<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Background</h3>
<p>We intend to investigate the association of bolus orogastric tube (BOG) and nipple bottle (N) feedings with postnatal growth in very premature neonates (VPN: gestational age between 28 and 33 weeks).</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Material and methods</h3>
<p>The days of life (DOL) to achieve full combined oral and gastric enteral nutrition (FEN) and attain body weight (BW) of 2200 g (Wt22) and the length of hospitalization (LOH) were retrospectively associated with clinical and BOG and N feeding-related variables via multivariate regression analyses. Correlations were performed to ascertain the strength of associations.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>In a cohort of 127 VPN, FEN demonstrated negative associations with gestational age (GA) and LOH and Wt22 with birth weight (BW). FEN showed positive associations with nil by mouth and intravenous fluid-nutrition days and with DOL to start and achieve full nipple feeding. LOH was associated with days on antibiotics and DOL to start and achieve full nipple feeding. Wt22 was associated with DOL to achieve full nipple feeding. The start day of BOG feeding had no independent associations and weak, highly significant positive correlations with Wt22, LOH, and FEN.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Bolus orogastric tube feeding has no independent implications for postnatal growth, duration of hospitalization, or chronological age to attain full enteral nutrition in VPN unless combined with nipple feeding to provide enteral nutrition. Oral bottle feeding accelerates postnatal catch-up growth and full enteral nutrition acquisition while reducing hospitalization duration. Initiating nipple feeding at 32 weeks of postmenstrual age may be safe in stable VPN. Antibiotic therapy increases hospitalization duration.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Bolus Feeding Via Gastric Versus Oral Routes in Very Preterm Neonates

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Background</h3>
<p>The nutritional practice for newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy during therapeutic hypothermia differs among Polish neonatal care units, as no guidelines are provided. We assessed the prevailing procedures.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Material and Methods</h3>
<p>Data was collected through an anonymous, web-based questionnaire. We surveyed aspects of the current nutritional practices and the reasoning behind the choice of the feeding strategy.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>Thirty-one responses were obtained (31/33, 94%). Based on participants’ estimations, 342 newborns are diagnosed with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and qualified for therapeutic hypothermia annually. Among them, almost ⅓ is fed exclusively parenterally, while 71% both ways—parenterally and enterally. In the vast majority of units, the introduction of enteral nutrition takes place during the first 48 hours of therapeutic hypothermia, and breast milk is primarily provided, although with substantial first feeding volume differentiation (an average of 2,9 ml/kg (0,3 - 10ml/kg)). Adverse events, such as necrotising enterocolitis, sepsis, and glycemia level disturbances that derive from the initiation of enteral nutrition, are difficult to estimate as no official statistics are provided.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>The majority of newborns after hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia are fed both parenterally and enterally during the procedure, predominantly with expressed or donor breast milk. However, due to the lack of nutritional guidelines, significant variability of nutritional strategies concerning initiation time, type and volume of enteral feeds given is noted. Therefore, further studies are required to clarify feeding recommendations.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Nutrition of Newborns with Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy during Therapeutic Hypothermia - A Survey of Practice in Polish Neonatal Care Units

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Background</h3>
<p>Assessing bone turnover in paediatric populations is crucial for understanding the physiological changes occurring during skeletal development and identifying potential abnormalities. The objective of this study was to assess osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) levels reflecting bone formation and resorption for age and sex in Polish healthy children and adolescents.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and Methods</h3>
<p>A total of 355 healthy normal-weight children and adolescents (46.5% girls) aged 1–18 years old were recruited. Total body less head (TBLH) and spine L1-L4 were used in children to assess bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone marker concentrations were determined by immunoenzymatic methods.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>Bone marker levels in girls and boys started with higher values in the first year of life and subsequently decreased until reaching a nadir during the prepubertal period. The pubertal peak values of bone markers were reached at 11–13 years old in boys and at 9–11 years old in girls. After puberty, the adolescents showed a gradual decline in bone marker concentrations to the values observed in adults. We found positive correlations between OC level and TBLH-BMD (r = 0.329, p = 0.002), TBLH-BMD Z-score (r = 0.245, p = 0.023), and L1-L4 BMD (r = 0.280, p = 0.009) in the prepubertal group.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>We showed serum levels of bone turnover markers—BALP, OC, and CTX-I—in relation to age and sex in healthy Polish children and adolescents. The age intervals of these markers for girls and boys aged 1–18 years old may be clinically useful in the assessment of bone metabolism in individuals with skeletal disorders.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Department of Screening Tests and Metabolic Diagnostics

Assessment of Biochemical Bone Turnover Markers in Polish Healthy Children and Adolescents

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Background</h3>
<p>Domperidone is a commonly prescribed galactagogue used off-label for lactation insufficiency. Prescriber unfamiliarity or safety concerns can lead to therapeutic delay and potential early breastfeeding discontinuation. To facilitate access, the study site pharmacy department developed a Structured Administration and Supply Arrangement (SASA) for International Board-Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLC) to screen and initiate domperidone using a checklist.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Material</h3>
<p>To validate a domperidone screening tool via analysis of its use and compliance, together with a staff satisfaction survey.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Methods</h3>
<p>Records were extracted from the REDCap® database for women with documented domperidone supply between 06/05/2022 and 27/01/2023 and reviewed with medical records. A staff survey was distributed assessing compliance and attitudes towards the SASA.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>Records of supply revealed that 34% (17/50) of patients were referred to a physician, revealing a discrepancy between database documentation and checklists, as no referrals were documented. Overall staff satisfaction with the SASA was rated 4.6 out of 5. 77.7% (7/9) felt confident counselling and supplying domperidone with the SASA in place. 88.9% (8/9) felt confident using the checklist to identify the appropriateness of therapy and referral to a physician.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>The system in place allows the IBCLCs to initiate and supply domperidone in a timely manner to breastfeeding mothers with lactation insufficiency. The support tools, including domperidone SASA, REDCap® documentation database and the checklist domperidone as a Galactagogue Checklist, can be greatly appreciated by the LCs. Continued discussion with IBCLCs to refine and improve the SASA and associated education package will result in more consistent compliance.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Analysis of a Pharmacy Developed, Outpatient Lactation Consultant Initiated Domperidone Programme

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Perinatal asphyxia, a leading cause of neonatal mortality and neurological sequelae, necessitates early detection of pathophysiological neurologic changes during hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). This study aimed to review published data on rScO2 monitoring during hypothermia treatment in neonates with perinatal asphyxia to predict short- and long-term neurological injury.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Methods</h3>
<p>A systematic review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Study identification was performed through a search between November and December 2021 in the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). The main outcome was short-term (Changes in brain magnetic resonating imaging) and long-term (In neurodevelopment) neurological injury. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) with CRD42023395438.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>380 articles were collected from databases in the initial search. Finally, 15 articles were selected for extraction and analysis of the information. An increase in rScO2 measured by NIRS (Near-infrared spectroscopy) at different moments of treatment predicts neurological injury. However, there exists a wide variability in the methods and outcomes of the studies.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>High rScO2 values were found to predict negative outcomes, with substantial discord among studies. NIRS is proposed as a real-time bedside tool for predicting brain injury in neonates with moderate to severe HIE.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Deparment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine

Universidad de La Sabana. Campus Puente del Común

Pediatric Neonatologist. Head Neonatal Unit

Fundación Cardioinfantil - Instituto de Cardiología

Department of Bioscience. School of Medicine

Cerebral rScO2 Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) During Therapeutic Hypothermia in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 28 (2024): Issue 1 (February 2024)

Volume 27 (2023): Issue 1 (June 2023)

Volume 26 (2022): Issue 1 (March 2022)

Volume 25 (2021): Issue 4 (December 2021)

Volume 25 (2021): Issue 3 (September 2021)

Volume 25 (2021): Issue 2 (June 2021)

Volume 25 (2021): Issue 1 (March 2021)

Volume 24 (2020): Issue 4 (December 2020)

Volume 24 (2020): Issue 3 (September 2020)

Volume 24 (2020): Issue 2 (June 2020)

Volume 24 (2020): Issue 1 (July 2020)

Volume 23 (2019): Issue 4 (December 2019)

Volume 23 (2019): Issue 3 (September 2019)

Volume 23 (2019): Issue 2 (June 2019)

Volume 23 (2019): Issue 1 (March 2019)

Volume 22 (2018): Issue 4 (December 2018)

Volume 22 (2018): Issue 3 (September 2018)

Volume 22 (2018): Issue 2 (June 2018)

Volume 22 (2018): Issue 1 (March 2018)

Volume 21 (2017): Issue 4 (December 2017)

Volume 21 (2017): Issue 3 (September 2017)

Volume 21 (2017): Issue 2 (June 2017)

Volume 21 (2017): Issue 1 (March 2017)

Journal of Mother and Child

The history of the title Relatively new only by the title, the Journal of Mother and Child (JMC) has a long tradition of being issued for nearly 25 years. The journal is a direct successor of a former periodical: Developmental Period Medicine/Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego. The change of the journal title from Developmental Period Medicine to Journal of Mother and Child took place on January 01, 2020. The archive papers under the old name can be found at: journals.indexcopernicus.com.  The Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland, has been publishing the journal Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego (ISSN 1428-345X) since 1997. That title stems from another journal: Problemy Medycyny Wieku Rozwojowego (ISSN 0303-2264), issued by the Institute in the years 1972-1990. Since 1998 until the end of 2019, the English language translation: Developmental Period Medicine (e-ISSN 2354-0060) was used on the title page. Since 2020, the quarterly Developmental Period Medicine changed its English-language title to the one being more to the point, to: Journal of Mother and Child (ISSN 2719-6488; e-ISSN 2719-535X).　  Thus, until December 31, 2019, the journal was titled Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego (ISSN 1428-345X) / Developmental Period Medicine (e-ISSN 2354-0060), and from January 1, 2020 it is published further under the title Journal of Mother and Child/Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego (ISSN 2719-6488; e-ISSN 2719-535X). In other words, there is an uninterrupted continuation of issuing of the journal from 1997 to the present. Title modifications on the way reflected more and more focused selection of topics of interest and increasing role of English language in medical sciences. With our international readership visibly broadened over the last years and with the solely English-language contents, we intend to abandon the title’s Polish translation (subheading: ‘Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego’) in the near future.  The former version of this journal: Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego / Developmental Period Medicine was indexed in PubMed / Medline and as such was entered into other databases. Journal of Mother and Child / Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego continues to be indexed in PubMed / Medline.  Cooperating societies:  The title is published in association with the Polish Society of Perinatal Medicine and the Polish Society of Inborn Errors of Metabolism.     Aims &amp; Scope  JMC is a peer reviewed, diamond open access journal dedicated to disseminating basic and applied research related to the health of mother and child. The journal’s ambition is to create a platform for presenting original results from all areas of research studies that aim to improve human maternal, fetal, neonatal, and child health, reflecting the connection between clinical and basic science. We at JMC strongly believe that translational medicine should support interdisciplinary collaboration, which usually results in important scientific papers. We accept original research papers, review articles, editorials, short communications and case studies.  JMC‘s scope is based on a holistic approach towards the patient, covering all medical aspects of health of a mother and her child, including such important life sciences areas as origins of disease, modern diagnostic tools, effective up-to-date treatment, long-term health consequences, nutrition, psychology, as well as social and bioethical issues. Most importantly, we focus on the patient throughout all stages of life, from early years, i.e. prenatal and perinatal periods, through early childhood and childhood to adolescence and adulthood (including maternal health). JMC follows a concept of the systems medicine, looking at the human body as part of an integrated whole which incorporates biomolecular, physiological and environmental interactions.  JMC also encourages submissions of papers pertaining to rare diseases which may be a good model for a study on common disorders and thus revealing novel pathomechanisms and conditions.  Journal metrics  Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego  Cite Score (2020) 0.9Cite Score (2019) 0.8Ministry of Education and Science (Poland) Journal Rating Scale - Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego – 20 points (2019-2021)SCImago Journal Rank (2021) 0.154SCImago Journal Rank (2020) 0.215SCImago Journal Rank (2019) 0.210h-index 17  Journal review process  Journal of Mother and Child is double-blind peer reviewed journal.  Article processing charges  The journal has no article processing charges (APCs) and article submission charges.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  EDITORIAL POLICIES AND ETHICAL STANDARDS 　  The Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland, the owner of the Journal of Mother and Child (JMC) / Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego is committed to upholding standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process. Editorial Board of the Journal follow closely the industry associations, such as the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICJME), World Association of Medical Editors (WAME), Council of Science Editors that set standards and provide guidelines for best practices in order to meet these requirements.  Duties and responsibilities of Authors  The Author(s) is obliged to prepare and send the article in accordance with the requirements set out in the Instructions for Authors. Moreover, the Author(s) is obliged to submit editorial complemented by a statement which will be included (signed and scanned author statement and JMC license agreement – in one document JMC License Agreement available at the web page of the Journal): a statement about the originality of the content of the article (work not yet published anywhere), the integrity of the copyrights of others, no conflict of interest or its application, as well as the superior permission to publish an article in the journal. The Author(s) is obliged to participate in peer review process. The Author(s) is obliged to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes, they also should provide a list of references.The Author(s) is responsible for disclosing all financial and personal relationships that might bias or be seen to bias their work.　Authors may, at any time before accepting the article for publication, withdraw the article by submitting a statement in the electronic system of the Editorial Manager.  Reporting standards  The Author(s) reporting results of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed, as well as an objective discussions of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the manuscript. A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behaviour and are unacceptable.  Originality and Plagiarism  The Author(s) should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the Author(s) have used the work and/or words of others that this has been appropriately cited or quoted.  Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication  The Autho(s) should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Parallel submission of the same manuscript to more than one journal constitutes unethical publishing behaviour and is unacceptable.  Acknowledgement of sources  Proper acknowledgement of the work of others must always be given. The Author(s) should also cite publications that have been influential in determining the nature of the reported work.  Authorship of a manuscript  Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be named in an Acknowledgement section.The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors (according to the above definition) and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the author list of the manuscript, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.  Hazards and human or animal subjects  If the work involves chemicals, procedures or equipment that have any unusual hazards inherent in their use, the Author(s) must clearly identify these in the manuscript.  Disclosure and conflicts of interest  All Authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or their interpretation in the manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.　  Fundamental errors in published works  When the Author(s) discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal’s editor or publisher and cooperate with them to either retract the paper or to publish an appropriate erratum.　  Authorship criteria and/or who should be listed as a contributor  In the matter of authorship criteria and/or who should be listed as a contributor, the Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland, the owner of the Journal of Mother and Child (JMC) / Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego respects standards recommended by the Committee on Publication Ethics. Detailed information about these criteria can be found in the COPE Report: publicationethics.org/files/2003pdf12_0.pdf  Duties and responsibilities of Reviewers 　  Articles are selected for publication in double-blind selection system and published in open access system. A Reviewer(s) will provide his/her review using the electronic system on the basis of questions prepared for a specific title. It is also possible for a Reviewer(s) to send individual comments to be published in the article content. All judgments and findings in the peer-review process should be objective. Reviewers should have no conflict of interest (they make an appropriate statement before proceeding to review). When it is a legitimate need, Reviewers should point out relevant published work which is not yet cited, and articles reviewed by them should be treated confidentially prior to their publication.  Contribution to editorial decisions  Peer review assists the Editor in making editorial decisions and, through the editorial communication with the Author, may also assist the author in improving the manuscript.  Promptness  Any invited referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible, should immediately notify the Editor so that alternative reviewers can be contacted.  Confidentiality  Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except if authorized by the Editor.  Standards of objectivity  Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the Author is unacceptable. Referees should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.  Acknowledgement of sources  Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the Authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A Reviewer should also call to the editor’s attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge.  Disclosure and conflict of interest  Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the Authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission.  Duties and responsibilities of Editors 　  Editors are responsible for deciding which articles are accepted for publication. Editors act in a balanced, objective and fair way while carrying out their expected duties, without discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity or geographical origin, religious or political beliefs, or sexuality of the authors.Publisher and Editors are always ready to publish corrections, clarifications, withdrawals and apologies, if there is a legitimate need.In the situation when there is a suspicion that an inappropriate research procedure described in the work sent has taken place, the Author(s) is obliged by the editorial office to submit (if not yet submitted) information regarding the approval of the described research procedure by a properly established ethics committee to conduct clinical trials.  Accountability  The Editor of a peer-reviewed journal is responsible for deciding which articles submitted to the journal should be published, and, moreover, is accountable for everything published in the journal. In making these decisions, the Editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board, as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement and plagiarism. The Editor may confer with other Editors or Reviewers when making publication decisions. The Editor should maintain the integrity of the academic record, preclude business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.  Fairness  The Editor should evaluate manuscripts for intellectual content. The Editor will not disclose any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the Author(s), Reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.  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Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage.  The Editor is committed to ensuring that advertising, reprint or other commercial revenue has no impact or influence on editorial decisions.  The Editor should seek to ensure a fair and appropriate peer review process. Editors should recuse themselves (i.e. should ask a co-editor, associate editor or other member of the editorial board instead to review and consider) from considering manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or (possibly) institutions connected to the papers. Editors should require all contributors to disclose relevant competing interests and publish corrections if competing interests are revealed after publication. If needed, other appropriate action should be taken, such as the publication of a retraction or expression of concern.  Involvement and cooperation in investigations  Editors should guard the integrity of the published record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Editors should pursue reviewer and editorial misconduct. The Editor should take reasonably responsive measures when ethical complaints have been presented concerning a submitted manuscript or published paper.  Publisher’s confirmation 　  In cases of alleged or proven scientific misconduct, fraudulent publication or plagiarism the Publisher, in close collaboration with the Editors, will take all appropriate measures to clarify the situation and to amend the article in question. This includes the prompt publication of an erratum or, in the most severe cases, the complete retraction of the affected work. 