Variables | Studied population Number 151 |
---|---|
Age (years) | 26.9 ± 3.28 |
History of hypertension | 11.9% (18/151) |
Family history of diabetes | 63.6% (96/151) |
HbA1c (g%) | 5.57 ± 0.91 |
Daily insulin dose | 25.7 ± 19.03 |
Past history of Miscarriage | 73.5% (111/151) |
Cesarean section (CS) | 30.5% (46/151) |
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 37.8 ± 0.6 |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.26 ± 0.2 |
Fetal anomalies (FAs) | Number and (%) |
---|---|
Cardiovascular system (TGA, VSD, ASD) | (4/151) 2.6% |
Musculoskeletal system (caudal dysgenesis and limb reduction) | (2/151) 1.3% |
Urogenital anomalies (renal agenesis and hydronephrosis) | (2/151) 1.3% |
Gastrointestinal system (pyloric stenosis and duodenal atresia) | (2/151) 13% |
Facial anomalies (cleft lip and palate) | (1/151) 0.7% |
Central nervous system (ONTD (spina bifida)) | (1/151) 0.7% |
Multiple FA anomalies | (1/151) 0.7% |
Total | (13/150) 8.6% |
Studied women with GDM (N = 151) | FAs group Exposed group (N = 13) | Non-FAs group Controls (N = 138) | RR (95%CI) |
OR (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2.2 | 17.05 | |||
Controlled (N = 82) | 1 | 81 | (1.7-2.9) | (2.2-134.9) |
Uncontrolled (N = 69) | 12 | 57 | <0.001* | 0.007* |
2.8 | 24.8 | |||
<6.5 (N = 94) | 1 | 93 | (2.1 – 3.8) | (3.1-196.7) |
≥6.5 (N = 57) | 12 | 45 | <0.001* | 0.002* |