Environmental Factors Associated with the Eukaryotic Microbial Community and Microalgal Groups in the Mountain Marshes of South Korea

YOUNG-SAENG KIM; HYUN-SIK YUN; JEA HACK LEE; HAN-SOON KIM; HO-SUNG YOON

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Environmental Factors Associated with the Eukaryotic Microbial Community and Microalgal Groups in the Mountain Marshes of South Korea

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| 06. Dez. 2021

Polish Journal of Microbiology

Band 70 (2021): Heft 2 (June 2021)

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Article Category: original-paper

Online veröffentlicht: 06. Dez. 2021

Seitenbereich: 215 - 233

Eingereicht: 12. Nov. 2020

Akzeptiert: 11. Apr. 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-019

Schlüsselwörter
environmental sample, Illumina MiSeq, Mount Jiri marshes, microbial community, microalgal community

© 2021 Young-Saeng Kim et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Location of sampling sites at three mountain marshes. Red box: location of Mountain Jiri, covering five cities in the southern part of the Korean peninsula. Blue box: location of Mountain Jiri and sampling sites marked with small boxes.a) Purple box, Wangdeungjae marsh, 35°23’21.8”N 127°47’19.0”E. b) Green box, Waegok marsh, 35°22’57.0”N 127°46’49.7”E. c) Orange box, Jeonglyeongchi marsh, 35°21’52.5”N 127°31’25.5”E.

Rarefaction curves for OTUs representing the eukaryotic microbial communities associated with the marsh samples. The OTUs were analyzed using the cluster database that was set at high identity, with the tolerance (CD-HIT) program set at a 97% sequence similarity. The Mothur platform was used to calculate the rarefaction curves and diversity indices.a) OTUs. b) Chao1 estimator. c) Whole tree (Waegok, red curve; Jeonglyeongchi, blue curve; Wangdeungjae, orange curve). d) UPGMA tree illustrating the relationships based on weighted UniFrac distances between the eukaryotic microbial communities associated with Jeonglyeongchi, Waegok, and Wangdeungjae marshes.

Taxonomic composition of microalgal and other microbial phyla found in Jeonglyeongchi, Waegok, and Wangdeungjae marsh samples.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis by the maximum likelihood (ML) tree. Numbers at the nodes indicate bootstrap probabilities (> 50 v%) of the ML analyses (1,000 replicates).a) Phylogenetic relationship between all species identified using a BLASTN search within the NCBI database. Seventeen phyla corresponded to the species names listed in the phylogenetic tree.b) Phylogenetic distances between the identified microalgal species (pink branch, Bacillariophyta; green branch, Chlorophyta).

Composition of microalgal species grown in each culture medium and identified using the Illumina MiSeq analysis (M). Four culture media were used: Blue Green-11 (BG11) medium, Optimum Haematococus Medium (OHM), Bold Basal medium (BB), and Diatom Medium (DM).

Illumina MiSeq (M) and culture-based analyses of microalgae from Jeonglyeongchi, Waegok, and Wangdeungjae marsh samples.

Species	Accession number	Jeonglyeongchi		Waegok		Wangdeungjae
Species	Accession number	M	CB	M	CB	M	CB
Achnanthidium daonense	KJ658413	–	–	+	–	–	–
Achnanthidium digitatum	KX946582	–	–	+	–	–	–
Achnanthidium minutissimum	MH358459	–	–	+	–	–	–
Achnanthidium straubianum	KY863467	–	–	+	–	–	–
Nitzschia acidoclinata	KT072971	–	–	+	–	–	–
Nitzschia dissipata	AJ867018	–	–	+	+	–	–
Cymbella aspera	KJO11615	–	–	+	–	–	–
Cymbopleura naviculiformis	AM501997	–	–	+	–	–	–
Placoneis elginensis	AM501953	–	–	+	–	–	–
Gomphonema affine	MN197879	+	–	+	–	–	–
Gomphonema cf.	AM502005	–	–	+	–	–	–
Eunotia sp.	KJ961696	+	–	+	–	+	–
Humidophila australis	KM116120	–	–	+	–	–	–
Uncultured Halamphora	MK656307	–	–	+	–	–	–
Halamphora sp.	MG027261	–	–	+	–	–	–
Pinnunavis sp.	KJ961669	–	–	+	–	–	–
Navicula sp.	MK177604	–	–	+	–	–	–
Neidium hitchcockii	KU674393	–	–	+	–	–	–
Neidium sp.	KU674445	–	–	+	–	–	–
Pinnularia cf.	JN418569	–	–	+	–	–	–
Pinnularia microstauron	AM501981	–	–	+	–	–	–
Pinnularia subgibba	KT072984	+	–	–	–	–	–
Pinnularia viridiformis	AM501985	–	–	+	–	–	–
Sellaphora cf.	EF151967	–	–	+	–	–	–
Sellaphora pupula	AJ544653	–	–	+	–	–	–
Surirella brebissonii	KX120739	–	–	+	–	–	–
Surirella cf.	KX120782	–	–	+	–	–	–
Surirella sp.	KX120781	–	–	+	–	–	–
Amphora copulata	MG027291	–	–	+	–	–	–
Aulacoseira alpigena	AY569578	–	–	+	–	+	–
Aulacoseira sp.	AY569587	–	–	–	–	+	–
Uncultured Chaetoceros	MH023058	–	–	+	–	–	–
Fragilaria vaucheriae	AM497736	–	–	+	–	–	–
Tabellaria foecu losa	MH356258	+	–	+	–	–	–
Chlorophyta sp.	MK929233	–	–	+	–	–	–
Microspora sp.	AF387160	–	–	–	–	+	–
Chlamydomonas sp.	MH683856	–	–	+	+	+	+
Chlorococcum sp.	MK954470	–	–	+	+	–	–
Dictyococcus sp.	HM852440	–	–	+	–	–	–
Bracteacoccus deserticola	JQ259938	–	–	–	–	+	–
Neochloris sp.	AB917132	+	+	–	–	–	–
Scenedesmus sp.	MHO 10849	–	–	–	–	+	+
Asterarcys quadricellulare	MN179327	–	–	+	–	–	–
Coccomyxa simplex	MH196858	+	–	+	–	–	–
Chlorella vulgaris	MK652782	–	–	+	+	+	–
Tupiella speciosa	MF000567	+	–	+	–	–	–
Monomastix opisthostigma	FN562445	–	–	+	–	–	–

Relative abundance of species in the Jeonglyeongchi, Waegok, and Wangdeungjae samples.

Taxonomy					Relative abundance (%)
Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Species	Jeonglye ongchi	Waegok	Wangdeungjae
Annelida	–	Haplotaxida	Enchytraeidae	Mesenchytraeus pelicensis	0	0.05	0
Annelida	–	Haplotaxida	Naididae	Dero sp.	0	0.17	9.98
Apicomplexa	–	–	–	Apicomplexan Acarus	0	0.01	0
Apicomplexa	–	–	Sphaerocystidae	Paraschneideria metamorphosa	0	0.19	0
Apicomplexa	Coccidia	Eucoccidiorida	Cryptosporidiidae	Cryptosporidiidae environmental	0	3.09	0.93
Apicomplexa	Coccidia	Eucoccidiorida	Eimeriidae	Eimeriidae environmental	5.43	1.11	0
Apicomplexa	Coccidia	Eucoccidiorida	Eimeriidae	Eimeria sp.	0	0	26.17
Arthropoda	–	Cyclopoida	Cyclopidae	Paracyclops chiltoni	0	0.16	0
Arthropoda	Arachnida	–	Anystidae	Anystis sp.	0	0.03	0
Arthropoda	Arachnida	–	Hygrobatidae	Hygrobates norvegicus	5.73	0	0
Arthropoda	Insecta	Diptera	Chironomidae	Micropsectra sp.	0.31	0	0
Arthropoda	Insecta	Diptera	Chironomidae	Monodiamesa sp.	0	0.05	0
Arthropoda	Insecta	Diptera	Culicidae	Aedes albopictus	0	34.77	0
Ascomycota	–	–	–	Uncultured ascomycete	0	0.04	0
Ascomycota	Saccharomycetes	Saccharomycetales	Debaryomycetaceae	[Candida] schatavii	0.07	0	0
Ascomycota	Sordariomycetes	–	–	Leptosporella sp.	0	0.11	0
Ascomycota	Sordariomycetes	Chaetosphaeriales	Chaetosphaeriaceae	Thozetella pandanicola	0	1.24	0
Ascomycota	Sordariomycetes	Diaporthales	Diaporthaceae	Diaporthe amygdali	0	0.02	0
Ascomycota	Sordariomycetes	Hypocreales	Nectriaceae	Fusarium oxysporum	0	0.05	0
Ascomycota	Sordariomycetes	Xylariales	–	Discosia querci	0	0.01	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	–	Achnanthidium daonense	0	0.04	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	–	Achnanthidium digitatum	0	0.11	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	–	Achnanthidium minutissimum	0	0.25	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	–	Achnanthidium straubianum	0	0.12	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	Bacillariaceae	Nitzschia acidoclinata	0	0.04	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	Bacillariaceae	Nitzschia dissipata	0	0.18	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	Cymbellaceae	Cymbella aspera	0	1.45	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	Cymbellaceae	Cymbopleura naviculiformis	0	0.82	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	Cymbellaceae	Placoneis elginensis	0	0.09	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	Gomphonemataceae	Gomphonema affine	0.57	0.36	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	–	Gomphonemataceae	Gomphonema cf.	0	0.18	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Eunotiales	Eunotiaceae	Eunotia sp.	0.24	0.14	0.81
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	–	Humidophila australis	0	0.03	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	–	Uncultured Halamphora	0	0.03	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Amphipleuraceae	Halamphora sp.	0	0.11	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Naviculaceae	Pinnunavis sp.	0	0.18	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Naviculaceae	Navicula sp.	0	0.04	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Neidiaceae	Neidium hitchcockii	0	0.01	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Neidiaceae	Neidium sp.	0	0.11	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Pinnulariaceae	Pinnularia cf.	0	0.11	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Pinnulariaceae	Pinnularia microstauron	0	0.51	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Pinnulariaceae	Pinnularia subgibba	0.34	0	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Pinnulariaceae	Pinnularia viridiformis	0	0.04	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Sellaphoraceae	Sellaphora cf.	0	0.01	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Naviculales	Sellaphoraceae	Sellaphora pupula	0	0.04	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Surirellales	–	Surirella brebissonii	0	0.75	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Surirellales	–	Surirella cf.	0	0.08	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Surirellales	–	Surirella sp.	0	0.09	0
Bacillariophyta	Bacillariophyceae	Thalassiophysales	Catenulaceae	Amphora copulata	0	0.21	0
Bacillariophyta	Coscinodiscophyceae	–	Aulacoseiraceae	Aulacoseira alpigena	0	0.12	1.83
Bacillariophyta	Coscinodiscophyceae	–	Aulacoseiraceae	Aulacoseira sp.	0	0	7.77
Bacillariophyta	Coscinodiscophyceae	Chaetocerotales	Chaetocerotaceae	Uncultured Chaetoceros	0	0.02	0
Bacillariophyta	Fragilariophyceae	Fragilariales	Fragilariaceae	Fragilaria vaucheriae	0	0.29	0
Bacillariophyta	Fragilariophyceae	Tabellariales	Tabellariaceae	Tabellaria flocculosa	0.23	0.44	0
Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	–	Inocybe spuria	0	0.01	0
Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Polyporales	–	Fibroporia gossypium	0.11	0.08	0
Basidiomycota	Tremellomycetes	–	–	Holtermanniella nyarrowii	0.04	0	0
Basidiomycota	Tremellomycetes	Cystofilobasidiales	Cystofilobasidiaceae	Cystofilobasidium macerans	0.31	0.01	0
Basidiomycota	Tremellomycetes	Filobasidiales	–	Solicoccozyma terricola	0.21	0	0
Basidiomycota	Tremellomycetes	Filobasidiales	Filobasidiaceae	Filobasidium magnum	0.15	0	0
Basidiomycota	Tremellomycetes	Tremellales	–	Cryptococcus carnescens	0.02	0	0
Basidiomycota	Tremellomycetes	Tremellales	–	Papiliotrema flavescens	0.03		0 0
Blastocladiomycota	–	–	–	Uncultured Blastocladiomycota	0	0.11	0
Chlorophyta	–	–	–	Chlorophyta sp.	0	0.01	0
Chlorophyta	Chlorophyceae	–	Microsporaceae	Microspora sp.	0	0	1.24
Chlorophyta	Chlorophyceae	Chlamydomonadales	Chlamydomonadaceae	Chlamydomonas sp.	0	0.05	1.24
Chlorophyta	Chlorophyceae	Chlamydomonadales	Chlorococcaceae	Chlorococcum sp.	0	0.04	0
Chlorophyta	Chlorophyceae	Sphaeropleales	–	Dictyococcus sp.	0	0.08	0
Chlorophyta	Chlorophyceae	Sphaeropleales	–	Bracteacoccus deserticola	0	0	0.09
Chlorophyta	Chlorophyceae	Sphaeropleales	Neochloridaceae	Neochloris sp.	0.22	0	0
Chlorophyta	Chlorophyceae	Sphaeropleales	Scenedesmaceae	Scenedesmus sp.	0	0	1.71
Chlorophyta	Chlorophyceae	Sphaeropleales	Scenedesmaceae	Asterarcys quadricellulare	0	0.02	0
Chlorophyta	Trebouxiophyceae	–	Coccomyxaceae	Coccomyxa simplex	0.15	0.01	0
Chlorophyta	Trebouxiophyceae	Chlorellales	Chlorellaceae	Chlorella vulgaris	0	0.01	0.44
Chlorophyta	Ulvophyceae	Ulotrichales	–	Tupiella speciosa	0.12	0.03	0
Chlorophyta	prasinophytes	–	–	Monomastix opisthostigma	0	0.05	0
Chordata	Amphibia	Caudata	Salamandridae	Cynops pyrrhogaster	0.05	0	0
Chordata	Mammalia	Cetacea	Delphinidae	Lagenorhynchus obliquidens	0	0	2.45
Chytridiomycota	–	–	–	Uncultured Chytridiomycota	1.31	1.09	0.44
Chytridiomycota	–	–	–	Uncultured rhizosphere	0	0.01	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	–	–	Catenomyces sp.	0	0.08	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	–	–	Rhizophlyctis rosea	0	0	1.58
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Chytridiales	–	Chytridiales sp.	0	0.41	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Chytridiales	–	Uncultured Chytridiales	0	0.46	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Chytridiales	–	Uncultured Chytriomyces	0	0.23	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Chytridiales	–	Chytriomyces sp.	0.12	0.09	10.94
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Chytridiales	–	Obelidium mucronatum	2.62	0.58	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Chytridiales	–	Rhizoclosmatium globosum	9.07	0	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Chytridiales	Chytridiaceae	Chytridiaceae sp.	0	0.11	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Cladochytriales	–	Nowakowskiella elegans	0	0.02	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Cladochytriales	–	Nowakowskiella hemisphaerospora	0.43	0.17	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Cladochytriales	–	Nowakowskiella multispora	0	1.61	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Cladochytriales	–	Nowakowskiella sp.	0	0.16	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Cladochytriales	Cladochytriaceae	Cladochytrium replicatum	0	0.02	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Cladochytriales	Cladochytriaceae	Cladochytrium tenue	0	0.01	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Rhizophydiales	–	Rhizophydiales sp.	0	0.08	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Rhizophydiales	–	Uebelmesseromyces sp.	0	0.94	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Rhizophydiales	Kappamycetaceae	Kappamyces laurelensis	0.13	0.01	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Rhizophydiales	Rhizophydiaceae	Rhizophydium planktonicum	0	0	0.51
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Rhizophydiales	Rhizophydiaceae	Rhizophydium sphaerotheca	0	2.14	0
Chytridiomycota	Chytridiomycetes	Spizellomycetales	–	Fimicolochytrium alabamae	0.18	0.15	0
Chytridiomycota	Monoblepharidomycetes	Monoblepharidales	–	Hyaloraphidium curvatum	0.09	0.02	0
Chytridiomycota	Monoblepharidomycetes	Monoblepharidales	Harpochytriaceae	Harpochytrium sp.	0	0.06	0
Chytridiomycota	Monoblepharidomycetes	Monoblepharidales	Oedogoniomycetaceae	Oedogoniomyces sp.	0	0.01	0
Eustigmatophyceae	–	–	–	Uncultured eustigmatophyte	0	0.04	0
Gastrotricha	–	Chaetonotida	Chaetonotidae	Chaetonotus cf.	0	24.43	0
Mollusca	Bivalvia	Veneroida	Sphaeriidae	Pisidium walkeri	0	0.03	0
Nematoda	Chromadorea	Monhysterida	Monhysteridae	Eumonhystera cf.	0.46	0	22.27
Platyhelminthes	–	Catenulida	Catenulidae	Catenula turgida	0.07	0	0
Platyhelminthes	–	Catenulida	Stenostomidae	Stenostomum sp.	0	0.06	6.62
Platyhelminthes	–	Rhabdocoela	Typhloplanidae	Phaenocora sp.	0	0.02	0
Platyhelminthes	–	Tricladida	Planariidae	Phagocata sibirica	68.64	0	0
Streptophyta	–	Brassicales	Brassicaceae	Brassica napus	0	0	0.34
Streptophyta	–	Caryophyllales	Polygonaceae	Persicaria virginiana	1.96	0.01	0
Streptophyta	–	Ericales	Styracaceae	Styrax americana	0	0.04	0
Streptophyta	–	Malpighiales	Salicaceae	Populus trichocarpa	0	2.84	0
Streptophyta	–	Piperales	–	Aristolochiaceae environmental	0.16	0	0
Streptophyta	Liliopsida	Poales	Poaceae	Stipa narynica	0	15.14	0
Streptophyta	Zygnemophyceae	Desmidiales	–	Uncultured Closterium	0.43	0.06	0
Streptophyta	Zygnemophyceae	Desmidiales	Closteriaceae	Closterium moniliferum	0	0.21	0
Streptophyta	Zygnemophyceae	Desmidiales	Closteriaceae	Closterium venus	0	0	0.62
Streptophyta	Zygnemophyceae	Desmidiales	Desmidiaceae	Euastrum affine	0	0	2.02
Xanthophyceae	–	–	–	Xanthophyceae sp.	0	0.05	0

Physicochemical measurements, sequencing results, and ecological diversity analysis of Mount Jiri marsh samples.

x		Jeonglyeongchi	Waegok	Wangdeungjae
Physico-chemical factors	Temperature (°C)	12.75	16.55	22.93
	pH	6.95	6.84	6.48
	EC (µS/cm)	32	36	96
	Salinity (ppt)	0.0	0.0	0.0
	DO (mg/l)	10.51	7.98	4.71
	Turbidity (NTU)	2.51	42.30	6.26
	TN (mg/l)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00
	TP (mg/l)	1.57 ± 0.16	0.94 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.00
Sequencing results	Total reads	122,953	113,853	121,392
	Validated reads	98,159	80,099	22,249
	Mean read length (bp)	406.28	402.63	401.70
	Maximum read length (bp)	419	407	407
	Number of OTUs^a	243	828	64
Diversity indicators	Chao1^b	243.00	828.00	64.00
	Shannon^c	4.84	6.36	2.97
	Simpson^d	0.91	0.94	0.75
	Goods Coverage^e	1.00	1.00	1.00

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Environmental Factors Associated with the Eukaryotic Microbial Community and Microalgal Groups in the Mountain Marshes of South Korea

Article Category: original-paper

Online veröffentlicht: 06. Dez. 2021

Seitenbereich: 215 - 233

Eingereicht: 12. Nov. 2020

Akzeptiert: 11. Apr. 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-019

Schlüsselwörter
environmental sample, Illumina MiSeq, Mount Jiri marshes, microbial community, microalgal community

© 2021 Young-Saeng Kim et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Illumina MiSeq (M) and culture-based analyses of microalgae from Jeonglyeongchi, Waegok, and Wangdeungjae marsh samples.

Relative abundance of species in the Jeonglyeongchi, Waegok, and Wangdeungjae samples.

Physicochemical measurements, sequencing results, and ecological diversity analysis of Mount Jiri marsh samples.

Environmental Factors Associated with the Eukaryotic Microbial Community and Microalgal Groups in the Mountain Marshes of South Korea

Article Category: original-paper

Online veröffentlicht: 06. Dez. 2021

Seitenbereich: 215 - 233

Eingereicht: 12. Nov. 2020

Akzeptiert: 11. Apr. 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-019

Schlüsselwörterenvironmental sample, Illumina MiSeq, Mount Jiri marshes, microbial community, microalgal community

© 2021 Young-Saeng Kim et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Illumina MiSeq (M) and culture-based analyses of microalgae from Jeonglyeongchi, Waegok, and Wangdeungjae marsh samples.

Relative abundance of species in the Jeonglyeongchi, Waegok, and Wangdeungjae samples.

Physicochemical measurements, sequencing results, and ecological diversity analysis of Mount Jiri marsh samples.

Schlüsselwörter
environmental sample, Illumina MiSeq, Mount Jiri marshes, microbial community, microalgal community