<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Mechanisms of innate immunity are triggered as a result of recognition of evolutionarily conserved structures of microorganisms, named pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Their recognition is mediated by specialized receptors which initiate signalling cascades leading to expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and regulation of acquired immunity. Among several classes of such receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are extensively studied as they can sense an array of microbial cell wall and membrane components as well as single- and double-stranded RNA and DNA motifs typical for microorganisms. Each TLR consists of a ligand-binding domain containing leucine-rich repeats, a single transmembrane domain and a signalling TIR domain. After ligand binding, TLRs dimerize which facilitates the interaction of their TIR domains with adaptor proteins triggering signalling cascades. TLRs engage four common adaptor proteins, about ten signalling kinases, and a few transcription factors including NFκB, IRF and AP-1. In this review, special attention is paid to TLR4 activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, since an exaggerated response to LPS may lead to potentially deadly septic shock. In recent years considerable progress has been made in the understanding of how the cooperation of several proteins, including CD14, TLR4/MD-2 complex and scavenger receptors, modulates the cell response to LPS. These studies have also revealed a dichotomy of signalling pathways triggered by TLR4 which depends on the participation of MyD88 and TRIF adaptor proteins and leads to the expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons, respectively. The key event in the TRIF-dependent pathway is the internalization of activated TLR4.</abstract>

Toll-Like Receptors and their Contribution to Innate Immunity: Focus on TLR4 Activation by Lipopolysaccharide

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The human insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has attracted significant researcher interest due to its endocrine and autocrine / paracrine activities, mitogenic effects and the involvement in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The signaling pathways used by the IGF system impact cellular metabolism in a complex manner complex and many details are still unclear. Understanding the molecular mechanism of action of IGF’s and their effects on cellular activity may provide a basis to develop new anticancer drugs. This review focuses on recent studies that expand our knowledge of the signaling pathways of IGF system</abstract>

Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081 Lublin

Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Medical University in Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081 Lublin

Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University in Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081 Lublin

Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081 Lublin

Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081 Lublin

The Role of Human Insulin Growth Factor (Igf) – Axis in Carcinogenesis

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> UDP-glycosyltransferases (GTases, UGT) catalyze the transfer of the sugar moiety from the uridine-diphosphate-activated monosaccharide (e.g. uridine-diphosphate-5’-glucose, UDPG) molecule to the specific acceptor. Glycosides contain aglycons attached by a β-glycosidic bond to C1 of the saccharide moiety. Glycosylation is one of the mechanisms maintaining cellular homeostasis through the regulation of the level, biological activity, and subcellular distribution of the glycosylated compounds. The glycosides play various functions in plant cells, such as high-energy donors, or signalling molecules, and are involved in biosynthesis of cell walls. Plant cells exhibit structural and functional diversity of UGT proteins. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains more than 100 genes encoding GTases, which belong to 91 families, and are deposited in the CAZY (Carbohydrate Active enzyme) database (www. cazy.org/GlycosylTransferases.html). The largest UGT1 class is divided into 14 subfamilies (A-N), and includes proteins containing highly conserved 44-amino acid PSPG (Plant Secondary Product Glycosyltransferase) motif at the C-terminus. The PSPG motif is involved in the binding of UDP-sugar donors to the enzyme. UGT1’s catalyze the biosynthesis of both ester-type and ether-type conjugates of plant hormones (phytohormones). Conjugation of the phytohormones is an important mechanism that regulates the concentration of physiological active hormone levels during growth and development of plants. Glycoconjugation of phytohormones is widespread in the plant kingdom and all known phytohormones are able to form these conjugates. Most plant hormone conjugates do not indicate physiological activity, but rather are involved in transport, storage and degradation of the phytohormones. UDPG-dependent glycosyltransferases possess high substrate specificity, even within a given class of phytohormones. In many cases, the phenotype of plants is strongly affected by loss-of-function mutations in UGT genes. In this paper, advances in the isolation and characterization of glycosyltransferases of all plant hormones: auxin, brassinosteroids, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, jasmonates, and salicylate is described</abstract>

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń,7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń

Udp-Glycosyltransferases of Plant Hormones

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> A few years ago, a so far unknown type of intercellular connections, involved in communication was discovered. Due to their specific nano-architecture, these connections were named membrane nanotubes or tunneling nanotubes. Nanotubes ensure the transfer of both membrane and cytosolic cellular components, including organelles. Nanotubes also participate in calcium signal transduction and apoptosis signal. The length of the distance at which cells contact via nanotubes reaches several hundred micrometers. The published data suggest that nanotubes have heterogeneous structure. Among them, there are nanotubes which provide direct contact of the cytoplasm in connected cells (open-ended structure), and those, in which the transport requires overcoming a barrier, which is the cell membrane (close-ended structure). An important finding in the study of membrane nanotubes was demonstrating the ability of these connections of the intercellular transfer of pathogens, such as HIV, or abnormal form of PrP prion protein. In addition, nanotubes mediate a transport of MDR protein, involved in resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy. It means that this type of cell connection may play an important role in the pathomechanism of AIDS, prion as well as cancer diseases.</abstract>

Department of Cell Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, Umultowska 89 Street, 61-614 Poznań

Department of Cell Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań

Participation of Membrane Nanotubes in Intercellular Communication

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Medical Journal of Cell Biology

 Information for Polish Scientists   Zgodnie z Komunikatem Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego z dnia 31 lipca 2019 r. czasopismo Medical Journal of Cell Biology uzyskało 20 punktów MNiSW.  Zachęcamy Państwa do nadsyłania artykułów zgodnych z profilem tematycznym czasopisma.     The Medical Journal of Cell Biology (MJCB) is published by Sciendo owned by De Gruyter and held by the Foundation for Cell Biology and Molecular Biology. The MJCB publishes articles in open access system in English only, four times per year, predominantly in but not limited to the field of cell biology, cell and tissue engineering, as well as translational medical studies. The journal accepts both original works, which are an innovative contribution to the field of science and critical reviews relevant to the latest literature, not older than five years. Periodically, Editor in Chief, with the permission of the Managing Editor, accepts selected Clinical Case Reports.  AIMS  Medical Journal of Cell Biology (ISSN 2544-3577) is an international, double-blind peer-reviewed, open access journal. Our predominant aim is to provide an accessible but specialized platform for researches in the field of cell biology, cell and tissue engineering, as well as translational medical studies. Manuscripts related to regenerative and reconstructive medicine are especially anticipated. Each presented methodology must be precisely described to enable reproducibility of the results. However there is no limit for the length of the manuscripts, as well as for the number of included figures and tables. MJCB provides efficient review process, followed by prompt publication of latest scientific discoveries to enrich the knowledge of researchersacross the globe.   The MJCB accepts the following types of publications: research articles, review articles, clinical case reports, letters, editorials and short communications.   SCOPE  The Medical Journal of Cell Biology accepts publications covering the following thematic areas:     Biology of human, animal and plant cells  Biology of stem cells  Biology of microbes  Biotechnology and bioengineering of cells and tissues  Nanotechnology  Reconstructive and regenerative medicine  Molecular biology  Carcinogenesis and pharmacotherapy     Why subscribe and read   Comparison of plant and animal cell biology   Rejection Rate   40%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 