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Biomonitoring of radioactive contamination using benthic invertebrate communities in Manzala Lake, Egypt

Noha Imam
Noha Imam
 und 
Reda E. Bendary
Reda E. Bendary
   | 28. Juni 2023
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Article Category: Original research paper
Online veröffentlicht: 28. Juni 2023
Seitenbereich: 147 - 165
Eingereicht: 07. Dez. 2022
Akzeptiert: 02. März 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2023.2.02
© 2023 Noha Imam et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Map of the study area indicating the sampling sites in the Manzala Lake
Map of the study area indicating the sampling sites in the Manzala Lake

Figure 2

Taxa distribution within the Manzala Lake in (A) winter and (B) summer. The size of the squares is proportional to the density (the bigger squares, the higher density).
Taxa distribution within the Manzala Lake in (A) winter and (B) summer. The size of the squares is proportional to the density (the bigger squares, the higher density).

Figure 3

The dendrogram of hierarchical clustering (CLUSTER) using average group abundance of each sampling site
The dendrogram of hierarchical clustering (CLUSTER) using average group abundance of each sampling site

Figure 4

Contour maps of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs activity concentration in water samples of Manzala Lake
Contour maps of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs activity concentration in water samples of Manzala Lake

Figure 5

Contour maps of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs activity concentration in sediment samples of Manzala Lake
Contour maps of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs activity concentration in sediment samples of Manzala Lake

Figure 6

Contour maps of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs activity concentration in benthos samples of Manzala Lake
Contour maps of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs activity concentration in benthos samples of Manzala Lake

Figure 7

(A) RDA triplot illustrating associations between benthic invertebrate species and radioactive elements in sediment. (B) RDA triplot illustrating associations between benthic invertebrate species and radioactive elements in water and water quality variables. For acronyms, see supplementary data, Table S.
(A) RDA triplot illustrating associations between benthic invertebrate species and radioactive elements in sediment. (B) RDA triplot illustrating associations between benthic invertebrate species and radioactive elements in water and water quality variables. For acronyms, see supplementary data, Table S.

Comparison of the activity concentrations of 226Ra (U-238 series), 232Th-series, 40K and 137Cs in water (Bq l-1), sediment, and benthic invertebrates (Bq kg-1) of Manzala Lake with different areas

Locations 226Ra (U-238 series) 232Th-series 40K 137Cs Note References
Manzala Lake 1.28 ± 0.15 34.18 ± 2.34 50.39 ± 3.7 1.41 ± 0.23 24 ± 2.23 38.02 ± 3.88 6.88 ± 0.82 394.9 ± 12.4 926.31 ± 23.45 0.35 ± 0.03 2.84 ± 0.23 2.28 ± 0.15 Water sediment benthic invertebrates Present study
Lake Qarun, Egypt 6.4 3.2 31.3 - Salt water Amin 2013
Marsa Alam-Shalateen area, Red Sea coast, Egypt ˂ 0.7 - 6.31 ˂ 0.6 ˂ 3 to 38.17 - Sea water Arafat et al. 2017
Lake Nasser, Egypt 0.43 ± 0.08 26 ± 1.6 0.44 ± 0.1 19 ± 1.5 4.4 ± 0.93 255.6 ± 7.9 - Fresh water Sediment Imam et al. 2020
Manzala Lake 20.2 (4.3-47.5) 14.8 (1.9-7.3) 285.8 (127.6 -409.1) - sediment Mitwalli et al. 2022
Burullus Lake, Egypt 14.3 20 312 2.7-15.9 sediment El-Reefy et al. (2010)
Niger Delta flood plain lakes (Biseni), Nigeria 25±4.4 22±4.4 220±63 sediment Agbalagba and Onoja 2011
Marine environment, Kuwait 7.3–20.5 - 353–445 1.0–3.1 sediment Uddin et al. 2015
Coast of Greater Accra, Ghana 22.04 108.60 29.78 - Shore sediment Amekudzie et al. 2011
Coastal Waters Syria 6.04 - 218.8 2.69 Mollusks Ammar et al. 2009

The activity concentrations of radionuclides in water (Bq l-1), sediment, and benthic invertebrates (Bq kg-1) during the summer season in Manzala Lake

226Ra 232Th 40K 137Cs (mBq l-1) 226Ra 232Th 40K 137Cs 226Ra 232Th 40K 137Cs
Sites water sediment benthic invertebrates
M1 0.98 ± 0.10 1.68 ± 0.25 7.43 ± 0.92 0.57 ± 0.04 41.60 ± 3.25 30.24 ± 3.00 325.85 ± 13.65 4.50 ± 0.35 48.49 ± 3.40 33.36 ± 3.47 861.01 ± 19.94 4.20 ± 0.19
M2 1.12 ± 0.10 1.48 ± 0.16 5.78 ± 0.61 0.59 ± 0.05 42.90 ± 3.74 27.75 ± 4.06 273.54 ± 18.46 4.80 ± 0.41 50.70 ± 3.77 38.35 ± 2.99 869.88 ± 21.12 3.90 ± 0.24
M3 1.60 ± 0.29 1.58 ± 0.39 8.79 ± 1.70 0.63 ± 0.05 34.26 ± 1.92 15.60 ± 1.63 471.56 ± 11.70 5.60 ± 0.45 30.37 ± 1.77 35.65 ± 2.64 738.20 ± 13.02 3.70 ± 0.24
M4 1.46 ± 0.24 1.21 ± 0.33 3.44 ± 0.82 0.24 ± 0.03 38.47 ± 2.63 26.10 ± 2.95 453.33 ± 15.13 2.80 ± 0.21 37.09 ± 2.60 36.12 ± 3.34 722.69 ± 18.52 1.50 ± 0.14
M5 1.47 ± 0.11 1.17 ± 0.14 3.43 ± 0.33 0.20 ± 0.02 44.90 ± 3.42 18.85 ± 1.95 459.33 ± 18.53 2.40 ± 0.20 80.93 ± 6.67 50.50 ± 6.35 1866.50 ± 46.90 0.96 ± 0.10
M6 1.72 ± 0.20 0.90 ± 0.19 10.78 ± 1.36 0.14 ± 0.01 32.51 ± 2.00 18.11 ± 1.51 379.30 ± 10.77 1.30 ± 0.10 39.65 ± 3.25 42.38 ± 2.47 759.66 ± 16.06 0.80 ± 0.05
M7 1.67 ± 0.22 1.97 ± 0.30 5.27 ± 0.62 0.12 ± 0.01 48.10 ± 1.66 28.23 ± 1.36 423.15 ± 8.13 0.98 ± 0.05 45.83 ± 2.77 36.21 ± 3.22 652.10 ± 15.05 0.70 ± 0.05
M8 0.77 ± 0.08 1.62 ± 0.18 7.40 ± 0.77 0.19 ± 0.02 34.12 ± 2.28 18.02 ± 2.09 416.99 ± 12.88 1.10 ± 0.10 111.32 ± 8.13 68.59 ± 8.01 1532.97 ± 48.43 0.92 ± 0.10
M9 1.30 ± 0.12 1.07 ± 0.17 7.90 ± 0.79 0.25 ± 0.03 29.67 ± 2.16 36.46 ± 2.58 623.90 ± 14.83 1.40 ± 0.10 46.51 ± 4.36 44.02 ± 5.87 1043.92 ± 31.44 1.50 ± 0.14
M10 1.31 ± 0.08 1.18 ± 0.10 11.79 ± 0.65 0.50 ± 0.04 39.85 ± 3.38 42.48 ± 3.24 637.13 ± 15.99 4.20 ± 0.31 64.74 ± 5.98 56.94 ± 7.15 1243.88 ± 35.64 3.00 ± 0.19
Mean 1.34 ± 0.16 1.39 ± 0.22 7.20 ± 0.86 0.34 ± 0.03 38.64 ± 2.64 26.18 ± 2.43 446.41 ± 14.01 2.91 ± 0.23 55.56 ± 4.27 44.21 ± 4.55 1029.08 ± 26.61 2.12 ± 0.14

Community of benthic invertebrates (ind. m-2) at the different stations in Manzala Lake

Class Family Species n (Ind. m-2) Average
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10
Mollusca
Bivalvia Cyrenidae Corbicula fluminalis 38 25 0 25 0 0 0 38 125 0 25
Cardiidae Cerastoderma glaucum 63 0 250 50 0 0 63 0 0 0 43
Tellinidae Macoma cumana 0 0 63 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
Gastropoda Thiaridae Melanoides tuberculata 275 63 313 775 275 25 125 250 163 25 229
Hydrobiidae Hydrobia ventrosa 250 250 625 250 0 0 25 63 0 25 149
Planorbidae Bulinus truncatus 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 1313 0 0 138
Gyraulus ehrenbergi 0 0 0 0 625 0 250 7000 0 125 800
Helisoma duryi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1
Biomphalaria alexandrina 0 0 0 0 375 0 250 0 0 0 63
Paludomidae Cleopatra bulimoides 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 563 0 59
Ampullariidae Pila ovata 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 13
Bellamyinae Bellamya unicolor 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 138 1875 25 210
Lymnaeidae Lymnaea natalensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 188 0 0 21
Physidae Physa acuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 0 0 13
Neritidae Theodoxus niloticus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 3
Potamididae Pirenella conica 0 0 250 125 63 0 0 0 0 0 44
Ampullariidae Lanistes carinatus 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 50
subtotal 625 338 1500 1250 1925 25 926 9113 2750 213 1866
Annelida
Polychaeta Nereididae Nereis diversicolor 250 0 1750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200
Serpulidae Ficopomatus enigmaticus 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
Spionidae Polydora ligni 0 0 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
Clitellata Salifidae Barbronia assiuti 0 0 0 0 0 0 188 0 0 0 19
Naididae Chaetogaster lamnaei 0 0 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
Branchiura sowerbyi 0 250 0 0 0 0 250 0 50 0 55
Limnodrilus udekedmianus 125 0 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 75
subtotal 625 250 2213 0 0 0 438 0 50 500 408
Arthropoda
Ostracoda Cyprididae Ostracodes sp. 1875 1250 625 1875 625 250 1250 2188 313 125 1038
Thecostraca Balanidae Amphibalanus amphitrite 0 0 2250 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 238
Malacostraca Corophiidae Corophium volutator 0 0 6250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625
Sphaeromatidae Sphaeroma sp. 0 0 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
Palaemonidae Palaemon elegans 0 750 0 63 25 0 0 0 0 0 84
Insecta Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 188 0 0 75 0 0 188 0 0 25 48
subtotal 2063 2000 9375 2013 650 250 1563 2188 313 150 2056
Total 3313 2588 13088 3263 2575 275 2926 11300 3113 863 4330

Population density (ind. m-2), species number (sp. m-2), species richness (SR), equitability (E), and the diversity index (H') benthic invertebrates in the investigated stations

Station
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10
Total individuals m-2 3314 2588 13089 3263 2576 275 2927 11303 3114 863
Total species m-2 9 6 13 9 9 2 13 9 7 8
(SR) 0.99 0.64 1.27 0.99 1.02 0.18 1.50 0.86 0.75 1.04
(E) 0.69 0.72 0.67 0.58 0.82 0.44 0.78 0.53 0.63 0.65
(H') 1.53 1.30 1.71 1.28 1.80 0.30 2.00 1.17 1.23 1.35

Site descriptions, coordinates, and the nearest discharge source of the selected sites in Manzala Lake

Site Site description Nearest inputs Source of discharge Latitude Longitude
M1 In front of Boughaz El-Gamil El- QabutyEl-GamilAlhuria-Port Said seawaterseawatersewage 31.247127° N 32.199660° E
M2 In front of Boughaz New El-Gamil El- QabutyEl-GamilAlhuria-Port Said seawaterseawatersewage 31.288324° N 32.164858° E
M3 In front of Boughaz El-Boughdady the El-DibahEnania Canal seawateragricultural waste 31.346610° N 31.997482° E
M4 Middle of the lake Indirect discharge 31.268021° N 32.061836° E
M5 Middle of the lake Indirect discharge 31.275370° N 32.013763° E
M6 Bahr El Bashtir 1, in front of Bahr El-Baqer Drain Bahr El-Baqer Drain various waste 31.200735° N 32.203058° E
M7 Bahr El Bashtir 2, in front of the new Bahr El-Baqer Drain, south of the Lake New Bahr El-Baqer Drain various waste 31.184773° N 32.081840° E
M8 At the discharge point, Hadous and Ramsis Drains Hadous DrainRamsis Drain agricultural wasteagricultural waste 31.173402° N 32.074642° E
M9 In front of the El-Matariya Drain El-Matariya Drain agricultural waste 31.190334° N 32.039202° E
M10 In front of the El-Serw Drain El-Serw Drain agricultural waste 31.253946° N 31.858180° E

The concentration factors (CF) of radionuclides for total benthic invertebrates (L kg-1)

Sites Ra-226 (U-238 series) Th-232 series K-40 Cs-137
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
M1 1.49 × 102 1.76 × 102 0.53 × 102 0.7 × 102 0.4 × 103 0.41 × 103 0.25 × 102 0.26 × 102
M2 1.36 × 102 1.61 × 102 0.7 × 102 0.9 × 102 0.54 × 103 0.54 × 103 0.27 × 102 0.24 × 102
M3 0.73 × 102 0.68 × 102 0.61 × 102 0.81 × 102 0.28 × 103 0.3 × 103 0.21 × 102 0.21 × 102
M4 1.13 × 102 0.9 × 102 0.69 × 102 1.07 × 102 0.8 × 103 0.75 × 103 0.21 × 102 0.23 × 102
M5 1.93 × 102 1.97 × 102 1.03 × 102 1.54 × 102 1.40 × 103 1.94 × 103 0.22 × 102 0.17 × 102
M6 0.7 × 102 0.83 × 102 1.26 × 102 1.67 × 102 0.25 × 103 0.25 × 103 0.31 × 102 0.2 × 102
M7 0.83 × 102 0.98 × 102 0.5 × 102 0.66 × 102 0.44 × 103 0.4 × 103 0.25 × 102 0.21 × 102
M8 3.4 × 102 5.17 × 102 0.87 × 102 1.51 × 102 0.58 × 103 0.74 × 103 0.17 × 102 0.17 × 102
M9 1.51 × 102 1.28 × 102 1.08 × 102 1.47 × 102 0.3 × 103 0.47 × 103 0.19 × 102 0.22 × 102
M10 1.49 × 102 1.76 × 102 1.29 × 102 1.72 × 102 0.38 × 103 0.38 × 103 0.24 × 102 0.22 × 102
Mean 1.5 × 102 1.7 × 10 0.86 × 102 1.2 × 102 0.54 × 103 0.62 × 103 0.23 × 102 0.21 × 102

The activity concentrations of radionuclides in water (Bq l-1), sediment, and benthic invertebrates (Bq kg-1) during the winter season in Manzala Lake

226Ra 232Th 40K 137Cs (mBq l-1) 226Ra 232Th 40K 137Cs 226Ra 232Th 40K 137Cs
Sites water sediment benthic invertebrates
M1 0.89 ± 0.09 1.72 ± 0.26 6.75 ± 0.84 0.59 ± 0.04 32 ± 2.50 25.20 ± 2.50 250.65 ± 10.50 4.28 ± 0.33 37.30 ± 2.62 25.66 ± 2.67 782.73 ± 18.13 4.20 ± 0.23
M2 1.02 ± 0.09 1.51 ± 0.16 5.25 ± 0.55 0.61 ± 0.05 33 ± 2.88 23.12 ± 2.88 210.41 ± 14.20 4.56 ± 0.39 39 ± 2.90 29.50 ± 2.30 790.80 ± 19.20 4.60 ± 0.31
M3 1.45 ± 0.26 1.61 ± 0.40 7.99 ± 1.55 0.65 ± 0.05 26 ± 1.47 13.00 ± 1.47 362.74 ± 9.00 5.32 ± 0.43 29.49 ± 1.92 27.38 ± 2.65 630.36 ± 13.66 3.80 ± 0.20
M4 1.32 ± 0.22 1.23 ± 0.33 3.13 ± 0.75 0.25 ± 0.03 29 ± 2.02 21.75 ± 2.02 348.72 ± 11.64 2.66 ± 0.20 41.78 ± 2.80 23.70 ± 2.72 713.51 ± 17.52 1.50 ± 0.10
M5 1.34 ± 0.10 1.20 ± 0.15 3.12 ± 0.30 0.21 ± 0.02 34 ± 2.63 15.71 ± 2.63 353.33 ± 14.25 2.28 ± 0.19 72.22 ± 2.65 34.72 ± 2.57 1219.74 ± 15.55 1.30 ± 0.10
M6 1.56 ± 0.19 0.92 ± 0.19 9.80 ± 1.24 0.15 ± 0.01 25 ± 1.54 15.09 ± 1.54 291.77 ± 8.29 1.24 ± 0.10 30.50 ± 2.50 32.60 ± 1.90 690.60 ± 14.60 1.30 ± 0.08
M7 1.52 ± 0.20 2.01 ± 0.31 4.79 ± 0.57 0.13 ± 0.01 37 ± 1.28 23.52 ± 1.28 325.50 ± 6.26 0.93 ± 0.05 35.26 ± 2.13 27.85 ± 2.47 592.82 ± 13.69 0.90 ± 0.07
M8 0.70 ± 0.08 1.65 ± 0.18 6.73 ± 0.70 0.20 ± 0.02 26 ± 1.76 15.01 ± 1.76 320.77 ± 9.91 1.05 ± 0.10 66.79 ± 6.95 40.23 ± 6.72 1085.66 ± 45.02 0.96 ± 0.08
M9 1.18 ± 0.11 1.09 ± 0.17 7.18 ± 0.72 0.26 ± 0.03 22 ± 1.66 30.38 ± 1.66 479.92 ± 11.41 1.33 ± 0.10 50.05 ± 2.34 32.90 ± 2.60 598.28 ± 13.18 1.40 ± 0.14
M10 1.19 ± 0.07 1.21 ± 0.10 10.72 ± 0.59 0.52 ± 0.04 30 ± 2.60 35.40 ± 2.60 490.10 ± 12.30 3.99 ± 0.29 49.80 ± 4.60 43.80 ± 5.50 1130.80 ± 32.40 3.50 ± 0.23
Mean 1.22 ± 0.14 1.42 ± 0.23 6.55 ± 0.78 0.36 ± 0.03 29.72 ± 2.03 21.82 ± 2.03 343.39 ± 10.78 2.76 ± 0.22 45.22 ± 3.14 31.83 ± 3.21 823.53 ± 20.29 2.35 ± 0.15

Long-term changes of a physicochemical parameters in the water of Manzala Lake

Date Temp. Salinity ‰ (TDS) pH DO mg l-1 References
1967 17.24 Youssef 1973
1985 5.37 El-Araby 1990
1986 7.6 - 8.8 Khedr 1989
1985-1986 12 - 30.1 0.4 - 36 7.34 - 10 2.4 - 15.0 Khalil 1990b
1993 20.7 ± 8.3 8.2 ± 0.6 6.85 ± 6.8 Badawy et al. 1995
1994 Zyadah (1995)
1997 2.13 - 39.13 7.6 - 8.8 0 - 9.8 Dewidar & Khedr (2001)
1999 17.6 - 30.5 6.69 - 8.8 0.0 - 5.9 Abdel-satar 2001
2000-2001 6.84 - 8.86 1.0 - 10.5 El-Enani 2004
2000-2001 0.51 - 14.30 Yacoub et al. 2005
2001 12.35 - 29.14 2.53 7.7 - 7.8 6.27 - 10.78 Shakwer 2005
2004 11 - 22.5 7.45 - 8.9 0 - 10.2 Ali 2008
2012 12.2 - 33 0.55 - 36 7.2 - 8.8 2.6 - 14.3 EL-Saharty 2014
2011 12.7 - 30.6 7 - 9.4 0 - 14.56 Elshemy 2016
2015 14 - 27.5 1.1 - 17.3 7.7 - 8.88 1.6 - 11.8 Elmorsi et al. 2017
2017-2018 14.3 - 35.5 7.68 - 9 0.7 - 12.4 Behary et al. 2019
2020 15.6 - 23.45 1.39 - 21.9 7.62 - 8.93 Nd - 14.7 Present study

The environmental parameters of water samples in Manzala Lake (Source: Mahmoud et al. 2020)

Temp (°C) pH Trans. (cm) DO (mg l-1) TDS (mg l-1)
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
M1 15.6 32.34 7.93 8.89 35 20 5.04 14.7 2.905 4.69
M2 16.3 32.36 8.6 8.67 12 25 9.47 11.8 4.788 14.567
M3 16.8 32.28 8.4 8.5 12 35 6.96 7.5 8.981 21.903
M4 16.2 32.32 8.89 8.93 15 20 11.85 13.59 4.396 2.7041
M5 16.2 32.45 8.97 8.66 15 30 14.06 7.35 4.515 6.062
M6 16.9 29.22 7.62 7.62 10 12 0.7 0 2.618 2.2246
M7 16.6 29.28 8.12 7.91 20 23 9.8 1.63 3.255 2.3534
M8 16.2 29.5 7.72 7.56 15 23 1.6 0.44 2.625 2.5277
M9 16.3 30.33 7.93 7.68 10 67 6.34 12.5 1.393 1.1676
M10 15.6 31.65 8.5 8.52 15 20 8.9 5.55 1.743 4.9602
Min 15.6 29.22 7.62 7.56 10 12 0.7 0 1.393 1.1676
Max 16.9 32.45 8.97 8.93 35 67 14.06 14.7 8.981 21.903
Mean 16.27 31.173 8.268 8.294 15.9 27.5 7.472 7.506 3.7219 6.3159
StDev 0.435 1.417 0.475 0.542 7.34 15.2 4.24 5.55 2.174 6.68
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