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Impact of cloud cover on local remote sensing – Piaśnica River case study

Marcin Paszkuta
Marcin Paszkuta
   | 07. Nov. 2022
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Article Category: Original research paper
Online veröffentlicht: 07. Nov. 2022
Seitenbereich: 283 - 297
Eingereicht: 06. Mai 2022
Akzeptiert: 13. Sept. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2022.3.04
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© 2022 Marcin Paszkuta, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The River Piaśnica mouth: (a) Satellite view (source: googlemaps - Copernicus). (b) At the beach level (http://www.debki.pl). (c) Situation map of the area presented (blue square). (d) Mouth length with Sentinel-2/MSI data. (e) Distribution of the mouth lengths analysed, for environmental comparisons.
The River Piaśnica mouth: (a) Satellite view (source: googlemaps - Copernicus). (b) At the beach level (http://www.debki.pl). (c) Situation map of the area presented (blue square). (d) Mouth length with Sentinel-2/MSI data. (e) Distribution of the mouth lengths analysed, for environmental comparisons.

Figure 2

An example of data supplied by the Sentinel-3/OLCI of 2020.01.05 9:24 UTC for the southern Baltic Sea: (a) RGB - Composites True Color (for Sentinel-3/OLCI channels: 4 blue, 6 green, 8 red – see Table 2). (b) a systemic cloud cover mask supplied with data (S3B_OL_2_LFR/OTCI/LQSF_CLOUD); (c) Situation map of the area presented.
An example of data supplied by the Sentinel-3/OLCI of 2020.01.05 9:24 UTC for the southern Baltic Sea: (a) RGB - Composites True Color (for Sentinel-3/OLCI channels: 4 blue, 6 green, 8 red – see Table 2). (b) a systemic cloud cover mask supplied with data (S3B_OL_2_LFR/OTCI/LQSF_CLOUD); (c) Situation map of the area presented.

Figure 3

A Sentinel-2/MSI image of the Gulf of Gdańsk of 2020.01.01 10:03 UTC: (a) RGB - Composites True Color (for Sentinel-2/MSI channels: 2 blue, 3 green, 4 red – see Table 1). (b) Opaque cloud cover mask. (c) Cirrus cloud cover mask; supplied with the systemic data. (d) Situation map of the area presented.
A Sentinel-2/MSI image of the Gulf of Gdańsk of 2020.01.01 10:03 UTC: (a) RGB - Composites True Color (for Sentinel-2/MSI channels: 2 blue, 3 green, 4 red – see Table 1). (b) Opaque cloud cover mask. (c) Cirrus cloud cover mask; supplied with the systemic data. (d) Situation map of the area presented.

Figure 4

A relationship between Copernicus data-based cloud cover over the Piaśnica site: (a) Cloud cover estimated in a supervised manner (by a trained observer) with Sentinel-2/MSI data. (b) Unsupervised estimation (Paszkuta 2019) with Sentinel-3/OLCI data.
A relationship between Copernicus data-based cloud cover over the Piaśnica site: (a) Cloud cover estimated in a supervised manner (by a trained observer) with Sentinel-2/MSI data. (b) Unsupervised estimation (Paszkuta 2019) with Sentinel-3/OLCI data.

Figure 5

Field research: (a) MFR-7 radiometer for measurements including atmospheric state. (b) Comparison of results with satellite estimates.
Field research: (a) MFR-7 radiometer for measurements including atmospheric state. (b) Comparison of results with satellite estimates.

Figure 6

Variability in the Piaśnica mouth length at the fixed beach section in 2017, resulting from supervised and systemic cloud cover estimation.
Variability in the Piaśnica mouth length at the fixed beach section in 2017, resulting from supervised and systemic cloud cover estimation.

Figure 7

Annual changes of the Piaśnica mouth length in relation to: (a) The sea level. (b) Dry beach parameter (data source: SatBaltic). (c) The relation of sea level to the dry beach width.
Annual changes of the Piaśnica mouth length in relation to: (a) The sea level. (b) Dry beach parameter (data source: SatBaltic). (c) The relation of sea level to the dry beach width.

Figure 8

Annual changes in the Piaśnica mouth length in relation to: (a) Wind direction. (b) Current speed (data source: SatBaltic).
Annual changes in the Piaśnica mouth length in relation to: (a) Wind direction. (b) Current speed (data source: SatBaltic).

Figure 9

Annual changes in cloud cover on selected maps of the study site in the Piaśnica mouth area in relation to water turbidity index.
Annual changes in cloud cover on selected maps of the study site in the Piaśnica mouth area in relation to water turbidity index.

The data base used for comparisons. The cloud cover estimates for supervised (Sup) and systemic (Sys) observations in % of test site surface area.

No. Date Sup Sys No. Date Sup Sys
1 2017-01-01T10:04:12 77 85 25 2017-07-23 T10:10:31 39 56
2 2017-01-11T10:03:51 5.2 7.7 26 2017-08-02 T10:10:31 19 25
3 2017-01-24T10:13:11 35 59 27 2017-08-09 T10:00:31 23 29
4 2017-01-31T10:02:31 3.1 5.7 28 2017-08-17 T10:10:19 2.1 1.2
5 2017-02-10T10:01:31 12 15 29 2017-08-24 T10:00:19 0.1 4.6
6 2017-02-03T10:12:21 80 90 30 2017-09-01 T10:10:21 23 46
7 2017-02-23T10:10:21 72 79 31 2017-09-08 T10:00:31 36 56
8 2017-03-12T10:00:21 40 49 32 2017-09-16 T10:10:19 17 17
9 2017-03-15T10:10:21 5.1 9.7 33 2017-09-26 T10:10:09 37 44
10 2017-03-22T10:00:21 0 0 34 2017-10-01 T10:10:21 0 0
11 2017-04-01T10:00:21 4.8 6.6 35 2017-10-08 T10:00:31 18 16
12 2017-04-11T10:00:31 32 44 36 2017-10-16 T10:10:09 1 1.7
13 2017-04-14T10:10:21 12 22 37 2017-10-18 T10:00:31 49 42
14 2017-05-01T10:00:31 0 0.5 38 2017-10-23 T10:00:39 74 92
15 2017-05-11T10:00:31 29 47 39 2017-10-31 T10:11:41 67 87
16 2017-05-14T10:10:31 23 35 40 2017-11-05 T10:11:59 1.5 4.6
17 2017-05-21T10:00:31 35 37 41 2017-11-07 T10:02:21 2.5 3.4
18 2017-05-24T10:10:31 8.4 11 42 2017-11-15 T10:12:49 19 17
19 2017-06-03T10:10:31 11 10 43 2017-11-17 T10:03:01 61 86
20 2017-06-13T10:10:31 51 65 44 2017-12-02 T10:03:49 1.5 2.7
21 2017-06-20T10:00:31 15 35 45 2017-12-10 T10:14:11 10 12
22 2017-07-03T10:10:21 39 48 46 2017-12-17 T10:04:11 31 34
23 2017-07-10T10:00:31 20 26 47 2017-12-22 T10:04:19 58 60
24 2017-07-15T10:00:29 0.5 1.6 48 2017-12-30 T10:14:21 0 0

Spectral channels of Sentinel-3/OLCI

Channel No. S3 OLCI
Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm)
1 400 15
2 412.5 10
3 442.5 10
4 490 10
5 510 10
6 560 10
7 620 10
8 665 10
9 673.72 7.5
10 681.25 7.5
11 708.75 10
12 753.75 7.2
13 761.25 2.5
14 764.375 3.75
15 767.5 2.5
16 778.75 15
17 865 20
18 885 10
19 900 10
20 940 20
21 1020 40

Results of comparison cloud cover estimation, simplified to binary information, with data supplied by the Copernicus Sentinel-2/MSI and Sentinel-3/OLCI.

Agreement (%) Disagreement (%)
Copernicus Sentinel-2/MSI 96 4
Copernicus Sentinel-3/OLCI 92 8

Spectral channels of Sentinel-2/MSI (Multispectral Instrument)

Band No. S2A MSI S2B MSI Spatial resolution (m)
Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm)
1 442.7 21 442.2 21 60
2 492.4 66 492.1 66 10
3 559.8 36 559.0 36 10
4 664.6 31 664.9 31 10
5 704.1 15 703.8 16 20
6 740.5 15 739.1 15 20
7 782.8 20 779.7 20 20
8 832.8 106 832.9 106 10
8a 864.7 21 864.0 22 20
9 945.1 20 943.2 21 60
10 1373.5 31 1376.9 30 60
11 1613.7 91 1610.4 94 20
12 2202.4 175 2185.7 185 20
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