesia

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Environmental Protection and Natural Resources

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