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Assessing the Microbial Communities in Four Different Daqus by Using PCR-DGGE, PLFA, and Biolog Analyses

YUXI LING
YUXI LING
, 
WENYING LI
WENYING LI
, 
TONG TONG
TONG TONG
, 
ZUMING LI
ZUMING LI
, 
QIAN LI
QIAN LI
, 
ZHIHUI BAI
ZHIHUI BAI
, 
GUIJUN WANG
GUIJUN WANG
, 
JIAHAO CHEN
JIAHAO CHEN
 und 
YUGUANG WANG
YUGUANG WANG
   | 18. Feb. 2020
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Article Category: original-paper
Online veröffentlicht: 18. Feb. 2020
Seitenbereich: 27 - 37
Eingereicht: 10. Okt. 2019
Akzeptiert: 07. Jan. 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-004
Schlüsselwörter
© 2020 Yuxi Ling et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

PCR-DGGE profiles (A) and clustering analysis (B) of the bacterial communities in four typical Daqu samples. (a-m represent the specific bands excised; 1–4 represent Wuling Daqu, Baisha Daqu, Deshan Daqu, and Niulanshan Daqu, respectively.
PCR-DGGE profiles (A) and clustering analysis (B) of the bacterial communities in four typical Daqu samples. (a-m represent the specific bands excised; 1–4 represent Wuling Daqu, Baisha Daqu, Deshan Daqu, and Niulanshan Daqu, respectively.

Fig. 2.

Total biomass, bacterial biomass, fungi biomass (A) and the ratio of fungi biomass to bacteria biomass (B) of Daqu samples.
Total biomass, bacterial biomass, fungi biomass (A) and the ratio of fungi biomass to bacteria biomass (B) of Daqu samples.

Fig. 3.

Principal component analysis (PCA) showing variations in the PLFA pattern in different types of Daqu (A); clustering analysis (B) of the four Daqus on PLFAs content.
Principal component analysis (PCA) showing variations in the PLFA pattern in different types of Daqu (A); clustering analysis (B) of the four Daqus on PLFAs content.

Fig. 4.

The AWCD of five types of carbon sources in four Daqus communities, including all carbon sources (A), monosaccharides and their derivatives (B), disaccharides and polysaccharides (C), amino acid substrate and its derivatives (D), fatty acids and lipids (E), and metabolites and secondary metabolites (F).
The AWCD of five types of carbon sources in four Daqus communities, including all carbon sources (A), monosaccharides and their derivatives (B), disaccharides and polysaccharides (C), amino acid substrate and its derivatives (D), fatty acids and lipids (E), and metabolites and secondary metabolites (F).

Fig. 5.

Principal component analysis (A) and clustering analysis (B) based carbon source utilization patterns of microbial communities.
Principal component analysis (A) and clustering analysis (B) based carbon source utilization patterns of microbial communities.

Summary of the identification of bands in Fig. 1.

Band No. a Related GenBank sequence Closest relatives (accession no.) Identity (%) b
a MN857671 Uncultured bacterium (AB441615.1) 100
b MN857663 Weissella confuse (GU049413.1) 99
c MN857670 Pediococcus pentosaceus (AB481102.1) 100
d MN857669 Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (EU350220.1) 99
e MN857662 Uncultured Lactobacillus sp. (FJ982856.1) 100
f MN857666 Uncultured bacterium (AB441567.1) 100
g MN857665 Pediococcus acidilactici (FJ751795.1) 99
h MN857667 Bacillus thermoamylovorans (GU067470.1) 99
i MN857672 Uncultured bacterium (FJ235654.1) 100
j MN857673 Uncultured bacterium (GQ076030.1) 96
k MN857664 Uncultured bacterium (GQ505035.1) 100
l MN857661 Uncultured Lactobacillus sp. (GQ999780.1) 98
m MN857668 Thermoactinomyces sanguinis (AJ251778.1) 95

The concentration of the PLFAs in different Daqu samples.

PLFA (nmol/g dry matter) Wuling Daqu Baisha Daqu Deshan Daqu Niulanshan Daqu
A11:0 0 0 0 105.36
A13:0 327.32 297.50 153.95 99.80
15:00 294.13 475.82 189.31 24.35
Me14:0 133.53 0 0 217.31
I14:0 117.82 0 0 54.73
I15:0 0 0 0 34.62
A15:0 102.96 0 0 44.73
16:1W9Z 121.91 0 83.49 0
16:00 4.15 194.31 4.00 5.45
I16:0 95.05 220.59 0 0
A16:0 113.83 166.87 2.86 142.79
17:00 112.01 250.34 61.09 0
Cy17:0 0 0 76.79 0
18:3W6,9,12t 216.81 0 1.58 0
18:3W3,6,9zzz 0 0 66.79 0
18:2W6.9tt 1.76 3.03 0 2.66
18:2W6.9zz 234.20 30.46 0 186.88
18:2W6.8zz 0 0 0 51.43
18:2W7.10tt 0 0 0 315.07
18:2W5.8tt 248.88 0 3.18 0
18:1W9t 5.89 8.97 14.18 7.36
18:1W10t 45.45 0 0 0
18:1W9z 0 0 0 68.80
18:00 24.92 68.60 14.55 26.90
Cy18:0 149.68 0 0 0
20:00 152.12 0 0 0

Samples of four typical Daqus of Chinese spirits.

Name Flavour type Highest temperature inside the Daqu pile (°C) Region (city and geographic coordinates)
Wuling Sauce-flavour 65 Changde, Hunan (29°05′N, 111°39′E)
Baisha Sauce- and strong-flavour 60 Changsha, Changsha (28°11′N, 112°58′E)
Deshan Strong-flavour 55 Changde, Hunan (29°05′N, 111°39′E)
Niulanshan Light-flavour 50 Beijing (39°56′N, 116°20′E)

Comparison of the carbon utilization of different samples.

Well Carbon Sources Wuling Daqu Baisha Daqu Deshan Daqu Niulanshan Daqu
A2 β-Methyl-D-glucoside 0.559 0 0.001 1.445
A3 D-Galactonic acid-γ-Lactone 0.526 0.026 1.199 1.028
A4 L-Arginine 0.383 0.019 0.316 0.063
B1 Pyruvic acid Methyl ester 0.759 0 0.383 0.444
B2 D-Xylose 1.115 0.025 0.067 1.500
B3 D-Galacturonic acid 1.484 0 0.754 1.391
B4 L-Asparagine 0.146 0.033 0.035 0.919
C1 Tween 40 0.872 0.356 0.399 0.399
C2 i-Erythritol 0.113 0.002 0.21 0.263
C3 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid 0.004 0 0.176 0
C4 L-Phenylalanine 0.085 0.121 0.099 0.132
D1 Tween 80 0.558 0.251 0.8 1.037
D2 D-Mannitol 0.845 0.008 0.399 1.789
D3 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid 0.019 0.020 0.302 0.076
D4 L-Serine 1.129 0.031 0.049 0.626
E1 α-Cyclodextrin 0.001 0.048 0 0.007
E2 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine 0.927 0.171 0.146 1.844
E3 γ-Hydroxybutyric acid 0.118 0.102 0.139 0.042
E4 L-Threonine 0.031 0 0 0.019667
F1 Glycogen 0.192 0 0.143 0.163
F2 D-Glucosaminic acid 0.298 0 0.967 0.023
F3 Itaconic acid 0 0.044 0 0
F4 Glucose-L-glutamic acid 0.021 0.009 0 0.132
G1 D-Cellobiose G2 0.920 0.122 0.422 1.538
G2 Glucose-1-phosphate 0.109 0.033 0 1.255
G3 a-Ketobutyric acid 0 0 0.004 0
G4 Phenylethylamine 0.001 0 0.534 0
H1 a-D-Lactose 0.612 0.013 0.189 1.404
H2 D,L-a-Glycerol phosphate 0.162 0.009 0.243 0.275
H3 D-Malic acid 0.349 0.009 0.431 0.944
H4 Putrescine 0.293 0.053 0.133 0.639
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