This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abraham-Nordling M., Byström K., Törring O., Lantz M., Berg G., Calissendorff J., Nyström H.F., Jansson S., Jörneskog G., Karlsson F.A., Nyström E., Ohrling H., Orn T., Hallengren B., Wallin G.: Incidence of hyperthyroidism in Sweden. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2011; 165: 899–905Abraham-NordlingM.ByströmK.TörringO.LantzM.BergG.CalissendorffJ.NyströmH.F.JanssonS.JörneskogG.KarlssonF.A.NyströmE.OhrlingH.OrnT.HallengrenB.WallinG.Incidence of hyperthyroidism in SwedenEur. J. Endocrinol.201116589990510.1530/EJE-11-054821908653Search in Google Scholar
Akarsu E., Buyukhatipoglu H., Aktaran S., Kurtul N.: Effects of pulse methyloprednisolone and oral methyloprednisolone treatments on serum levels of oxidative stress markers in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Clin. Endocrinol., 2011; 74: 118–124AkarsuE.BuyukhatipogluH.AktaranS.KurtulN.Effects of pulse methyloprednisolone and oral methyloprednisolone treatments on serum levels of oxidative stress markers in Graves’ ophthalmopathyClin. Endocrinol.20117411812410.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03904.x21044110Search in Google Scholar
Ames B.N., Cathcart R., Schwiers E., Hochstein P.: Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant and radical-caused aging and cancer: A hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1981; 78: 6858–6862AmesB.N.CathcartR.SchwiersE.HochsteinP.Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant and radical-caused aging and cancer: A hypothesisProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA1981786858686210.1073/pnas.78.11.68583491516947260Search in Google Scholar
Azizi F., Raiszadeh F., Solati M., Etemadi A., Rahmani M., Arabi M.: Serum paraoxonase 1 activity is decreased in thyroid dysfunction. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2003; 26: 703–709AziziF.RaiszadehF.SolatiM.EtemadiA.RahmaniM.ArabiM.Serum paraoxonase 1 activity is decreased in thyroid dysfunctionJ. Endocrinol. Invest.20032670370910.1007/BF0334735014669822Search in Google Scholar
Barnes P.J.: Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: Molecular mechanisms. Clin. Sci., 1998; 94: 557–572BarnesP.J.Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: Molecular mechanismsClin. Sci.19989455757210.1042/cs09405579854452Search in Google Scholar
Bartalena L., Baldeschi L., Boboridis K., Eckstein A., Kahaly G.J., Marcocci C., Perros P., Salvi M., Wiersinga W.M., European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO): The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy guidelines for the management of Graves’ orbitopathy. Eur. Thyroid J., 2016; 5: 9–26BartalenaL.BaldeschiL.BoboridisK.EcksteinA.KahalyG.J.MarcocciC.PerrosP.SalviM.WiersingaW.M.European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO)The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy guidelines for the management of Graves’ orbitopathyEur. Thyroid J.2016592610.1159/000443828483612027099835Search in Google Scholar
Bartalena L., Piantanida E.: Cigarette smoking: Number one enemy for Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn., 2016; 126: 725–726BartalenaL.PiantanidaE.Cigarette smoking: Number one enemy for Graves’ ophthalmopathyPol. Arch. Med. Wewn.201612672572610.20452/pamw.359227872448Search in Google Scholar
Bartalena L., Tanda M.L.: Clinical practice. Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N. Engl. J. Med., 2009; 360: 994–1001BartalenaL.TandaM.L.Clinical practice. Graves’ ophthalmopathyN. Engl. J. Med.2009360994100110.1056/NEJMcp080631719264688Search in Google Scholar
Bartelena L., Tanda M.L., Piantanida E., Lai A.: Oxidative stress Graves’ ophthalmopathy: In vitro studies and therapeutic implications. Biofactors, 2003; 19: 155–163BartelenaL.TandaM.L.PiantanidaE.LaiA.Oxidative stress Graves’ ophthalmopathy: In vitro studies and therapeutic implicationsBiofactors20031915516310.1002/biof.552019030814757966Search in Google Scholar
Başkol G., Dolbun Seçkin K., Bayram F., Tanriverdi F.: Investigation of serum paraoxonase -1 activity and lipid levels in patients with hyperthyroidism. Turk. J. Med. Sci., 2012; 42: 1166–1171BaşkolG.Dolbun SeçkinK.BayramF.TanriverdiF.Investigation of serum paraoxonase -1 activity and lipid levels in patients with hyperthyroidismTurk. J. Med. Sci.2012421166117110.3906/sag-1202-87Search in Google Scholar
Bednarek J., Wysocki H., Sowiński J.: Oxidative stress peripheral parameters in Graves’ disease: The effect of methimazole treatment in patients with and without infiltrative ophthalmopathy. Clin. Biochem., 2005; 38: 13–18BednarekJ.WysockiH.SowińskiJ.Oxidative stress peripheral parameters in Graves’ disease: The effect of methimazole treatment in patients with and without infiltrative ophthalmopathyClin. Biochem.200538131810.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.09.01515607311Search in Google Scholar
Bednarek J., Wysocki H., Sowiński J.: Peripheral parameters of oxidative stress in patients with infiltrative Graves’ ophtalmopathy treated with corticosteroids. Immunol. Lett., 2004; 93: 227–232BednarekJ.WysockiH.SowińskiJ.Peripheral parameters of oxidative stress in patients with infiltrative Graves’ ophtalmopathy treated with corticosteroidsImmunol. Lett.20049322723210.1016/j.imlet.2004.03.020Search in Google Scholar
Bednarek J., Wysocki H., Sowinski J.: Oxidation products and antioxidant markers in plasma of patients with Graves’ disease and toxic multinodular goiter: Effect of methimazole treatment. Free Radic. Res., 2004; 38: 659–664BednarekJ.WysockiH.SowinskiJ.Oxidation products and antioxidant markers in plasma of patients with Graves’ disease and toxic multinodular goiter: Effect of methimazole treatmentFree Radic. Res.20043865966410.1080/10715760410001701621Search in Google Scholar
Bianchi G., Solaroli E., Zaccheroni V., Grossi G., Bargossi A.M., Melchionda N., Marchesini G.: Oxidative stress and anti-oxidant metabolites in patients with hyperthyroidism: Effect of treatment. Horm. Metab. Res., 1999; 31: 620–624BianchiG.SolaroliE.ZaccheroniV.GrossiG.BargossiA.M.MelchiondaN.MarchesiniG.Oxidative stress and anti-oxidant metabolites in patients with hyperthyroidism: Effect of treatmentHorm. Metab. Res.19993162062410.1055/s-2007-978808Search in Google Scholar
Blair I.A.: Lipid hydroperoxide-mediated DNA damage. Exp. Gerontol., 2001; 36: 1473–1481BlairI.A.Lipid hydroperoxide-mediated DNA damageExp. Gerontol.2001361473148110.1016/S0531-5565(01)00133-4Search in Google Scholar
Botta R., Lisi S., Marcocci C., Sellari-Franceschini S., Rocchi R., Latrofa F., Menconi F., Altea M.A., Leo M., Sisti E., Casini G., Nardi M., Pinchera A., Vitti P., Marinò M.: Enalapril reduces proliferation and hyaluronic acid release in orbital fibroblasts. Thyroid, 2013; 23: 92–96BottaR.LisiS.MarcocciC.Sellari-FranceschiniS.RocchiR.LatrofaF.MenconiF.AlteaM.A.LeoM.SistiE.CasiniG.NardiM.PincheraA.VittiP.MarinòM.Enalapril reduces proliferation and hyaluronic acid release in orbital fibroblastsThyroid201323929610.1089/thy.2012.0373Search in Google Scholar
Bouzas E.A., Karadimas P, Mastorakos G., Koutras D.A.: Anti-oxidant agents in the treatment of Graves’ opthalmopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 2000; 129: 618–622BouzasE.A.KaradimasPMastorakosG.KoutrasD.A.Anti-oxidant agents in the treatment of Graves’ opthalmopathyAm. J. Ophthalmol.200012961862210.1016/S0002-9394(00)00359-7Search in Google Scholar
Burch H.B., Lahiri S., Bahn R.S., Barnes S.: Superoxide radical production stimulates retroocular fibroblast proliferation in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Exp. Eye Res., 1997; 65: 311–316BurchH.B.LahiriS.BahnR.S.BarnesS.Superoxide radical production stimulates retroocular fibroblast proliferation in Graves’ ophthalmopathyExp. Eye Res.19976531131610.1006/exer.1997.03539268599Search in Google Scholar
Cawood T.J., Moriarty P., O’Farrelly C., O’Shea D.: Smoking and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: A novel explanation of the biological link. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007; 92: 59–64CawoodT.J.MoriartyP.O’FarrellyC.O’SheaD.Smoking and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: A novel explanation of the biological linkJ. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.200792596410.1210/jc.2006-182417047020Search in Google Scholar
Choi W., Li Y., Ji Y.S., Yoon K.C.: Oxidative stress markers in tears of patients with Graves’ orbitopathy and their correlation with clinical activity score. BMC Ophthalmol., 2018; 18: 303ChoiW.LiY.JiY.S.YoonK.C.Oxidative stress markers in tears of patients with Graves’ orbitopathy and their correlation with clinical activity scoreBMC Ophthalmol.20181830310.1186/s12886-018-0969-x624997130463536Search in Google Scholar
Dong Y.H., Fu D.G.: Autoimmune thyroid disease: Mechanism, genetics and current knowledge. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 2014; 18: 3611–3618DongY.H.FuD.G.Autoimmune thyroid disease: Mechanism, genetics and current knowledgeEur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.20141836113618Search in Google Scholar
Duntas L.H.: Selenium and the thyroid: A close-knit connection. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2010; 95: 5180–5188DuntasL.H.Selenium and the thyroid: A close-knit connectionJ. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.2010955180518810.1210/jc.2010-019120810577Search in Google Scholar
Effraimidis G., Wiersinga W.M.: Mechanisms in endocrinology: Autoimmune thyroid disease: Old and new players. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2014; 170: R241–R252EffraimidisG.WiersingaW.M.Mechanisms in endocrinology: Autoimmune thyroid disease: Old and new playersEur. J. Endocrinol.2014170R241R25210.1530/EJE-14-0047Search in Google Scholar
Gianoukakis A.G., Khadavi N., Smith T.J.: Cytokines, Graves’ disease, and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Thyroid, 2008; 18: 953–958GianoukakisA.G.KhadaviN.SmithT.J.Cytokines, Graves’ disease, and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathyThyroid20081895395810.1089/thy.2007.0405Search in Google Scholar
Haddad J.J.: Oxygen sensing and oxidant/redox-related pathways. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004; 316: 969–977HaddadJ.J.Oxygen sensing and oxidant/redox-related pathwaysBiochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.200431696997710.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.162Search in Google Scholar
Halliwell B., Gulleridge J.M.: Oxygen radicals and the nervous system. Trends Neurosci., 1985; 8: 22–26HalliwellB.GulleridgeJ.M.Oxygen radicals and the nervous systemTrends Neurosci.19858222610.1016/0166-2236(85)90010-4Search in Google Scholar
Hardeland R., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Cardinali D.P.: Melatonin. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol., 2006; 38: 313–316HardelandR.Pandi-PerumalS.R.CardinaliD.P.MelatoninInt. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol.20063831331610.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.62140-2Search in Google Scholar
Heufelder A.E., Wenzel B.E., Bahn R.S.: Methimazole and propylthiouracil inhibit the oxygen free radical-induced expression of a 72 kilodalton heat shock protein in Graves’ retroocular fibroblasts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1992; 74: 737–742HeufelderA.E.WenzelB.E.BahnR.S.Methimazole and propylthiouracil inhibit the oxygen free radical-induced expression of a 72 kilodalton heat shock protein in Graves’ retroocular fibroblastsJ. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.19927473774210.1210/jcem.74.4.15321791532179Search in Google Scholar
Heufelder A.E., Wenzel B.E., Bahn R.S.: Cell surface localization of a 72 kilodalton heat shock protein in retroocular fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1992; 74: 732–736HeufelderA.E.WenzelB.E.BahnR.S.Cell surface localization of a 72 kilodalton heat shock protein in retroocular fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathyJ. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.19927473273610.1210/jcem.74.4.15483351548335Search in Google Scholar
Hondur A., Konuk O., Dincel A.S., Bilgihan A., Unal M., Hasanreisoglu B.: Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in orbital fibroadipose tissue in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Curr. Eye Res., 2008; 33: 421–427HondurA.KonukO.DincelA.S.BilgihanA.UnalM.HasanreisogluB.Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in orbital fibroadipose tissue in Graves’ ophthalmopathyCurr. Eye Res.20083342142710.1080/0271368080212353218568878Search in Google Scholar
Iyer S., Bahn R.: Immunopathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: The role of the TSH receptor. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2012; 26: 281–289IyerS.BahnR.Immunopathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: The role of the TSH receptorBest. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.20122628128910.1016/j.beem.2011.10.003336167922632365Search in Google Scholar
Karasek D., Cibickova L., Karhanova M., Kalitova J., Schovanek J., Frysak Z.: Clinical and immunological changes in patients with active moderate-to-severe Graves’ orbitopathy treated with very low-dose rituximab. Endokrynol. Pol., 2017; 68: 498–504KarasekD.CibickovaL.KarhanovaM.KalitovaJ.SchovanekJ.FrysakZ.Clinical and immunological changes in patients with active moderate-to-severe Graves’ orbitopathy treated with very low-dose rituximabEndokrynol. Pol.201768498504Search in Google Scholar
Karbownik M., Lewinski A.: The role of oxidative stress in physiological and pathological processes in the thyroid gland; possible involvement in pineal-thyroid interactions. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett., 2003; 24: 293–303KarbownikM.LewinskiA.The role of oxidative stress in physiological and pathological processes in the thyroid gland; possible involvement in pineal-thyroid interactionsNeuro Endocrinol. Lett.200324293303Search in Google Scholar
Karihtala P., Kauppila S., Puistola U., Jukkola-Vuorinen A.: Divergent behaviour of oxidative stress markers 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in breast carcinogenesis. Histopathology, 2011; 58: 854–862KarihtalaP.KauppilaS.PuistolaU.Jukkola-VuorinenA.Divergent behaviour of oxidative stress markers 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in breast carcinogenesisHistopathology20115885486210.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03835.x21585424Search in Google Scholar
Khalilzadeh O., Anvari M., Momen-Heravi F., Esteghamati A., Rashidi A., Mahmoudi M., Nikbin B., Amirzargar A.: Gene polymorphisms of interleukin-4, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta in Graves’ disease. Clin. Exp. Med., 2010; 10: 123–128KhalilzadehO.AnvariM.Momen-HeraviF.EsteghamatiA.RashidiA.MahmoudiM.NikbinB.AmirzargarA.Gene polymorphisms of interleukin-4, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta in Graves’ diseaseClin. Exp. Med.20101012312810.1007/s10238-009-0078-5Search in Google Scholar
Khong J.J., McNab A.A., Ebeling P.R., Craig J.E., Selva D.: Pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease: Review and update on molecular mechanisms. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2016; 100: 142–150KhongJ.J.McNabA.A.EbelingP.R.CraigJ.E.SelvaD.Pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease: Review and update on molecular mechanismsBr. J. Ophthalmol.201610014215010.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307399Search in Google Scholar
Komosinska-Vassev K., Olczyk K., Kucharz E.J., Marcisz C., Winsz-Szczotka K., Kotulska A.: Free radical activity and antioxidant defense mechanisms in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease during therapy. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2000; 300: 107–117Komosinska-VassevK.OlczykK.KucharzE.J.MarciszC.Winsz-SzczotkaK.KotulskaA.Free radical activity and antioxidant defense mechanisms in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease during therapyClin. Chim. Acta200030010711710.1016/S0009-8981(00)00306-5Search in Google Scholar
Kucharzewski M., Braziewicz J., Majewska U., Góźdź S.: Concentration of selenium in the whole blood and the thyroid tissue of patients with various thyroid diseases. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 2002; 88: 25–30KucharzewskiM.BraziewiczJ.MajewskaU.GóźdźS.Concentration of selenium in the whole blood and the thyroid tissue of patients with various thyroid diseasesBiol. Trace Elem. Res.200288253010.1385/BTER:88:1:25Search in Google Scholar
Laurberg P., Berman D.C., Bülow Pedersen I., Andersen S., Carlé A.: Incidence and clinical presentation of moderate to severe Graves’ orbitopathy in a Danish population before and after iodine fortification of salt. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2012; 97: 2325–2332LaurbergP.BermanD.C.Bülow PedersenI.AndersenS.CarléA.Incidence and clinical presentation of moderate to severe Graves’ orbitopathy in a Danish population before and after iodine fortification of saltJ. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.2012972325233210.1210/jc.2012-1275Search in Google Scholar
Levine M.: New concepts in the biology and biochemistry of ascorbic acid. N. Engl. J. Med., 1986; 314: 892–902LevineM.New concepts in the biology and biochemistry of ascorbic acidN. Engl. J. Med.198631489290210.3109/13590849208997993Search in Google Scholar
Lindquist S.: The heat-shock response. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 1986; 55: 1151–1191LindquistS.The heat-shock responseAnn. Rev. Biochem.1986551151119110.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.005443Search in Google Scholar
Lisi S., Botta R., Lemmi M., Sellari-Franceschini S., Altea M.A., Sisti E., Casini G., Nardi M., Marcocci C., Pinchera A., Marinò M.: Quercetin decreases proliferation of orbital fibroblasts and their release of hyaluronic acid. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2011; 34: 521–527LisiS.BottaR.LemmiM.Sellari-FranceschiniS.AlteaM.A.SistiE.CasiniG.NardiM.MarcocciC.PincheraA.MarinòM.Quercetin decreases proliferation of orbital fibroblasts and their release of hyaluronic acidJ. Endocrinol. Invest.201134521527Search in Google Scholar
Liu X., Zhang J., Meng Z., Jia Q., Tan J., Zhang G., Li X., Liu N., Hu T., Zhou P., Zhang Q., Song K., Jia Q.: Gender impact on the correlations between Graves’ hyperthyroidism and hyperuricemia in Chinese. Ir. J. Med. Sci., 2019; 188: 843–848LiuX.ZhangJ.MengZ.JiaQ.TanJ.ZhangG.LiX.LiuN.HuT.ZhouP.ZhangQ.SongK.JiaQ.Gender impact on the correlations between Graves’ hyperthyroidism and hyperuricemia in ChineseIr. J. Med. Sci.201918884384810.1007/s11845-018-1939-2Search in Google Scholar
Marcocci C., Altea M.A., Kahaly G., Pitz S., Krassas G., Boboridia K., Bartalena L., Sivelli M., von Arx G., Stahl M., Nardi M., Mourits M., Baldeschi L., Pinchera A., Wiersinga W. I wsp.: Selenium and pentoxifylline in patients with mild Graves’ orbitopathy: Results of a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. Endocr. Abstr., 2010; 22: P866MarcocciC.AlteaM.A.KahalyG.PitzS.KrassasG.BoboridiaK.BartalenaL.SivelliM.von ArxG.StahlM.NardiM.MouritsM.BaldeschiL.PincheraA.WiersingaW.Selenium and pentoxifylline in patients with mild Graves’ orbitopathy: Results of a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trialEndocr. Abstr.201022P866Search in Google Scholar
Marcocci C., Bartalena L.: Role of oxidative stress and selenium in Graves’ hyperthyroidism and orbitopathy. J. Endocrinol. Investig., 2013; 36: 15–20MarcocciC.BartalenaL.Role of oxidative stress and selenium in Graves’ hyperthyroidism and orbitopathyJ. Endocrinol. Investig.2013361520Search in Google Scholar
Marcocci C., Kahaly G.J., Krassas G.E., Bartalena L., Prummel M., Stahl M., Altea M.A., Nardi M., Pitz S., Boboridis K., Sivelli P., von Arx G., Mourits M.P., Baldeschi L., Bencivelli W. i wsp.: Selenium and the course of mild Graves’ orbitopathy. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011; 364: 1920–1931MarcocciC.KahalyG.J.KrassasG.E.BartalenaL.PrummelM.StahlM.AlteaM.A.NardiM.PitzS.BoboridisK.SivelliP.von ArxG.MouritsM.P.BaldeschiL.BencivelliW.Selenium and the course of mild Graves’ orbitopathyN. Engl. J. Med.20113641920193110.1056/NEJMoa1012985Search in Google Scholar
Marinò M., Chiovato L., Lisi S., Altea M.A., Marcocci C., Pinchera A.: Role of thyroglobulin in the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: The hypothesis of Kriss revisited. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2004; 27: 230–236MarinòM.ChiovatoL.LisiS.AlteaM.A.MarcocciC.PincheraA.Role of thyroglobulin in the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: The hypothesis of Kriss revisitedJ. Endocrinol. Invest.20042723023610.1007/BF03345271Search in Google Scholar
Marnett L.J.: Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Toxicology, 2002; 181–182: 219–222MarnettL.J.Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damageToxicology2002181–18221922210.1016/S0300-483X(02)00448-1Search in Google Scholar
Mayer L., Romić Z., Skreb F., Bacić-Vrca V., Cepelak I., Zanić-Grubisić T., Kirin M.: Antioxidants in patients with hyperthyroidism. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2004; 42: 154–158MayerL.RomićZ.SkrebF.Bacić-VrcaV.CepelakI.Zanić-GrubisićT.KirinM.Antioxidants in patients with hyperthyroidismClin. Chem. Lab. Med.20044215415810.1515/CCLM.2004.02815061353Search in Google Scholar
Mezosi E., Szabo J., Nagy E.V., Borbely A., Varga E., Paragh G., Varga Z.: Nongenomic effect of thyroid hormone on free-radical production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Endcorinol., 2005; 185: 121–129MezosiE.SzaboJ.NagyE.V.BorbelyA.VargaE.ParaghG.VargaZ.Nongenomic effect of thyroid hormone on free-radical production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytesJ. Endcorinol.200518512112910.1677/joe.1.0596815817833Search in Google Scholar
Mikozami T., Salvi M., Wall J.R.: Eye muscle antibodies in Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Pathogenic or secondary epiphenomenon? J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2004; 27: 221–229MikozamiT.SalviM.WallJ.R.Eye muscle antibodies in Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Pathogenic or secondary epiphenomenon?J. Endocrinol. Invest.20042722122910.1007/BF0334527015164997Search in Google Scholar
Murrell G.A., Francis M.J., Bromley L.: Modulation of fibro-blast proliferation by oxygen free radicals. Biochem. J., 1990; 265: 659–665MurrellG.A.FrancisM.J.BromleyL.Modulation of fibro-blast proliferation by oxygen free radicalsBiochem. J.199026565966510.1042/bj265065911336852154966Search in Google Scholar
Myśliwiec J., Palyga I., Nikolajuk A., Kowalska A., Gorska M.: Serum interleukin-16 and RANTES during treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy with corticosteroids and teleradiotherapy. Endokrynol. Pol., 2012; 63: 92–96MyśliwiecJ.PalygaI.NikolajukA.KowalskaA.GorskaM.Serum interleukin-16 and RANTES during treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy with corticosteroids and teleradiotherapyEndokrynol. Pol.2012639296Search in Google Scholar
Niedernhofer L.J., Daniels J.S., Rouzer C.A., Greene R.E., Marnett L.J.: Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, is mutagenic in human cells. J. Biol. Chem., 2003; 278: 31426–31433NiedernhoferL.J.DanielsJ.S.RouzerC.A.GreeneR.E.MarnettL.J.Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, is mutagenic in human cellsJ. Biol. Chem.2003278314263143310.1074/jbc.M21254920012775726Search in Google Scholar
Nowak M., Marek B., Karpe J., Kos-Kudła B., Siemińska L., Kajdaniuk D., Treszer T.: Serum concentration of VEGF and PDGF-AA in patients with active thyroid orbitopathy before and after immunosuppressive therapy. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 2014; 122: 582–586NowakM.MarekB.KarpeJ.Kos-KudłaB.SiemińskaL.KajdaniukD.TreszerT.Serum concentration of VEGF and PDGF-AA in patients with active thyroid orbitopathy before and after immunosuppressive therapyExp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes201412258258610.1055/s-0034-138357925140996Search in Google Scholar
Nowak M., Siemińska L., Karpe J., Marek B., Kos-Kudła B., Kajdaniuk D.: Serum concentrations of HGF and IL-8 in patients with active Graves’ orbitopathy before and after methylprednisolone therapy. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2016; 39: 63–72NowakM.SiemińskaL.KarpeJ.MarekB.Kos-KudłaB.KajdaniukD.Serum concentrations of HGF and IL-8 in patients with active Graves’ orbitopathy before and after methylprednisolone therapyJ. Endocrinol. Invest.201639637210.1007/s40618-015-0322-7470360726062519Search in Google Scholar
Puzanowska-Tarasiewicz H., Starczewska B., Kuźmicka L.: Reaktywne formy tlenu. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol., 2008; 41: 1007–1015Puzanowska-TarasiewiczH.StarczewskaB.KuźmickaL.Reaktywne formy tlenuBromat. Chem. Toksykol.20084110071015Search in Google Scholar
Raiszadeh F., Solati M., Etemadi A., Azizi F.: Serum paraoxonase activity before and after treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Clin. Endocrinol., 2004; 60: 75–80RaiszadehF.SolatiM.EtemadiA.AziziF.Serum paraoxonase activity before and after treatment of thyrotoxicosisClin. Endocrinol.200460758010.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.01940.x14678291Search in Google Scholar
Rajkovic M.G., Rumora L., Barisic K.: The paraoxonase 1, 2 and 3 in humans. Biochem. Med., 2011; 21: 122–130RajkovicM.G.RumoraL.BarisicK.The paraoxonase 1, 2 and 3 in humansBiochem. Med.20112112213010.11613/BM.2011.02022135851Search in Google Scholar
Resch U., Helsel G., Tatzber F., Sinzinger H.: Antioxidant status in thyroid dysfunction. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2002; 40: 1132–1134ReschU.HelselG.TatzberF.SinzingerH.Antioxidant status in thyroid dysfunctionClin. Chem. Lab. Med.2002401132113410.1515/cclm.2002.198Search in Google Scholar
Rotondo Dottore G., Ionni I., Menconi F., Casini G., Sellari-Franceschini S., Nardi M., Vitti P., Marcocci C., Marinò M.: Action of three bioavailable antioxidants in orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ orbitopathy (GO): A new frontier for GO treatment? J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2018; 41: 193–201Rotondo DottoreG.IonniI.MenconiF.CasiniG.Sellari-FranceschiniS.NardiM.VittiP.MarcocciC.MarinòM.Action of three bioavailable antioxidants in orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ orbitopathy (GO): A new frontier for GO treatment?J. Endocrinol. Invest.20184119320110.1007/s40618-017-0718-7Search in Google Scholar
Rotondo Dottore G., Ionni I., Menconi F., Casini G., Sellari-Franceschini S., Nardi M., Vitti P., Marcocci C., Marinò M.: Antioxidant effects of β-carotene, but not of retinol and Vitamin E, in orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2018; 41: 815–820Rotondo DottoreG.IonniI.MenconiF.CasiniG.Sellari-FranceschiniS.NardiM.VittiP.MarcocciC.MarinòM.Antioxidant effects of β-carotene, but not of retinol and Vitamin E, in orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ orbitopathy (GO)J. Endocrinol. Invest.20184181582010.1007/s40618-017-0809-5Search in Google Scholar
Rotondo Dottore G., Leo M., Casini G., Latrofa F., Cestari L., Sellari-Franceschini S., Nardi M., Vitti P., Marcocci C., Marinò M.: Antioxidant actions of selenium in orbital fibroblasts: A basis for the effects of selenium in Graves’ orbitopathy. Thyroid, 2017; 27: 271–278Rotondo DottoreG.LeoM.CasiniG.LatrofaF.CestariL.Sellari-FranceschiniS.NardiM.VittiP.MarcocciC.MarinòM.Antioxidant actions of selenium in orbital fibroblasts: A basis for the effects of selenium in Graves’ orbitopathyThyroid20172727127810.1089/thy.2016.0397Search in Google Scholar
Russell D.J., Wagner L.H., Seiff S.R.: Tocilizumab as a steroid sparing agent for the treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., 2017; 7: 146–148RussellD.J.WagnerL.H.SeiffS.R.Tocilizumab as a steroid sparing agent for the treatment of Graves’ orbitopathyAm. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep.2017714614810.1016/j.ajoc.2017.07.001Search in Google Scholar
Sadani G.R., Nadkarni G.D.: Role of tissue antioxidant defence in thyroid cancers. Cancer Lett., 1996; 109: 231–235SadaniG.R.NadkarniG.D.Role of tissue antioxidant defence in thyroid cancersCancer Lett.199610923123510.1016/S0304-3835(96)04484-9Search in Google Scholar
Salvi M., Vannucchi G., Currò N., Campi I., Covelli D., Dazzi D., Simonetta S., Guastella C., Pignataro L., Avignone S, Beck-Peccoz P.: Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves’ orbitopathy: A randomized controlled study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2015; 100: 422–431SalviM.VannucchiG.CurròN.CampiI.CovelliD.DazziD.SimonettaS.GuastellaC.PignataroL.AvignoneSBeck-PeccozP.Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves’ orbitopathy: A randomized controlled studyJ. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.201510042243110.1210/jc.2014-3014Search in Google Scholar
Sato A., Shirota T., Shinoda T., Komiya I., Aizawa T., Takemura Y., Yamada T.: Hyperuricemia in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease. Metabolism, 1995; 44: 207–211SatoA.ShirotaT.ShinodaT.KomiyaI.AizawaT.TakemuraY.YamadaT.Hyperuricemia in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ diseaseMetabolism19954420721110.1016/0026-0495(95)90266-XSearch in Google Scholar
Schomburg L., Köhrle J.: On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 2008; 52: 1235–1246SchomburgL.KöhrleJ.On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human healthMol. Nutr. Food Res.2008521235124610.1002/mnfr.20070046518686295Search in Google Scholar
Seven A., Taşan E., Inci F., Hatemi H., Burçak G.: Biochemical evaluation of oxidative stress in propylthiouracil treated hyperthyroid patients. Effects of vitamin C supplementation. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 1998; 36: 767–770SevenA.TaşanE.InciF.HatemiH.BurçakG.Biochemical evaluation of oxidative stress in propylthiouracil treated hyperthyroid patients. Effects of vitamin C supplementationClin. Chem. Lab. Med.19983676777010.1515/CCLM.1998.1369853803Search in Google Scholar
Shuai M., Ni Y., Jian X., He S., Zhang J.A.: The level of IL-35 in the circulation of patients with Graves’ disease. Endokrynol. Pol., 2019; 70: 318–322ShuaiM.NiY.JianX.HeS.ZhangJ.A.The level of IL-35 in the circulation of patients with Graves’ diseaseEndokrynol. Pol.20197031832210.5603/EP.a2019.001830938833Search in Google Scholar
Smith T.J., Hegedüs L., Douglas R.S.: Role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway in the pathogenesis of Graves’ orbitopathy. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2012; 26: 291–302SmithT.J.HegedüsL.DouglasR.S.Role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway in the pathogenesis of Graves’ orbitopathyBest. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.20122629130210.1016/j.beem.2011.10.002371274722632366Search in Google Scholar
Stuss M., Michalska-Kasiczak M., Sewerynek E.: The role of selenium in thyroid gland pathophysiology. Endokrynol. Pol., 2017; 68: 440–465StussM.Michalska-KasiczakM.SewerynekE.The role of selenium in thyroid gland pathophysiologyEndokrynol. Pol.20176844046510.5603/EP.2017.005128819948Search in Google Scholar
Sugawara M., Kita T., Lee E.D., Takamatsu J., Hagen G.A., Kuma K., Medeiros-Neto G.A.: Deficiency of thyroid superoxide dismutase in endemic goiter tissue. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,1988; 67: 1156– 1161SugawaraM.KitaT.LeeE.D.TakamatsuJ.HagenG.A.KumaK.Medeiros-NetoG.A.Deficiency of thyroid superoxide dismutase in endemic goiter tissueJ. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.1988671156116110.1210/jcem-67-6-11563192678Search in Google Scholar
Świerkot M., Kulawik G., Sarnat-Kucharczyk M., Jagoda K., Mrukwa-Kominek E., Chudek J.: Long-term remission of steroid-resistant Graves’ orbitopathy after administration of anti-thymocyte globulin. Endokrynol. Pol., 2020; 71: 198–199ŚwierkotM.KulawikG.Sarnat-KucharczykM.JagodaK.Mrukwa-KominekE.ChudekJ.Long-term remission of steroid-resistant Graves’ orbitopathy after administration of anti-thymocyte globulinEndokrynol. Pol.20207119819910.5603/EP.a2019.006732096552Search in Google Scholar
Tanda M.L., Piantanida E., Liparulo L., Veronesi G., Lai A., Sassi L., Pariani N., Gallo D., Azzolini C., Ferrario M., Bartalena L.: Prevalence and natural history of Graves’ orbitopathy in a large series of patients with newly diagnosed Graves’ hyperthyroidism seen at a single center. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2013; 98: 1443–1449TandaM.L.PiantanidaE.LiparuloL.VeronesiG.LaiA.SassiL.ParianiN.GalloD.AzzoliniC.FerrarioM.BartalenaL.Prevalence and natural history of Graves’ orbitopathy in a large series of patients with newly diagnosed Graves’ hyperthyroidism seen at a single centerJ. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.2013981443144910.1210/jc.2012-387323408569Search in Google Scholar
Tang X.L., Liu X.J., Sun W.M., Zhao J., Zheng R.L.: Oxidative stress in Graves’ disease patients and antioxidant protection against lymphocytes DNA damage in vitro. Pharmazie, 2005; 60: 696–700TangX.L.LiuX.J.SunW.M.ZhaoJ.ZhengR.L.Oxidative stress in Graves’ disease patients and antioxidant protection against lymphocytes DNA damage in vitroPharmazie200560696700Search in Google Scholar
Tsai C.C., Cheng C.Y., Liu C.Y., Kao S.C., Kau H.C., Hsu W.M., Wei Y.H.: Oxidative stress in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Relationship between oxidative DNA damage and clinical evolution. Eye, 2009; 23: 1725–1730TsaiC.C.ChengC.Y.LiuC.Y.KaoS.C.KauH.C.HsuW.M.WeiY.H.Oxidative stress in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Relationship between oxidative DNA damage and clinical evolutionEye2009231725173010.1038/eye.2008.31018849914Search in Google Scholar
Tsai C.C., Kao S.C., Cheng C.Y., Kau H.C., Hsu W.M., Lee C.F., Wei Y.H.: Oxidative stress change by systemic corticosteroid treatment among patients having active Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol., 2007; 125: 1652–1656TsaiC.C.KaoS.C.ChengC.Y.KauH.C.HsuW.M.LeeC.F.WeiY.H.Oxidative stress change by systemic corticosteroid treatment among patients having active Graves’ ophthalmopathyArch. Ophthalmol.20071251652165610.1001/archopht.125.12.165218071117Search in Google Scholar
Tsai C.C., Wu S.B., Cheng C.Y., Kao S.C., Kau H.C., Chiou S.H., Hsu W.M., Wei Y.H.: Increased oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species in cultured orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Evidence that oxidative stress has a role in this disorder. Eye, 2010; 24: 1520–1525TsaiC.C.WuS.B.ChengC.Y.KaoS.C.KauH.C.ChiouS.H.HsuW.M.WeiY.H.Increased oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species in cultured orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Evidence that oxidative stress has a role in this disorderEye2010241520152510.1038/eye.2010.3120300129Search in Google Scholar
Tsai C.C., Wu S.B., Cheng C.Y., Kao S.C., Kau H.C., Lee S.M., Wei Y.H.: Increased response to oxidative stress challenge in Graves’ ophthalmopathy orbital fibroblasts. Mol. Vis., 2011; 17: 2782–2788TsaiC.C.WuS.B.ChengC.Y.KaoS.C.KauH.C.LeeS.M.WeiY.H.Increased response to oxidative stress challenge in Graves’ ophthalmopathy orbital fibroblastsMol. Vis.20111727822788Search in Google Scholar
Venditti P., Di Meo S.: Thyroid hormone-induced oxidative stress. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2006; 63: 414–434VendittiP.Di MeoS.Thyroid hormone-induced oxidative stressCell. Mol. Life Sci.20066341443410.1007/s00018-005-5457-916389448Search in Google Scholar
Veneskoski M., Turunen S.P., Kummu O., Nissinen A., Rannikko S., Levonen A.L., Hörkkö S.: Specific recognition of malondialde-hyde and malondialdehyde acetaldehyde adducts on oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells by complement anaphylatoxin C3a. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2011; 51: 834–843VeneskoskiM.TurunenS.P.KummuO.NissinenA.RannikkoS.LevonenA.L.HörkköS.Specific recognition of malondialde-hyde and malondialdehyde acetaldehyde adducts on oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells by complement anaphylatoxin C3aFree Radic. Biol. Med.20115183484310.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.02921683785Search in Google Scholar
Von Basedow C.A.: Exophthalmos durch Hypertrophie des Zellgewebes in der Augenhöhle. Wochenschr. für die ges. Heilkunde,1840; 13: 197Von BasedowC.A.Exophthalmos durch Hypertrophie des Zellgewebes in der AugenhöhleWochenschr. für die ges. Heilkunde184013197Search in Google Scholar
Wall J.R., Lahooti H.: Pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease – does autoimmunity against the TSH receptor explain all cases? Endokrynol. Pol., 2010; 61: 222–227WallJ.R.LahootiH.Pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease – does autoimmunity against the TSH receptor explain all cases?Endokrynol. Pol.201061222227Search in Google Scholar
Yavuz D.G., Yüksel M., Deyneli O., Ozen Y., Aydin H., Akalin S.: Association of serum paraoxonase activity with insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress in hyperthyroid and TSH-suppressed nodular goitre patients. Clin. Endocrinol., 2004; 61: 515–521YavuzD.G.YükselM.DeyneliO.OzenY.AydinH.AkalinS.Association of serum paraoxonase activity with insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress in hyperthyroid and TSH-suppressed nodular goitre patientsClin. Endocrinol.20046151552110.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02123.x15473886Search in Google Scholar
Yoon J.S., Lee H.J., Chae M.K., Lee S.Y., Lee E.J.: Cigarette smoke extract-induced adipogenesis in Graves’ orbital fibroblasts is inhibited by quercetin via reduction in oxidative stress. J. Endocrinol., 2013; 216: 145–156YoonJ.S.LeeH.J.ChaeM.K.LeeS.Y.LeeE.J.Cigarette smoke extract-induced adipogenesis in Graves’ orbital fibroblasts is inhibited by quercetin via reduction in oxidative stressJ. Endocrinol.201321614515610.1530/JOE-12-025723143154Search in Google Scholar
Yuksel N., Yaman D., Pasaoglu O.T., Pasaoglu H.: The effect of smoking on mitochondrial biogenesis in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmic. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2020; 36: 172–177YukselN.YamanD.PasaogluO.T.PasaogluH.The effect of smoking on mitochondrial biogenesis in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathyOphthalmic. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.20203617217710.1097/IOP.000000000000151431789788Search in Google Scholar
Zafarullah M., Li W.Q., Sylvester J., Ahmad M.: Molecular mechanisms of N-acetyl-cysteine actions. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2003; 60: 6–20ZafarullahM.LiW.Q.SylvesterJ.AhmadM.Molecular mechanisms of N-acetyl-cysteine actionsCell. Mol. Life Sci.20036062010.1007/s00018030000112613655Search in Google Scholar