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Effects of the tide on the temporal and spatial physicochemical structure of the Kienké river estuary (South Atlantic Coast of Cameroon, Kribi) and its phytoplankton

Anselme Crépin Mama
Anselme Crépin Mama
, 
Gisele Flodore Youbouni Ghepdeu
Gisele Flodore Youbouni Ghepdeu
, 
Olivia Fossi Tankoua
Olivia Fossi Tankoua
, 
Manfred Desire Bonga
Manfred Desire Bonga
, 
Willy Karol Abouga Bodo
Willy Karol Abouga Bodo
, 
Thérésa Irma Mandeng
Thérésa Irma Mandeng
, 
François Désiré Owona Edoa
François Désiré Owona Edoa
, 
Noel Chuye Tangko
Noel Chuye Tangko
 und 
Jules Rémi Ngoupayou Ndam
Jules Rémi Ngoupayou Ndam
   | 18. März 2023
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Article Category: Original research paper
Online veröffentlicht: 18. März 2023
Seitenbereich: 20 - 40
Eingereicht: 11. Sept. 2022
Akzeptiert: 29. Nov. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2023.1.02
© 2023 Anselme Crépin MAMA et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Study area in the Kienké river basin (a) and the sampling points in the estuary (b)
Study area in the Kienké river basin (a) and the sampling points in the estuary (b)

Figure 2

Level of temporal variation of : (a) water temperature, (b) water Electrical conductivity, (c) water pH in the Kienké estuary
Level of temporal variation of : (a) water temperature, (b) water Electrical conductivity, (c) water pH in the Kienké estuary

Figure 3

Level of temporal variation of: (a) water salinity, (b) water dissolved oxygen, (c) Suspended Particulate Matter in the Kienké estuary
Level of temporal variation of: (a) water salinity, (b) water dissolved oxygen, (c) Suspended Particulate Matter in the Kienké estuary

Figure 4

Level of temporal variation of: (a) nitrates, (b) ammonium, (c) phosphate in the Kienké estuary water
Level of temporal variation of: (a) nitrates, (b) ammonium, (c) phosphate in the Kienké estuary water

Figure 5

Biological spectrum defined according to phytoplankton classes
Biological spectrum defined according to phytoplankton classes

Figure 6

Variation of the biological spectrum of phytoplankton according to the tides (A: Low Tide; B: High Tide)
Variation of the biological spectrum of phytoplankton according to the tides (A: Low Tide; B: High Tide)

Figure 7

Spatial and tidal variation of the total specific richness in the Kienké estuary (low tide = LT; high tide = HT)
Spatial and tidal variation of the total specific richness in the Kienké estuary (low tide = LT; high tide = HT)

Figure 8

Specific richness by phytoplankton classes and sampling points (low tide = LT; high tide = HT)
Specific richness by phytoplankton classes and sampling points (low tide = LT; high tide = HT)

Figure 9

Correlation circle (A) and distribution of points with respect to their abiotic characteristics (B) in the F1 × F2 factorial plane of the PCA in the estuary during low tide
Correlation circle (A) and distribution of points with respect to their abiotic characteristics (B) in the F1 × F2 factorial plane of the PCA in the estuary during low tide

Figure 10

Correlation circle (A) and distribution of points with respect to their abiotic characteristics (B) in the F1 × F2 factorial plane of the PCA in the estuary during high tide
Correlation circle (A) and distribution of points with respect to their abiotic characteristics (B) in the F1 × F2 factorial plane of the PCA in the estuary during high tide

Figure 11

Graphical representation of inventoried taxa and sampling points (A) and asymmetric graph of the distribution of taxa in a sampling point space (B) in the F1 × F2 factorial plane of the CFA during low tide
Graphical representation of inventoried taxa and sampling points (A) and asymmetric graph of the distribution of taxa in a sampling point space (B) in the F1 × F2 factorial plane of the CFA during low tide

Figure 12

Graphical representation of inventoried taxa and sampling points (A) and asymmetric graph of the distribution of taxa in a sampling point space (B) in the F1 × F2 factorial plane of the CFA during high tide on the Kienké
Graphical representation of inventoried taxa and sampling points (A) and asymmetric graph of the distribution of taxa in a sampling point space (B) in the F1 × F2 factorial plane of the CFA during high tide on the Kienké

Global taxonomic richness of phytoplankton in the Kienké estuary

Division Class Orders Family Genus Species % of taxa
Chrysophyta 4 10 17 30 60 36.36
Chlorophyta 4 12 13 23 47 28.48
Cyanophyta 1 4 7 15 29 17.57
Pyrrophyta 2 4 7 9 16 9.70
Euglénophyta 1 1 2 6 13 7.87
Total 12 31 46 83 165 100

Correlation matrix of physicochemical parameters during low tide

Variables Temp. EC Sal. pH DO SPM NH4+ NO2- NO2- PO43−
°C mS cm−1 PSU mg l−1
Temp. °C 1
EC mS cm−1 0.248 1
Sal. PSU 0.214 0.999 1
pH −0.134 −0.988 −0.995 1
DO mg l−1 −0.106 −0.933 −0.923 0.904 1
SPM −0.525 −0.736 −0.699 0.629 0.835 1
NH4+ 0.306 0.813 0.831 −0.848 −0.553 −0.306 1
NO2- −0.069 −0.984 −0.989 0.994 0.939 0.655 −0.785 1
NO3- −0.899 −0.597 −0.561 0.481 0.526 0.832 −0.452 0.446 1
PO43− −0.460 0.572 0.571 −0.583 −0.794 −0.511 0.092 −0.671 0.031 1

Correlation matrix of physicochemical parameters during high tide

Variables Temp. EC Sal. pH DO SPM NH4+ NO2- NO2- PO43−
°C mS cm−1 PSU mg l−1
Temp. °C 1
EC mS cm−1 −0.354 1
Sal. PSU −0.403 0.997 1
pH 0.064 0.907 0.878 1
DO mg l−1 0.230 −0.846 −0.815 −0.846 1
SPM −0.078 −0.904 −0.881 −0.990 0.772 1
NH4+ 0.663 −0.687 −0.736 −0.386 0.247 0.456 1
NO2- 0.790 −0.699 −0.708 −0.434 0.769 0.365 0.502 1
NO3- 0.398 −0.724 −0.762 −0.532 0.246 0.621 0.950 0.312 1
PO43− −0.903 0.417 0.479 0.008 −0.073 −0.053 −0.888 −0.585 −0.705 1

Level of variation of physicochemical parameters in the Kienké estuary in Cameroon during the study period

Variables Units Avg. ± SD Med. Min. Max N
Temp. °C 27.39 ± 2.33 27.75 22.6 31 64
EC mS cm−1 16.56 ± 12.05 14.78 0.22 49.7 64
S PSU 11.51 ± 8.47 8.75 0 29.32 64
pH 7.75 ± 0.82 7.97 6 8.86 64
DO mg l−1 45.8 ± 31.48 64.05 4.7 86.3 64
SPM 9.02 ± 8.14 8.75 0 38 64
NH4+ 0.96 ± 0.56 0.9 0 2.7 64
NO2- 0.13 ± 0.25 0.01 0 1.5 64
NO3- 0.81 ± 0.77 0.6 0 4 64
PO43− 0.56 ± 0.81 0.2 0 3.59 64
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