Usage of the standard and modified comet assay in assessment of DNA damage in human lymphocytes after exposure to ionizing radiation

Mettler FA, Voelz GL. Major radiation exposure—what to expect and how to respond. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1554-61.10.1056/NEJMra000365Search in Google Scholar

Beir V. Health effects of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. Committee on the biological effects of ionizing radiation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990.Search in Google Scholar

Cooke M, Evans M. Oxidative damage to DNA in non-malignant disease: biomarker or biohazard? Genome Dyn 2006; 1: 53-66.10.1159/000092500Search in Google Scholar

Ito K, Takubo K, Satoh H, Matsuoka S, Ohmura M, Naka K et al. Regulation of reactive oxygen species by Atm is essential for proper response to DNA double-strand breaks in lymphocytes. J Immunol 2007; 178: 103-10.10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.103Search in Google Scholar

Higuchi Y. Chromosomal DNA Fragmentation in apoptosis and necrosis induced by oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66: 1527-35.10.1016/S0006-2952(03)00508-2Search in Google Scholar

Faust F, Kassie F, Knausmüller S, Boedecker RH, Mann M, Mersch-Sundermann V. The use of the alkaline comet assay with lymphocytes in human biomonitoring studies. Mutat Res 2003; 566: 209-29.10.1016/j.mrrev.2003.09.007Search in Google Scholar

Fenech M. The micronucleus assay determination of chromosomal level DNA damage. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 410: 185-216.10.1007/978-1-59745-548-0_12Search in Google Scholar

Willson DM, Thompson LH. Molecular mechanisms of sister-chromatid exchange. Mutat Res 2006; 616: 11-23.Search in Google Scholar

Mateuca R, Lombaert N, Aka PV, Decodier I, Kirsch-Volders M. Chromosomal changes: induction, detection methods and applicability in human biomonitoring. Biochimie 2006; 88: 1515-31.10.1016/j.biochi.2006.07.004Search in Google Scholar

Leonard A, Rueff J, Gerber GB, Leonard ED. Usefulness and limits of biological dosimetry based on cytogenetic methods. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2005; 115: 448-54.10.1093/rpd/nci061Search in Google Scholar

Cotelle S, Ferrard JF. Comet assay in genetic ecotoxicology: a review. Environ Mol Mutagen 1999; 34: 246-55.10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1999)34:4<246::AID-EM4>3.0.CO;2-VSearch in Google Scholar

Singh NP. A simple method for accurate estimation of apoptotic cells. Exp Cell Res 2000; 256: 328-37.10.1006/excr.2000.4810Search in Google Scholar

Møller P. The alkaline comet assay: towards validation in biomonitoring of DNA damaging exposures. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 98: 336-45.10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_167.xSearch in Google Scholar

Singh NP, McCoy MT, Tice RR, Schneider LL. A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp Cell Res 1988; 175: 184-91.10.1016/0014-4827(88)90265-0Search in Google Scholar

Tice RR, Andrews PW, Hirai O, Singh NP. The single cell gel (SCG) assay: an electrophoretic technique for the detection of DNA damage in individual cells. In Witmer CM, Snyder RR, Hollow DJ, Kalf GF, Kocsis JJ, Sipes JG, editor. Biological Reactive Intermediates. IV. Molecular and Cellular Effects and their Impact on Human Health. New York: Plenum Press; 1990. p. 157-64.10.1007/978-1-4684-5877-0_17Search in Google Scholar

Fairbairn DW, Olive PL, O'Neill KL. The comet assay: a comprehensive review. Mutat Res 1995; 33: 37-59.10.1016/0165-1110(94)00013-3Search in Google Scholar

Olive PL. DNA damage and repair in individual cells: applications of the comet assay in radiobiology. Int J Radiat Biol 1999; 75: 395-405.10.1080/095530099140311Search in Google Scholar

Garaj-Vrhovac V, Kopjar N, Ražem D, Vekić B, Miljanic S, Ranogajec-Komor M. Application of the alkaline comet assay in biodosimetry: assessment of in vivo DNA damage in human peripheral leukocytes after a gamma radiation incident. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2002; 98(4): 407-16.10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006731Search in Google Scholar

Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Orescanin V. Cytogenetic status and oxidative DNA-damage induced by atorvastatin in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: Standard and Fpg-modified comet assay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231: 85-93.10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.013Search in Google Scholar

Piperakis SM, Visvardis EE, Tassiou AM. Comet assay for nuclear DNA damage. Methods Enzymol 1999; 300: 184-94.10.1016/S0076-6879(99)00125-1Search in Google Scholar

Collins AR. The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: principles, applications, and limitations. Mol Biotechnol 2004; 26: 249-62.10.1385/MB:26:3:249Search in Google Scholar

Husseini GA, O'Neill KL, Pitt WG. The comet assay to determine the mode of cell death for the ultrasonic delivery of doxorubicin to human leukemia (HL-60 Cells) from Pluronic P105 micelles. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2005; 4: 707-99.10.1177/153303460500400616Search in Google Scholar

Collins AR, Duthie SJ, Dobson VL. Direct enzymatic detection of endogenous oxidative base damage in human lymphocyte DNA. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 1733-5.10.1093/carcin/14.9.1733Search in Google Scholar

Krokan HE, Standal R, Slupphaug G. DNA glycosylases in the base excision repair. Biochem J 1997; 325: 1-16.10.1042/bj3250001Search in Google Scholar

Speit G, Schütz P, Bonzheim I, Trenz K, Hoffman H. Sensitivity of the FPG protein towards alkylation damage in the comet assay. Toxicol Lett 2003; 146: 151-8.10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.09.010Search in Google Scholar

Singh NP. Apoptosis Assessment by the DNA diffusion assay. Methods Mol Med 2005; 111: 55-67.10.1385/1-59259-889-7:055Search in Google Scholar

Miljanić S, Ražem D, Ranogajec-Komor M. Dosimetric calibration of an annular 60 Co gamma-ray source. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1994; 185: 101-8.10.1007/BF02042956Search in Google Scholar

Duke RC, Cohen JJ. Morphological and biochemical assays of apoptosis. In: Coligan JE, Kruisbeal AM, editor. Current Protocols in Immunology. New York: John Willey & Sons; 1992. p. 1-3.Search in Google Scholar

Singh NP. Microgels for estimation of DNA strand breaks, DNA protein crosslinks and apoptosis. Mutat Res 2000; 455: 111-27.10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00075-0Search in Google Scholar

Comet Assay interest group website: http://cometassay.com/Search in Google Scholar

Singh NP. Apoptosis by DNA diffusion assay. In: Blumenthal R, editor. Methods in Molecular Medicine-Chemosensitivity, New York: Humana Press; 2003. p. 78-94.Search in Google Scholar

Handerson L, Wolfreys A, Fedyk J, Bourner C, Windebank S. The ability of the Comet assay to discriminate between genotoxins and cytotoxins. Mutagenesis 1998; 13: 89-94.10.1093/mutage/13.1.89Search in Google Scholar

Tice RR, Agurell E, Anderson D, Burlinson B, Hartmann A, Kobayashi H. Single cell Gell/Comet Assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environ Mol Mutagen 2000; 35: 206-21.10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-JSearch in Google Scholar

Cadet J, Delatour T, Douki T, Gasparutto D, Pouget JP, Ravanat JL, Sauvaigo S. Hydroxyl radicals and DNA base damage. Mutat Res 1999; 424: 9-21.10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00004-4Search in Google Scholar

Đurinec M, Želježić D, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Phytohaemagglutinin as a modulator of DNA repair measured by chromosome aberration analysis in micronucleus assay in ionizing radiation biodosimetry. Radiol Oncol 2006; 40: 43-9.Search in Google Scholar

Garaj-Vrhovac V, Želježić D. Comet assay in the assessment of the human genome damage induced by -radiation in vitro. Radiol Oncol 2004; 38: 43-7.Search in Google Scholar

Sudprasert W, Navasumrit P, Ruchirawat M. Effects of low-dose gamma radiation on DNA damage, chromosomal aberration and expression of repair genes in human blood cells. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 209: 503-11.10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.06.004Search in Google Scholar

Domijan AM, Želježić D, Kopjar N, Peraica M. Standard and Fpg-modified comet assay in kidney cells of ochratoxin A- and fumonisin B₁-treated rats. Toxicology 2006; 222: 53-9.10.1016/j.tox.2006.01.02416497426Search in Google Scholar

Garaj-Vrhovac V, Gajski G, Trošić I, Pavičić I. Evaluation of basal DNA damage and oxidative stress in Wistar rat leukocytes after exposure to microwave radiation Toxicology 2009; 259: 17-12.10.1016/j.tox.2009.02.00819428950Search in Google Scholar

Fracasso ME, Doria D, Franceschetti P, Perbellini L, Romeo L. DNA damage and repair capacity by comet assay in lymhocytes of white-collar active smokers and passive smokers (non- and ex-smokers) at workplace. Toxicol Lett 2006; 167: 131-41.10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.09.00317027201Search in Google Scholar

Rössler U, Hornhardt S, Seidl C, Müller-Laue E, Walsh L, Panzer W et al. The sensitivity of the alkaline comet assay in detecting DNA lesions induced by x-rays, gamma rays and alpha particles. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2006; 122: 154-9.10.1093/rpd/ncl42417182604Search in Google Scholar

Tice RR. The single cell gel/comet assay: a microgel electrophoresis technique for the detection of DNA damage and repair in individual cells. In: Philips DH, Venitt S, editor. Environmental mutagenesis. Oxford, UK: Bios Scientific Publishers; 1995. p. 315-39.Search in Google Scholar

Verbeek F, Koppen G, Schaeken B, Verschaeve L. Automated detection of irradiated food with the comet assay. Radiat Prot Dosimtery 2007; 128: 421-6.10.1093/rpd/ncm43317921509Search in Google Scholar

Malyapa RS, Bi C, Ahern EW, Roti Roti JL. Detection of DNA damage by the alkaline comet assay after exposure to low-dose gamma radiation. Radiat Res 1998; 149: 396-400.10.2307/3579703Search in Google Scholar

Collins A, Dusinská M. Detection of oxidised purines and UV-induced photoproducts in DNA of single cells, by inclusion of lesion specific enzymes in the comet assay. Altern Lab Anim 1996; 24: 405-11.10.1177/026119299602400315Search in Google Scholar

Karakaya A, Jaruga P, Bohr VA, Grollman AP, Dizdaroglu M. Kinetics of excision of purine lesions from DNA by Escherichia coli Fpg protein. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25: 474-9.10.1093/nar/25.3.4741464629016584Search in Google Scholar

Smith CA, Williams GT. Molecular regulation of apoptosis: genetic control on cell death. Cel. 2006; 74: 777-9.Search in Google Scholar

Dennog C, Hartmann A, Frey G, Speit G. Detection of DNA damage after hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy. Mutagenesis 1996; 11: 605-9.10.1093/mutage/11.6.6058962431Search in Google Scholar

Gichner T, Mukherjee A, Wagner E, Plewa MJ. Evaluation of the nuclear DNA diffusion assay to detect apoptosis and necrosis. Mutat Res 2005; 586: 38-4610.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.05.01016043389Search in Google Scholar

Mishra KP. Cell membrane oxidative damage induced by gamma-radiation and apoptotic sensitivity. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2004; 23: 61-6.10.1615/JEnvPathToxOncol.v23.i1.60Search in Google Scholar