[1. Yamada Y. Identification of genetic factors and development of genetic risk diagnosis systems for cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Circ. 2006; 70: 1240-8.10.1253/circj.70.1240]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[2. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009; 119:e21-81.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191261]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Xu X, Li J, Sheng W, Liu L. Meta-analysis of genetic studies from journals published in China of ischemic stroke in the Han Chinese population. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008; 26:48-62.10.1159/000135653]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[4. Yu W, Gwinn M, Clyne M, Yesupriya A, Khoury MJ. A navigator for human genome epidemiology. Nat Genet. 2008; 40:124-5.10.1038/ng0208-124]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[5. Van Goor ML, Garcia EG, Leebeek F, Brouwers GJ, Koudstaal P, Dippel D. The plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) 4G/5G promoter polymorphism and PAI-1 levels in ischemic stroke. A case-control study. Thromb Haemost. 2005; 93:92-6.10.1160/TH04-09-0560]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Tsantes AE, Nikolopoulos GK, Bagos PG, Tsiara CG, Kapsimali V, Travlou A, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism and risk of ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2007; 18:497-504.10.1097/MBC.0b013e3281ec4eee]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Bang CO, Park HK, Ahn MY, Shin HK, Hwang KY, Hong SY. 4G/5G polymorphism of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene and insertion/deletion polymorphism of the tissue-type plasminogen activator gene in atherothrombotic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001; 11:294-9.10.1159/000047656]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Dawson SJ, Wiman B, Hamsten A, Green F, Humphries S, Henney AM. The two allele sequences of a common polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene respond differently to interleukin-1 in HepG2 cells. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268: 10739-45.10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82047-6]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Ding J, Nicklas BJ, Fallin MD, de Rekeneire N, Kritchevsky SB, Pahor M, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes are associated with plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 levels but not with myocardial infarction or stroke. Am Heart J. 2006; 152:1109-15.10.1016/j.ahj.2006.06.02117161063]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Eriksson P, Kallin B, van ‘t Hooft FM, Bavenholm P, Hamsten A. Allele-specific increase in basal transcription of the plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 gene is associated with myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92:1851-5.10.1073/pnas.92.6.1851423807892190]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Stegnar M, Uhrin P, Peternel P, Mavri A, Salobir-Pajnic B, Stare J, et al. The 4G/5G sequence polymorphism in the promoter of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene: relationship to plasma PAI-1 level in venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 1998; 79: 975-9.10.1055/s-0037-1615105]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Zoller B, Garcia de Frutos P, Dahlback B. A common 4G allele in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene as a risk factor for pulmonary embolism and arterial thrombosis in hereditary protein S deficiency. Thromb Haemost. 1998; 79:802-7.10.1055/s-0037-1615068]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Tsantes AE, Nikolopoulos GK, Bagos PG, Bonovas S, Kopterides P, Vaiopoulos G. The effect of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism on the thrombotic risk. Thrombosis Research. 2008; 122:736-42.10.1016/j.thromres.2007.09.00517949795]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Boekholdt SM, Bijsterveld NR, Moons AH, Levi M, Buller HR, Peters RJ. Genetic variation in coagulation and fibrinolytic proteins and their relation with acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Circulation. 2001; 104:3063-8.10.1161/hc5001.10079311748101]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[15. Wiklund PG, Nilsson L, Ardnor SN, Eriksson P, Johansson L, Stegmayr B, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism and risk of stroke: replicated findings in two nested case-control studies based on independent cohorts. Stroke. 2005; 36: 1661-5.10.1161/01.STR.0000174485.10277.2416020771]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Catto AJ, Carter AM, Stickland M, Bamford JM, Davies JA, Grant PJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G promoter polymorphism and levels in subjects with cerebrovascular disease. Thromb Haemost. 1997; 77:730-4.10.1055/s-0038-1656042]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Endler G, Lalouschek W, Exner M, Mitterbauer G, Haring D, Mannhalter C. The 4G/4G genotype at nucleotide position -675 in the promotor region of the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) gene is less frequent in young patients with minor stroke than in controls. Br J Haematol. 2000; 110:469-71.10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02164.x10971410]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Hindorff LA, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Psaty BM, Longstreth WT, Reiner AP. The association of PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G insertion/deletion polymorphism with myocardial infarction and stroke in young women. J Cardiovasc Risk 2002; 9:131-7.10.1177/17418267020090020912006921]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Hoekstra T, Geleijnse JM, Kluft C, Giltay EJ, Kok FJ, Schouten EG. 4G/4G genotype of PAI-1 gene is associated with reduced risk of stroke in elderly. Stroke. 2003; 34:2822-8.10.1161/01.STR.0000098004.26252.EB14605330]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Roest M, van der Schouw YT, Banga JD, Tempelman MJ, de Groot PG, Sixma JJ, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 4G polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of cerebrovascular mortality in older women. Circulation. 2000; 101:67-70.10.1161/01.CIR.101.1.6710618306]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[21. Tsantes AE, Nikolopoulos GK, Bagos PG, Rapti E, Mantzios G, Kapsimali V, et al. Association between the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism and venous thrombosis. A metaanalysis. Thromb Haemost. 2007; 97:907-13.10.1160/TH06-12-0745]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Attia J, Thakkinstian A, Wang Y, Lincz L, Parsons M, Sturm J, et al. The PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and ischemic stroke: an association study and metaanalysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007; 16:173-9.10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2007.03.002]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Akar N, Akar E, Yilmaz E, Deda G. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism in Turkish children with cerebral infarct and effect on factor V 1691 A mutation. J Child Neurol. 2001; 16:294-5.10.1177/088307380101600413]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Ando R, Doi M, Yamauchi K, Chida Y, Ida T, Endo K, Yanagi H, Tomura S. Association of beta-fibrinogen and factor VII polymorphism with plasma fibrinogen and factor VII levels, and no association of PAI-1 polymorphism with plasma PAI-1 levels in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 2002; 58:25-32.10.5414/CNP58025]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Arlestig L, Wallberg Jonsson S, Stegmayr B, Rantapaa- Dahlqvist S. Polymorphism of genes related to cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007; 25:866-71.]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Austin H, Chimowitz MI, Hill HA, Chaturvedi S, Wechsler LR, Wityk RJ, et al. Cryptogenic stroke in relation to genetic variation in clotting factors and other genetic polymorphisms among young men and women. Stroke. 2002; 33:2762-8.10.1161/01.STR.0000038094.79901.3B]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[27. Boncoraglio GB, Bodini A, Brambilla C, Carriero MR, Ciusani E, Parati EA. An effect of the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism on cholesterol levels may explain conflicting associations with myocardial infarction and stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006; 22:191-5.10.1159/000093604]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Chen CH, Eng HL, Chang CJ, Tsai TT, Lai ML, Chen HY, et al. 4G/5G promoter polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, lipid profiles, and ischemic stroke. J Lab Clin Med. 2003; 142:100-5.10.1016/S0022-2143(03)00063-5]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Elbaz A, Cambien F, Amarenco P. Plasminogen activator inhibitor genotype and brain infarction. Circulation. 2001; 103, e13-14; author reply e13-14.]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Guan WJ, Wang JX. Effect of gene polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene promoter region on patients with essential hypertension complicated by cerebral infarction. Zhong Hua Lao Nian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2004; 10:765-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Jood K, Ladenvall P, Tjarnlund-Wolf A, Ladenvall C, Andersson M, Nilsson S, et al. Fibrinolytic gene polymorphism and ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2005; 36: 2077-81.10.1161/01.STR.0000183617.54752.6916179568]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[32. Kain K, Young J, Bamford J, Bavington J, Grant PJ, Catto AJ. Determinants of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in South Asians with ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002; 14:77-83.10.1159/00006473212187010]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Komitopoulou A, Platokouki H, Kapsimali Z, Pergantou H, Adamtziki E, Aronis S. Mutations and polymorphisms in genes affecting hemostasis proteins and homocysteine metabolism in children with arterial ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006; 22:13-20.10.1159/00009233216567932]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[34. Lee C, Kong M. An interactive association of common sequence variants in the neuropeptide Y gene with susceptibility to ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2007; 38: 2663-9.10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.48207517702963]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[35. Nowak-Göttl U, Sträter R, Kosch A, von Eckardstein A, Schobess R, Luigs P, et al. The plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 promoter 4G/4G genotype is not associated with ischemic stroke in a population infarction. Nao Yu ShenJing Ji Bing Za Zhi. 2001; 9: 323-6.]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Petrovic D, Milanez T, Kobal J, Bregar D, Potisk KP, Peterlin B. Prothrombotic gene polymorphisms and atherothrombotic cerebral infarction. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003; 108:109-13.10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.00126.x12859287]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[37. Reiner AP, Schwartz SM, Frank MB, Longstreth WT, Hindorff LA, Teramura G, et al. Polymorphisms of coagulation factor XIII subunit A and risk of nonfatal hemorrhagic stroke in young white women. Stroke. 2001; 32:2580-6.10.1161/hs1101.09815011692020]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[38. Saidi S, Slamia LB, Mahjoub T, Ammou SB, Almawi WY. Association of PAI-1 4G/5G and -844G/A gene polymorphism and changes in PAI-1/tPA levels in stroke: a case-control study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007; 16:153-9.10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2007.02.00217689411]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Sirgo G, Perez-Vela JL, Morales P, Del Rey M, Vendrell J, Gutierrez C, et al. Association between 4G/5G polymorphism of the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene with stroke or encephalopathy after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32:668-75.10.1007/s00134-006-0092-y16508752]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Sun Q, Zhang YD, Liu Y. The study of plasma PAI-1 activity and its gene polymorphism in cerebral Luther T, Breier G, et al. Insights in vessel development and vascular disorders using targeted inactivation and transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor, the tissue factor receptor, and the plasminogen system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997; 811:191-206.10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52002.x9186598]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Xu BZC, Xian BX. A study of the plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and its promoter region 4G/5G gene polymorphism in acute cerebral infarction, Zhong Guo Yi Shi Jin Xiu Za Zhi. 2006; 29:26-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Yeh PS, Lin HJ, Li YH, Lin KC, Cheng, TJ, Chang CY, Ke DS. Prognosis of young ischemic stroke in Taiwan: impact of prothrombotic genetic polymorphisms. Thromb Haemost. 2004; 92:583-9.10.1160/TH04-03-009915351855]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Zee RY, Cook NR, Cheng S, Reynolds R, Erlich HA, Lindpaintner K, Ridker PM. Polymorphism in the P-selectin and interleukin-4 genes as determinants of stroke: a population-based, prospective genetic analysis. Hum Mol Genet. 2004; 13:389-96.10.1093/hmg/ddh03914681304]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Zhan M, Zhou Y, Han Z. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism in patients with myocardial or cerebrovascular infarction in Tianjin, China. Chin Med J. 2003; 116:1707-10.]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Zhang SB, Wang JX. The associationof PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphismwith cerebral infarction. Shan Dong Yi Yao. 2003; 43:42-3.]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Zhang C, Li J, Li L, Luo B. The study of PAI-1 promotor region gene polymorphism in cerebrovascular disease. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. 2001; 18:383-7.]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Zhang YDSQ, Liu Y. The association of PAI-1 gene polymorphism with cerebral infarction and recurrent cerebral infarction. Lin Chuang Shen Jing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2001; 14:262-5.]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Yi G. A study of the plasma plasminogenactivator inhibitor-1 activity and its promoterregion gene polymorphism in acute cerebralinfarction., Qing Dao Da Xue Yi XueYuan Xue Bao. 2004; 40:229-31.]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Crainich PJN, Tang Z, Arnold AM, Kuller LH, Manolio T. Lack of association of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism with cardiovascular disease in the elderly. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1 :1799-804.10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00255.x12911596]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Kucukarabaci B, Gunes HV, Ozdemir G, Cosan D, Ozbabalik D, Dikmen M, Degirmenci I. Investigation of association between plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) gene 4G/5G polymorphism frequency and plasma PAI-1 enzyme activity in patients with acute stroke. Genet Test12.2008; xxx: 443-51.10.1089/gte.2008.002518662099]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Crainich P, Jenny NS, Tang, Z, Arnold AM, Kuller LH, Manolio T, et al. Lack of association of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism with cardiovascular disease in the elderly. J Thromb Haemost1. 2003;1799-1804.10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00255.x]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Nilsson L, Gafvels M, Musakka L, Ensler K, Strickland DK, Angelin B, et al. VLDL activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression: involvement of the VLDL receptor. J Lipid Res. 1999; 40:913-9.10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32126-X]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Van Hinsbergh VW, Kooistra T, Van den Berg EA, Princen HM, Fiers W, Emeis, JJ. Tumor necrosis factor increases the production of plasminogen activator inhibitor in human endothelial cells in vitro and in rats in vivo. Blood. 1988; 72:1467-73.10.1182/blood.V72.5.1467.1467]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Hoekstra T, Geleijnse JM, Schouten EG, Kluft C. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1: its plasma determinants and relation with cardiovascular risk.]Search in Google Scholar
[Thromb Haemost. 2004; 91:861-72.10.1160/TH03-08-0546]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Vergouwen MD, Frijns CJ, Roos YB, Rinkel GJ, Baas F, Vermeulen M. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G allele in the 4G/5G promoter polymorphism increases the occurrence of cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004; 35:1280-3.10.1161/01.STR.0000128707.48644.7e]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Ye Z, Liu EH, Higgins JP, Keavney BD, Lowe GD, Collins R, Danesh J. Seven haemostatic gene polymorphisms in coronary disease: meta-analysis of 66,155 cases and 91,307 controls. Lancet. 2006; 367: 651-8.10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68263-9]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Bastard JP, Pieroni L, Hainque B. Relationship between plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008; 16:192-201.10.1002/1520-7560(200005/06)16:3<192::AID-DMRR114>3.0.CO;2-G]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Sartori MT, Vettor R, De Pergola G, De Mitrio V, Saggiorato G, Della Mea P, et al. Role of the 4G/5G polymorphism of PaI-1 gene promoter on PaI-1 levels in obese patients: influence of fat distribution and insulin-resistance. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 86:1161-9.10.1055/s-0037-1616045]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Iacoviello L, Burzotta F, Di Castelnuovo A, Zito F, Marchioli R, Donati MB. The 4G/5G polymorphism of PAI-1 promoter gene and the risk of myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 1998; 80: 1029-30.10.1055/s-0037-1615408]Search in Google Scholar
[60. Benchenane K, Lopez-Atalaya JP, Fernandez- Monreal M, Touzani O, Vivien D. Equivocal roles of tissue-type plasminogen activator in stroke-induced injury. Trends Neurosci. 2004; 27:155-60.10.1016/j.tins.2003.12.011]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[61. Underwood MJ, De Bono DP. Increased fibrinolytic activity in the intima of atheromatous coronary arteries: protection at a price. Cardiovasc Res. 1993; 27:882-5.10.1093/cvr/27.5.8828348588]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[62. Heymans S, Luttun A, Nuyens D, Theilmeier G, Creemers E, Moons L, et al. Inhibition of plasminogen activators or matrix metalloproteinases prevents cardiac rupture but impairs therapeutic angiogenesis and causes cardiac failure. Nat Med. 1999; 5:1135-42.10.1038/1345910502816]Search in Google Scholar
[63. Carmeliet P, Moons L, Dewerchin M, Mackman N, of Germanchildren. Eur J Hematol. 2001; 66:57-62.]Search in Google Scholar
[64. Nagai N, De Mol M, Lijnen HR, Carmeliet P, Collen D. Role of plasminogen system components in focal cerebral ischemic infarction: a gene targeting and gene transfer study in mice. Circulation. 1999; 99: 2440-4.10.1161/01.CIR.99.18.244010318667]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[65. Kohler HP, Grant PJ. Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342:1792-801.10.1056/NEJM20000615342240610853003]Search in Google Scholar
[66. Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993; 24:35-41.10.1161/01.STR.24.1.357678184]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[67. Han S, Li Y, Mao Y, Xie Y. Meta-analysis of the association of CTLA-4 exon-1 +49A/G polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Genet. 2005; 118: 123-32. 10.1007/s00439-005-0033-916133179]Search in Google Scholar