Uneingeschränkter Zugang

Vegetation-environment relationships of boreal coniferous forests in the Solhomfjell area, Gjerstad, S Norway


Zitieren

Aaltonen, V.T. 1925. Über den Aziditätsgrad (pH) des Waldbodens. - Communtnes Inst. Quaest. for. finl. 9: 6: 1-54. Search in Google Scholar

Aaltonen, V.T.1926. Über die Umsetzungen der Stickstoffverbindungen im Waldboden. - Communtnes Inst. Quaest. for. finl. 10: 6: 1-61. Search in Google Scholar

Aamlid, D., Venn, K. & Frogner, T. 1992. Sammenheng mellom meringsstoffer i nåler og jord på de faste intensive skogovervåkingsflatene i Norge. - Rapp. Skogforsk. 1992: 11: 1-10. Search in Google Scholar

Aamlid, D., Venn, K. & Stuanes, A.O. 1990. Forest decline in Norway: monitoring results, international links and hypotheses. - Norw. J. agric. Sci. Suppl. 4: 1-27. Search in Google Scholar

Abolin, A.A. 1974. Change of the structure of the moss cover in relation to the distribution of precipitation under the forest canopy. - Soviet J. Ecol. 5: 243-247. Search in Google Scholar

Abrahamsen, G. 1980. Acidic precipitation, plant nutrients and forest growth. - In: Drabløs, D. & Tollan, A. (eds), Ecological impact of acid precipitation. Proceedings of an international conference, Sandefjord, Norway, March 11-14, 1980, SNSF project, Oslo, pp. 58-63. Search in Google Scholar

Abrahamsen, G. 1984. Effects of acidic precipitation on forest soil and vegetation. - Phil. Trans. r. Soc. Lond. B 305: 369-382.10.1098/rstb.1984.0064 Search in Google Scholar

Abrahamsen, G., Homtvedt, R. & Tveite, B. 1977. Impacts of acid precipitation on coniferous forest ecosystems. - Wat. Air Soil Pollution 8: 57-73.10.1007/BF00156725 Search in Google Scholar

Abrahamsen, G., Stuanes, A.O. & Tveite, B. 1990. Utvasking av plantenæreringsstoffer, jordforsuring og skogens vekst. - Aktuelt norsk Inst. Skogforsk. 5: 62-76. Search in Google Scholar

Abrahamsen, J., Jacobsen, N.K., Kalliola, R., Dahl, E., Vilborg, L. & Påhlson, L. 1984. Naturgeografisk regioninndeling av Norden, ed. 2. - Nordiska Ministerrådet, Helsingfors. Search in Google Scholar

Ahti, T. 1977. Lichens of the Boreal coniferous zone. - In: Seaward, M.R.D. (ed.), Lichen ecology, Academic Press, London, pp. 145-181. Search in Google Scholar

Ahti, T., Hämet-Ahti, L. & Jalas, J. 1968. Vegetation zones and their sections in northwestern Europe. - Ann. bot. fenn. 5: 169-211. Search in Google Scholar

Albrektson, A., Aronsson, A. & Tamm, C.O. 1977. The effect of forest fertilization on primary production and nutrient cycling in the forest ecosystem. - Silva fenn. 11: 233-239. Search in Google Scholar

Allen, R.B. & Peet, R.K. 1990. Gradient analysis of forests of the Sangre de Christo Range, Colorado. - Can. J. Bot. 68: 193-201. Search in Google Scholar

Anderson, L.E. & Bourdeau, P.F. 1955. Water relations in two species of terrestrial mosses. -Ecology 36: 206-212.10.2307/1933226 Search in Google Scholar

Anderson, R.C., Loucks, O.L. & Swain, A.M. 1969. Herbaceous response to canopy cover, light intensity, and throughfall precipitation in coniferous forests. - Ecology 50: 255-263. Search in Google Scholar

Andrus, R.E. 1986. Some aspects of Sphagnum ecology. - Can. J. Bot. 61: 3128-3139.10.1139/b83-352 Search in Google Scholar

Arnborg, T. 1943. Granberget: En växtbiologisk undersökning av ett sydlappländsk granskogsområde med särskild hänsyn till skogstyper och föoryngring. - Norrl. Handbibltk 14: 1-282. Search in Google Scholar

Arnborg, T.1964. Det nordsvenska skogstypsschemat, ed. 6. - Svenska skogsvårdsföreningen, Stockholm. Search in Google Scholar

Arnborg, T.1989. Forest types of northern Sweden - introduction to an English version of “det nordsvenska skogstypsschemat”. - Stud. Pl. Ecol. 18: 10-12. Search in Google Scholar

Arnborg, T. & Ebeling, F. 1978. Nordsvenska skogstyper. - Sver. Skogsvdrdsförb. Tidskr. 76: 339-381. Search in Google Scholar

Aune, E.I. 1973. Forest vegetation in Hemne, Sør-Trøndelag, Western Central Norway. - K. norske Vidensk. Selsk. Mus. Miscellanea 12: 1-87. Search in Google Scholar

Aune, E.I., Dahl, E. & Løles, A.-K. 1989. Comparisons of forest soils in relation to acid precipitation in Central Norway, South Norway and Schwarzwald in West Germany. -Meddr norsk Inst. Skogforsk. 42: 133-146. Search in Google Scholar

Austin, M.P. 1990. Community theory and competition in vegetation. - In: Grace, J.B. & Tilman, D. (eds), Perspectives on plant competition, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 215-235. Search in Google Scholar

Battarbee, R.W., Stevenson, A.C., Rippey, B., Fletcher, C., Natkanski, J., Wik, M. & Flower, R.J. 1989. Causes of lake acidification in Galloway, south-west Scotland: a palaeoecological evaluation of the relative roles of athmospheric contamination and catchment change for two acidified sites with non-afforested catchments. - J. Ecol. 77: 651-672. Search in Google Scholar

Beals, E.W. 1984. Bray-Curtis ordination: an effective strategy for analysis of multivariate ecological data. - Adv. ecol. Res. 14: 1-55.10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60168-3 Search in Google Scholar

Beatty, S.W. 1984. Influence of microtopography and canopy species on spatial patterns of forest understory plants. - Ecology 65: 1406-1419.10.2307/1939121 Search in Google Scholar

Beatty, S.W. & Sholes, O.D.V. 1988. Leaf litter effect on plant species composition of deciduous forest treefall gaps. - Can. J. For. Res. 18: 553-559.10.1139/x88-080 Search in Google Scholar

Beatty, S.W.& Stone, E.L. 1986. The variety of soil microsites created by tree falls. - Can. J. For. Res. 16: 539-548.10.1139/x86-094 Search in Google Scholar

Becker, M., Bonneau, M. & Le Tacon, F. 1992. Long-term vegetation changes in an Abies alba forest: natural development compared with response to fertilization. - J. Veg. Sci. 3: 467-474.10.2307/3235803 Search in Google Scholar

Beckett, P.H.T. & Webster, R. 1971. Soil variability: a review. - Soil Fert. 34: 1-15. Search in Google Scholar

Beijerinck, W. 1940. Calluna, a monograph on the Scotch heather. - Verh. k. ned. Akad. Wet. Afd. Natuurk. tweede Sect. 38: 4: 1-180. Search in Google Scholar

Belbin, L. 1991. Semi-strong hybrid scaling, a new ordination algorithm. - J. Veg. Sci. 2: 491-496. Search in Google Scholar

Bendiksen, E. 1980. Cortinarius, underslekter Leprocybe, Sericeocybe, Myxacium og Telamonia i forskjellige suksesjonsstadier av granskogssamfunn i Lunner, Oppland. -Cand. scient. Thesis, Univ. Oslo, unpubl. Search in Google Scholar

Bendiksen, E. & Halvorsen, R. 1981. Botaniske inventeringer i Lifjellomnldet. - Kontaktutv. Vassdragsreguleringer, Univ. Oslo Rapp. 28: 1-94. Search in Google Scholar

Bendiksen, E.& Salvesen, P.H. 1992. Flora og vegetasjon på Røverkollen. - Oslo Kommune, Etat miljørettet Helsevern, Oslo. Search in Google Scholar

Berg, B. 1984. Decomposition of root litter and some factors regulating the process: long-term root litter decomposition in a Scots pine forest. - Soil Biol. Biochem. 16: 609-617.10.1016/0038-0717(84)90081-6 Search in Google Scholar

Berg, B.1986. Nutrient release from litter and humus in coniferous forest soils - a mini review. -Scand. J. For. Res. 1: 359-369.10.1080/02827588609382428 Search in Google Scholar

Berg, B.& Staaf, H. 1980. Decomposition rate and chemical changes of Scots pine needle litter. II. Influence of chemical composition. - Ecol. Bull. 32: 373-390. Search in Google Scholar

Berg, B., Wessen, B. & Ekbohm, G. 1982. Nitrogen level and lignin decomposition in Scots pine needle litter. - Oikos 38: 291-296.10.2307/3544667 Search in Google Scholar

Bergeron, Y. & Bouchard, A. 1983. Use of ecological groups in analysis and classification of plant communities in a section of western Quebec. - Vegetatio 56: 45-63.10.1007/BF00036136 Search in Google Scholar

Bergseth, H. 1977. Relationen zwischen Acidität und Vegetationstyp norwegischer Waldböden. - Acta agric. Scand. 27: 269-279.10.1080/00015127709435139 Search in Google Scholar

Billings, W.D. & Mooney, H.A. 1968. The ecology of arctic and alpine plants. - Biol. Rev. Camb. phil. Soc. 43: 481-529.10.1111/j.1469-185X.1968.tb00968.x Search in Google Scholar

Björkman, E. & Lundeberg, G. 1971. Studies of root competition in a poor pine forest by supply of labelled nitrogen and phosphorus. - Stud. for. suec. 94: 1-16. Search in Google Scholar

Bjørndalen, J.E. 1980. Phytosociological studies of basiphilous pine forests in Grenland, SE Norway. - Norw. J. Bot. 27: 139-161. Search in Google Scholar

Bjørndalen, J.E. 1981. Classification of basiphilous pine forests in Telemark, SE. Norway: a numerical approach. - Nord. J. Bot. 1: 665-670. Search in Google Scholar

Bjørnstad, O.N. 1991. Changes in forest soils and vegetation in Søgne, southern Norway, during a 20 year period. - Holarct. Ecol. 14: 234-244. Search in Google Scholar

Bjor, K. 1963. Beiteundersøkelser på skogsmark. C. Beitingens virkning på skogen, spesielt i foryngelsesfasen. - Forskn. Forøk Landbr. 14: 227-365. Search in Google Scholar

Bjor, K. 1971. Forstmeteorologiske, jordbunnsklimatiske og spireøkologiske undersøkelser. Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 28: 429-526. Search in Google Scholar

Børset, O. 1979. Inventering av skogreservater på statens grunn. - NP-Rapp. 1979: 3: 1-451. Search in Google Scholar

Bonan, G.B. & Korzuhin, M.D. 1989. Simulation of moss and tree dynamics in the boreal forests of interior Alaska. - Vegetatio 84: 31-44.10.1007/BF00054663 Search in Google Scholar

Bonan, G.B. & Shugart, H.H. 1989. Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. - A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 1-28.10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.000245 Search in Google Scholar

Bonnevie-Svendsen, C. & Gjems, O. 1957. Amount and chemical composition of the litter from larch, beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine stands and its effect on the soil. -Meddr norske Skogfors Vesen 14: 111-174. Search in Google Scholar

Bowman, D.M.J.S. & Minchin, P.R. 1987. Environmental relationships of woody vegetation patterns in the Australian monsoon tropics. - Aust. J. Bot. 35: 151-169.10.1071/BT9870151 Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter, 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. - Ecology 67: 1167-1179.10.2307/1938672 Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter, 1987 a. The analysis of vegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondence analysis. - Vegetatio 69: 69-77.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1_7 Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter,1987b. Ordination. - In: Jongman, R.H.G., ter Braak, C.J.F. & van Tongeren, O.F.R. (eds.), Data analysis in community and landscape ecology, Pudoc, Wageningen, pp. 91-173.10.1017/CBO9780511525575.007 Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter, 1987c. CANOCO - a FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by (partial)(detrended)(canonical) correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1). - TNO Inst. appl. Comp. Sci., Stat. Dept. Wageningen, Wageningen. Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter, & Barendregt, L.G. 1986. Weighted averaging oof species indicator values: its efficiency in environmental calibration. - Math. Biosci. 78: 57-72.10.1016/0025-5564(86)90031-3 Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter, & Looman, C.W.N. 1986. Weighted averaging, logistic regression and the Gaussian response model. - Vegetatio 65: 3-11. Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter, & Prentice, I.C. 1988. A theory of gradient analysis. - Adv. ecol. Res. 18: 271-317.10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60183-X Search in Google Scholar

Brandrud, T.E. 1988. Storsoppfloraen i forurensningsbelastet område. Del I. En underøskelse av blåbrergranskog ved Svarttjern, Gjerstad, Aust-Agder, samt enkelte andre lokaliteter på Sørlandet i 1987. - Bot. Hage Mus., Univ. Oslo, Oslo, unpubl. Search in Google Scholar

Bringmark, E. 1989. Spatial variation in soil pH of beech forests in relation to buffering properties and soil depths. - Oikos 54: 165-177.10.2307/3565262 Search in Google Scholar

Brown, D.H. 1982. Mineral nutrition. - In: Smith, A.J.E. (ed.), Bryophyte ecology, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 384-444. Search in Google Scholar

Buch, H. 1947. über die Wasser- und Mineralstoffversorgung der Moose I, II. - Soc. scient. fenn. Commentnes biol. 9: 16: 1-44 + 20: 1-49. Search in Google Scholar

Buldgen, P., Dubois, D. & Remackle, J. 1983. Principal component analysis applied to nutrient balances in organic layers of beech and spruce forests. - Soil Biol. Biochem. 15: 511-518.10.1016/0038-0717(83)90043-3 Search in Google Scholar

Busby, J.R., Bliss, L.C. & Hamilton, C.D. 1978. Microclimate control of growth rates and habitats of the boreal forest mosses, Tomentypnum nitens and Hylocomium splendens. -Ecol. Monogr. 48: 95-110. Search in Google Scholar

Cajander, A.K. 1909. Über ber Waldtypen. - Acta for. fenn. 1: 1: 1-175.10.14214/aff.7526 Search in Google Scholar

Cajander, A.K. 1913. Studien über die Moore Finnlands. - Acta for. fenn. 2: 3: 1-208.10.14214/aff.7530 Search in Google Scholar

Cajander, A.K. 1921. Über ber Waldtypen II. I. Über ber Waldtypen im allgemeinen. - Acta for. fenn. 20: 1: 1-41.10.14214/aff.7061 Search in Google Scholar

Callaghan, T.V. 1987. Plant population processes in arctic and boreal regions. - Ecol. Bull. 38: 58-68. Search in Google Scholar

Callaghan, T.V., Collins, N.J. & Callaghan, C.H. 1978. Photosynthesis, growth, and reproduction of Hylocomium splendens and Polytrichum commune in Swedish Lapland. - Oikos 31: 73-88. Search in Google Scholar

Callaghan, T.V., Svensson, B.M. & Headley, A.D. 1986. The modular growth of Lycopodium annotinum. - Fem Gaz. 13: 65-76. Search in Google Scholar

Carleton, T.J. 1990. Variation in terricolous bryophyte and macrolichen vegetation along primary gradients in Canadian boreal forests. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 585-594.10.2307/3235563 Search in Google Scholar

Carleton, T.J. & Maycock, P.F. 1978. Dynamics of the boreal forest south of James Bay. - Can. J. Bot. 56: 1157-1173.10.1139/b78-130 Search in Google Scholar

Chapin, F.S., III, Oechel, W.C., van Cleve, K. & Lawrence, W. 1987. The role of mosses in the phosphorus cycling of an Alaskan black spruce forest. - Oecologia (Berlin) 74: 310-315.10.1007/BF00379375 Search in Google Scholar

Chesson, P.L. & Case, T.J. 1986. Overview: nonequilibrium theories: chance, variability, history, and coexistence. - In: Diamond, J. & Case, T.J. (eds.), Community ecology, Harper & Row, New York, pp. 229-239. Search in Google Scholar

Cleve, K. van, Oliver, L., Schlentner, R., Viereck, L.A. & Dyrness, C.T. 1983. Productivity and nutrient cycling in taiga forest ecosystems. - Can. J. For. Res. 13: 747-766.10.1139/x83-105 Search in Google Scholar

Cleve, K. van, & Viereck, L. 1981. Forest succession in relation to nutrient cycling in the boreal forest of Alaska. In: West, D.C., Shugart, H.H. & Botkin, D.B. (eds), Forest succession, concepts and application, Springer, New York, pp. 185-210. Search in Google Scholar

Cleve, K. van,& Yarie, J. 1986. Interaction of temperature, moistre, and soil chemistry in controlling nutrient cycling and ecosystem development in the taiga of Alaska. - Ecol. Stud. 57: 160-189. Search in Google Scholar

Clymo, R.S. & Reddaway, E.J.F. 1971. Productivity of Sphagnum (bog-moss) and peat accumulation. - Hidrobiologia 12: 181-192. Search in Google Scholar

Collins, B.S. & Pickett, S.T.A. 1987. Response of herb layer cover to experimental canopy gaps. - Am. Midl. Nat. 119: 282-290.10.2307/2425811 Search in Google Scholar

Collins, B.S. & Pickett, S.T.A. 1988. Demographic responses of herb layer species to experimental canopy gaps in a northern hardwoods forest. - J. Ecol. 76: 437-450.10.2307/2260604 Search in Google Scholar

Collins, N.J. 1976. Growth and population dynamics of the moss Polytrichum alpestre in the maritime Antarctic. - Oikos 27: 389-401.10.2307/3543458 Search in Google Scholar

Corley, M.F.V., Crundwell, A.C., Düll, R., Hill, M.O. & Smith, A.J.E. 1981. Mosses of Europe and the Azores; an annotated list of species, with synomyms from the recent literature. - J. Bryol. 11: 609-689. Search in Google Scholar

Cramer, W. & Hyttebom, H. 1987. The separation of fluctuation and long-term change in vegetation dynamics of a rising seashore. - Vegetatio 69: 157-167.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1_16 Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, E. 1988. Acidification of soils in the Rondane mountains, South Norway, due to acid precipitation. - Økoforsk Rapp. 1988: 1: 1-53. Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, E., Elven, R., Moen, A. & Skogen, A. 1986. Vegetasjonskart over Norge 1:1 500 000. Nasjonalatlas for Norge kartblad 4.1.1. - Statens Kartverk, Hønefoss. Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, E., Gjems, O. & Kielland-Lund, J. 1967. On the vegetation types of Norwegian conifer forest in relation to the chemical properties of the humus layer. - Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 25: 505-531. Search in Google Scholar

Damman, A.W.H. 1978. Distribution and movement of elements in ombrotrophic peat bogs. -Oikos 30: 480-495.10.2307/3543344 Search in Google Scholar

Dargie, T.C.D. 1984. On the integrated interpretation of indirect site ordinations: a case study using semi-arid vegetation in south-eastern Spain. - Vegetatio 55: 37-55.10.1007/BF00039980 Search in Google Scholar

Dilks, T.J.K & Proctor, M.C.F. 1974. The pattern of recovery of bryophytes after desiccation. - J. Bryol. 8: 97-115.10.1179/jbr.1974.8.1.97 Search in Google Scholar

During, H.J. 1979. Life strategies of bryophytes: a preliminary survey. - Lindbergia 5: 2-18. Search in Google Scholar

During, H.J. 1990. Clonal growth patterns among bryophytes. - In: van Groenendael, J. & de Kroon, H. (eds), Clonal growth in plants: regulation and function, SPB Acad. Publ., The Hague, pp. 153-176. Search in Google Scholar

During, H.J. & ter Horst, B. 1987. Diversity and dynamics in bryophyte communities on earth banks in a Dutch forest. - Symb. biol. hung. 35: 447-455. Search in Google Scholar

During, H.J. & van Tooren, B.F. 1987. Recent developments in bryophyte population ecology. -Trends Ecol. Evol. 2: 89-93.10.1016/0169-5347(87)90164-9 Search in Google Scholar

During, H.J. & van Tooren, B.F. 1990. Bryophyte interactions with other plants. - Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104: 79-98.10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02212.x Search in Google Scholar

During, H.J. & Verschuren, G.A.C.M. 1988. Influence of the tree canopy on terrestrial bryophyte communities: microclimate and chemistry of throughfall. - In: Barkamn, J.J. & Sýkora, K.V. (eds), Dependent plant communities, SPB Acad. Publ., The Hague, pp. 99-110. Search in Google Scholar

Eilertsen, O. 1991. Vegetation patterns and structuring processes in coastal shell-beds at Aker&oslashlya, Hvaler, SE Norway. - Sommerfeltia 12: 1-90. Search in Google Scholar

Eilertsen, O. Økland, R.H., Økland, T. & Pedersen, 0. 1990. Data manipulation and gradient length estimation in DCA ordination. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 261-270.10.2307/3235663 Search in Google Scholar

Eilertsen, O. & Pedersen, O. 1989. Virkning av nedveiing og artsfjerning ved DCA-ordinasjon av vegetasjonsøkologiske datasett. - Univ. Trondheim VitenskMus. Rapp. bot. Ser. 1988: 1: 5-18. Search in Google Scholar

Ellenberg, H. 1978. Vegetation Mitteleuropas mith den Alpen in ökologischer Sicht. - Ulmer, Stuttgart. Search in Google Scholar

Eneroth, O. 1931. Orn skogstyper och föryngringsförhållanden inom Lappmarken. I. - Norrl. Skogsvårdsförb. Tidskr. 1931: 113-182. Search in Google Scholar

Eneroth, O. 1934. Orn skogstyper och foryngringsforhallanden inom Lappmarken. I. - Norrl. Skogsvårdsförb. Tidskr. 1934: 49-83. Search in Google Scholar

Eneroth, O. 1937. Orn skogstyperna och deras praktiska betydelse. - K. Lantbr.-Akad. Handl. Tidskr. 75: 821-837. Search in Google Scholar

Engelmark, O. 1984. Forest fires in the Muddus National Park (northern Sweden) during the past 600 years. - Can. J. Bot. 62: 893-898.10.1139/b84-127 Search in Google Scholar

Ericson, L. 1977. The influence of voles and lemmings on the vegetation in a coniferous forest during a 4-year period in northern Sweden. - Wahlenbergia 4: 1-114. Search in Google Scholar

Erkamo, V. 1958. Kesän 1955 kuivuudesta ja sen vaikutuksesta kasveihin erityisesti Etelä-Suomessa. - Annls bot. Soc. zool-bot. fenn. Vanamo 30: 2: 1-45. (Deutsches ref.: Über die Dürre des Sommers 1955 und deres Einwirkung auf die Pflanzen besonders in Südfinnland) Search in Google Scholar

Eurola, S. 1962. Über die regionale Einteilung der südfinnischen Moore. - Annls bot. Soc. zool.-bot. fenn. Vanamo 33: 2: 1-243. Search in Google Scholar

Faith, D.P., Minchin, P.R. & Belbin, L. 1987. Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance. - Vegetatio 69: 57-68.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1_6 Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1986. Soil acidification and vegetation changes i deciduous forest in southern Sweden. - Oecologia (Berlin) 70: 339-347.10.1007/BF00379494 Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1987. Long-term changes in pH of forest soils in southern Sweden. - Environm. Pollution 43: 79-90.10.1016/0269-7491(87)90067-4 Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1989a. Soil acidification and its impact on ground vegetation. - Ambio 18: 179-183. Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1989b. Effect of stemflow on beech forest soils and vegetation in southern Sweden. -J. appl. Ecol. 26: 341-352.10.2307/2403671 Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1990a. Biometric and chemical analysis of five herbs in a regional acid-base gradient in Swedish beech forest soils. - Acta oekol. 11: 755-766. Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1990b. Distribution of field layer species in Swedish deciduous forests in 1929-54 and 1979-88 as related to soil pH. - Vegetatio 86: 143-150.10.1007/BF00031730 Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. & Eriksson, H. 1990. Changes in soil, vegetation and forest yield between 1947 and 1988 in beech and oak sites of southern Sweden. - For. Ecol. Mgmt 38: 37-53. Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U., Linnermark, N. & Tyler, G. 1987. Changes in acidity and cation pools of south Swedish soils between 1949 and 1985. - Chemosphere 16: 2239-2248.10.1016/0045-6535(87)90282-7 Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. & Tyler, G. 1991a. Dynamic floristic changes of Swedish beech forests in relation to soil acidity and stand management. - Vegetatio 95: 149-158.10.1007/BF00045213 Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. & Tyler, G. 1991b. Changes in cation pools of the topsoil in south Swedish beech forests between 1979 and 1989. - Scand. J. For. Res. 6: 145-152.10.1080/02827589109382657 Search in Google Scholar

Fitje, A. & Strand, L. 1973. Tremå1lingslrere, ed. 2. - Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. Search in Google Scholar

Flatberg, K.I. & Frisvoll, A.A. 1991. Morfologiske skader hos blanksigd (Dicranum majus) og krussigd (D. polysetum). - Norsk Inst. NatAnal. Oppdragsmeld. 69: 8-19. Search in Google Scholar

Førland, E.J. 1979. Nedbørens høydeavhengighet. - Klima 2: 3-24. Search in Google Scholar

Foster, D.R. & Fritz, S.C. 1987. Mire development, pool formation and landscape processes on patterned fens in Dalarne, Central Sweden. - J. Ecol. 75: 409-437. Search in Google Scholar

Fowler, N.L. 1990. Disorderliness in plant communities: comparisons, causes and consequences. - In: Grace, J.B. & Tilman, D. (eds), Prespectives on plant competition, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 291-306. Search in Google Scholar

Fresco, L.F.M. 1982. An analysis of species response curves and of competition from field data: some results from heath vegetation. - Vegetatio 48: 175-185.10.1007/BF00726889 Search in Google Scholar

Frey, T.E.A. 1978. The Finnish school and forest site-types. - In: Whittaker, R.H. (ed.), Classification of plant communities, Junk, The Hague, pp. 81-110. Search in Google Scholar

Fremstad, E. & Elven, R. (eds), 1987. Enheter for vegetasjonskartlegging i Norge. - Økoforsk Utredn. 1987: 1: l-23+Al-X12. Search in Google Scholar

Fries, T.C.E. 1925. Über primäre und sekundäre Standortbedingungen. - Svensk bot. Tidskr. 19: 49-69. Search in Google Scholar

Frislid, R. 1977. Skog og villmark. Friluftsområder på statens grunn. - Luther, Oslo. Search in Google Scholar

Frisvoll, A.A. 1989. Moseskader i skog i Sør-Norge. - Norsk Inst. NatAnal. Oppdragsmeld. 18: 1-41. Search in Google Scholar

Frisvoll, A.A. & Flatberg, K.I. 1990. Moseskader i Sør-Varanger. - Norsk Inst. NatAnal. Oppdragsmeld. 55: 1-25. Search in Google Scholar

Gauch, H.G. 1982. Multivariate analysis in community ecology. - Camb. Stud. Ecol. 1: 1-298.10.1017/CBO9780511623332 Search in Google Scholar

Gauch, H.G., Whittaker, R.H. & Singer, S.B. 1981. A comparative study of nonmetric ordinations. -J. Ecol. 69: 135-152.10.2307/2259821 Search in Google Scholar

Gauch, H.G., Whittaker, R.H. & Wentworth, T.R. 1977. A comparative study of reciprocal averaging and other ordination techniques. - J. Ecol. 65: 135-152.10.2307/2259071 Search in Google Scholar

Gerhardt, K. & Kellner, 0. 1986. Effects of nitrogen fertilizers on the field- and bottomlayer species in some Swedish coniferous forests. - Meddn växibiol. Instn Uppsala 1986: 1: 1-47. Search in Google Scholar

Gigon, A. & Rorison, I.H. 1972. The response of ecologically distinct plant species to nitrate and to ammonium nitrogen. - J. Ecol. 60: 93-102.10.2307/2258043 Search in Google Scholar

Gjærevoll, O. 1956. The plant communities of the Scandinavian alpine snow-beds. - K. norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 1956: 1: 1-405. Search in Google Scholar

Gjerstad Historielag, 1974. - Fra skogslått og skogsliv i Gjerstad. - Gjerstad Historielag, Gjerstad. Search in Google Scholar

Glømme, H. 1928. Orienterende jordbunnsundersøkelser innen Østlandets og Trøndelags skogtrakter. - Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 3: 1-216. Search in Google Scholar

Glømme, H. 1932. Unders0kelser over ulike humustypers amoniakk- og nitratproduksjon samt faktorer som har innflytelse på disse prosesser. - Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 4: 37-328. Search in Google Scholar

Goldberg, D.E. & Landa, K. 1991. Competitive effect and response: hierarchies and correlated traits in the early stages of competition. - J. Ecol. 79: 1013-1030.10.2307/2261095 Search in Google Scholar

Granlund, E. 1932. De svenska högmossarnas geologi. - Sver. geol. Unders. Ser. C. 26: 1-193. Search in Google Scholar

Green, R.H. 1979. Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. -Wiley, New York. Search in Google Scholar

Grime, J.P. 1973. Control of species density in herbaceous vegetation. - J. env. Mgmt 1: 151-167. Search in Google Scholar

Grime, J.P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes, Wiley, Chichester. Search in Google Scholar

Grime, J.P. & Anderson, J.M. 1986. Introduction. - Ecol. Stud. 5: 89-95.10.1007/978-1-4612-4902-3_6 Search in Google Scholar

Grime, J.P., Rincon, E.R. & Wickerson, B.E. 1990. Bryophytes and plant strategy theory. - Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104: 175-186.10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02217.x Search in Google Scholar

Grolle, R. 1983. Hepatics of Europe including the Azores: an annotated list of species, with synonyms from the recent literature. - J. Bryol. 12: 403-459. Search in Google Scholar

Grootjans, A.P., Hartog, P.S., Fresco, L.F.M. & Esselink, H. 1991. Succession and fluctuation in a wet dune slack in relation to hydrological changes. - J. Veg. Sci. 2: 545-554.10.2307/3236037 Search in Google Scholar

Grubb, P.J. 1986. Problems posed by sparse and patchily distributed species in species-rich plant communities. - In: Diamond, J. & Case, T.J. (eds), Community ecology, Harper & Row, New York, pp. 207-225. Search in Google Scholar

Gulden, G., Høiland, K., Bendiksen, K., Brandrud, T.E., Foss, B.S., Jenssen, H.B. & Laber, D. 1992. Macromycetes and air pollution. Mycocoenological studies in three oligotrophic spruce forests in Europe. - Bilthca mycol. 144: 1-81. Search in Google Scholar

Gydesen, H., Pilegaard, K., Rasmussen, L. & Rühling, Å. 1983. Moss analyses used as a means of surveying the atmospheric heavy-metal deposition in Sweden, Denmark and Greenland in 1980. - St. Naturvårdsverk PM 1670: 1-44. Search in Google Scholar

Hallbäcken, L. & Tamm, C.0. 1986. Changes in soil acidity from 1927 to 1982-84 in a forest area of southwest Sweden. - Scand. J. For. Res. 1: 219-232.10.1080/02827588609382413 Search in Google Scholar

Hämet-Ahti, L. 1963. Zonation of the mountain birch forest in northernmost Fennoscandia. -Annis bot. Soc. zool. bot. fenn. Vanamo 34: 4: 1-127. Search in Google Scholar

Hafsten, U. 1985. The immigration and spread of spruce forest in Norway, traced by biostratigraphical studies and radiocarbon datings. A preliminary report. - Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. 39: 99-108. Search in Google Scholar

Hansson, L. 1969. Spring populations of small mammals in central Swedish Lapland in 1964-68. - Oikos 20: 431-450.10.2307/3543207 Search in Google Scholar

Hansson, L. 1971. Small rodent food, feeding and population dynamics. A cmparison between granivorous and herbivorous species in Scandinavia. - Oikos 22: 183-198. Search in Google Scholar

Havas, P. & Kubin, E. 1983. Structure, growth and organic matter content in the vegetation cover of an old spruce forest in Northern Finland. - Annis bot. fenn. 20: 115-149. Search in Google Scholar

Headley, A.O., Callaghan, T.V. & Lee, J.A. 1985. The phosphorus economy of the evergreen tundra plant Lycopodium annotinum. - Oikos 45: 235-245.10.2307/3565710 Search in Google Scholar

Heikkinen, R. 1991. Multivariate analysis of esker vegetation in southern Häme, S Finland. -Annis bot. fenn. 28: 201-224. Search in Google Scholar

Henriksen, A., Lien, L., Traaen, T.S. & Sevaldrud, I.H. 1987. 1000 sjøers undersøkelsen 1986. - St. Progm Forurensningsovervåkning Rapp. 1987: 282: 1-31. Search in Google Scholar

Hesselman, H. 1909. Redogörelse öfver Skogsförsöksanstaltens verksamhet. Ill. Berättelse öfver den botaniska afdelningens verksamhet åren 1906-1908 jämte förslag till program. - Meddn St. SkogsforsAnst. 6: 27-52. Search in Google Scholar

Hesselman, H. 1917. Studier över salpeterbildningen i naturliga jordmålner och dess betydelse i växtekologiskt avseende. - Meddn St. SkogsförsAnst. 13-14: 297-528. Search in Google Scholar

Hesselman, H. 1926. Studier över barrskogens humustäcke, dess egenskaper och beroende av skogsvården. - Meddn St. SkogsförsAnst. 22: 169-552. Search in Google Scholar

Hesselman, H. 1937. Om humustäckets beroende av beståndets ålder och sammansättning i den nordiska granskogen av blålbärsrik Vaccinium-typ och dess innverkan på skogen föryngring och tillväkst. - Meddn St. SkogsförsAnst. 30: 529-716. Search in Google Scholar

Hiirsalmi, H. 1969. Trientalis europaea L. A study of the reproductive biology, ecology and variation. - Annis bot. fenn. 6: 119-173. Search in Google Scholar

Hill, M.O. 1979a. DECORANA - A Fortran program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. - Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York. Search in Google Scholar

Hill, M.O. & Gauch, H.G. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. - Vegetatio 42: 47-58.10.1007/978-94-009-9197-2_7 Search in Google Scholar

Hobbs, V.J. & Pritchard, N.M. 1987. Population dynamics of the moss Polytrichum piliferum in north-east Scotland. - J. Ecol. 75: 177-192.10.2307/2260543 Search in Google Scholar

Holmbäck, B. & Malmström, C. 1947. Några markförbattringsförsøk på nordsvenska tallhedar. - Meddn St. SkogsförsAnst. 36: 6: 1-82. Search in Google Scholar

Hosokawa, T., Odani, N. & Tagawa, H. 1964. Causality of distribution of corticolous species in forests with special reference to the physio-ecological approach. - Bryologist 67: 396-411.10.1639/0007-2745(1964)67[396:COTDOC]2.0.CO;2 Search in Google Scholar

Hutchings, M.J. 1986. The structure of plant populations. - In: Crawley, M.J. (ed.), Plant ecology, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 97-136. Search in Google Scholar

Hutchinson, G.E. 1961. The paradox of the plankton. - Am. Nat. 95: 137-145.10.1086/282171 Search in Google Scholar

Hutchinson, T.C., Dixon, M. & Scott, M.G. 1986. The effect of simulated acid rain on feather mosses and lichens of the boreal forest. - Wat. Air Soil Pollution 31: 409-416.10.1007/BF00630858 Search in Google Scholar

Hytteborn, H., Packham, J.R. & Verwijst, T. 1987. Tree population dynamics, stand structure and species composition in the montane virgin forest of Vallibacken, northern Sweden. -Vegetatio 72: 3-19.10.1007/BF00044947 Search in Google Scholar

Ilvessalo, Y. 1922. Vegetationsstatistische Untersuchungen über die Waldtypen. - Acta for. fenn. 20: 3: 1-73.10.14214/aff.7063 Search in Google Scholar

Ingestad, T. 1973. Mineral nutrient requirements of Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium myrtillus. - Physiol. pl. 29: 239-246.10.1111/j.1399-3054.1973.tb03099.x Search in Google Scholar

Ipatov, V.S. & Tarkhova, T.N. 1980. Microclimate of habitats of moss and lichen synusiae in green moss-lichen pine forests. - Soviet J. Ecol. 11: 262-268. Search in Google Scholar

Ipatov, V.S. & Tarkhova, T.N. 1983. Mutual influence of moss and lichen synusiae in green mosslichen pine forests. - Soviet J. Ecol. 14: 16-21. Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, D.A. & Somers, K.M. 1991. Putting things in order: the ups and downs of detrended correspondence analysis. - Am. Nat. 137: 704-712.10.1086/285189 Search in Google Scholar

Jalkanen, R. 1990. Nitrogen fertilization as a cause of dieback of Scots pine at Paltamo, northern Finland. - Aquilo Ser. bot. 29: 25-31. Search in Google Scholar

Jensén, S. 1978. Influences of transformation of cover values on classification and ordination of lake vegetation. - Vegetatio 37: 19-31.10.1007/BF00117265 Search in Google Scholar

Johansson, M.-B. 1986. Chemical composition and decomposition patterns of leaf litters from forest trees in Sweden with special reference to methodological aspects and site properties. - Sver. LantbrUniv. Rapp. Skogsekol. skoglig Marklära 56: 1-17+1-35+1-23+ 1-40+ 1-39. Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, E.A. 1981. Vegetation organization and dynamics of lichen woodland communities in the northwest territories, Canada. - Ecology 62: 200-215.10.2307/1936682 Search in Google Scholar

Jonsson, B.G. & Esseen, P.-A. 1990. Treefall disturbance maintains high bryophyte diversity in a boreal spruce forest. - J. Ecol. 78: 924-936.10.2307/2260943 Search in Google Scholar

Kalela, A. 1961. Waldvegetationszonen Finnlands und ihre klimatischen Paralleltypen. -Archvm Soc. zool. bot. fenn. Vanamo 16: Suppl.: 65-83. Search in Google Scholar

Kalela, O. 1957. Regulation of reproduction rate in subarctic populations of the vole Clethrionomus rufocanus (Sund.). - Annis Acad. scient. fenn. Ser. A 4 Biol. 34: 1-60. Search in Google Scholar

Kalela, O., Lind, E.A. & Aho, J. 1963. Zur Biotopwahl des Waldlemmings in der Gegend von Rovaniemi, Nordfinnland. - Archvm Soc. zool.bot. fenn. Vanamo 18 Suppl. 39-46. Search in Google Scholar

Kalliola, R. 1973. Suomen kasvimaantiede. - Porvoo, Helsinki. Search in Google Scholar

Kappen, L. 1973. Response to extreme environments. - In: Ahmadjian, V. & Hale, M.E. (eds), The Lichens, Academic Press, New York, pp. 311-380. Search in Google Scholar

Karlsson, P.S. 1987. Micro-site performance of evergreen and deciduous dwarf shrubs in a subarctic heath in relation to nitrogen status. - Holarct. Ecol. 10: 114-119.10.1111/j.1600-0587.1987.tb00747.x Search in Google Scholar

Kauppi, M. 1990. The effect of litter and waste wood on a Cladina stellaris carpet. - Aquilo Ser. Bot. 29: 33-38. Search in Google Scholar

Keddy, P.A. 1990. Competitive hierarchies and centrifugal organization in plant communities. - In: Grace, J.B. & Tilman, D. (eds), Perspectives on plant competition, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 265-290. Search in Google Scholar

Kellomäki, S. & Saastamoinen, V.L. 1975. Trampling tolerance of forest vegetation. - Acta for. fenn. 147: 1-22.10.14214/aff.7581 Search in Google Scholar

Kendall, M.G. 1938. A new measure of rank correlation. - Biometrika 30: 81-93.10.1093/biomet/30.1-2.81 Search in Google Scholar

Kenkel, N.C. & Orlóci, L. 1986. Applying metric and nonmetric multidimensional scaling to ecological studies: some new results. - Ecology 67: 919-928.10.2307/1939814 Search in Google Scholar

Kennedy, K.A. & Addison, P.A. 1987. Some considerations for the use of visual estimates of plant cover in biomonitoring. - J. Ecol. 75: 151-157.10.2307/2260541 Search in Google Scholar

Kent, M. & Ballard, J. 1988. Trends and problems in the application of classification and ordination methods in plant ecology. - Vegetatio 78: 109-124.10.1007/BF00033421 Search in Google Scholar

Kielland-Lund, J. 1967. Zur Systematik der Kiefernwälder Fennoscandiens. - Mitt. florist.-soziol. ArbGemeinschaft 11-12: 127-141. Search in Google Scholar

Kielland-Lund, J. 1973. A classification of Scandinavian forest vegetation for mapping purposes. - IBP Nord. 11: 173-206. Search in Google Scholar

Kielland-Lund, J. 1981. Die Waldgesellschaften SO-Norwegens. - Phytocoenologia 9: 53-250.10.1127/phyto/9/1981/53 Search in Google Scholar

Kielland-Lund, J., Økland, R.H. & Larsson, J. 1989. Nytt system for detaljert vegetasjonsklassifisering (2. utkast til utprøving sesongen -89). - Norsk Inst. Jord- Skogkartl., copied. Search in Google Scholar

Kivenheimo, V.J. 1947. Untersuchungen über die Wurzelsysteme der Samenpflanzen in der Bodenvegetation der Wälder Finnlands. - Annls bot. Soc. zool.-bot. fenn. Vanamo 22: 2: 1-181. Search in Google Scholar

Knox, R.G. 1989. Effects of detrending and rescaling on correspondence analysis: solution stability and accuracy. - Vegetatio 83: 129-136.10.1007/BF00031685 Search in Google Scholar

Kruskal, J.B. 1964a. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. - Psychometrika 29: 1-27.10.1007/BF02289565 Search in Google Scholar

Kruskal, J.B. 1964b. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method. - Psychometrika 29: 115-129.10.1007/BF02289694 Search in Google Scholar

Kruskal, J.B., Young, F.W. & Seery, J.B. 1973. How to use KYST, a very flexible program to do multidimensioanl scaling an unfolding. - Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey, unpubl. Search in Google Scholar

Kubiková, J. 1991. Forest dieback in Czechoslovakia. - Vegetatio 93: 101-108.10.1007/BF00033204 Search in Google Scholar

Kubin, E. 1983. Nutrients in the soil, ground vegetation and tree layer in an old spruce forest in Northern Finland. - Annls bot. fenn. 20: 361-390. Search in Google Scholar

Kuhn, N., Amiet, R. & Hufschmid, N. 1987. Veranderungen in der Waldvegetation des Schweiz infolge Nährstoffanreicherungen der Atmosphare. - Allg. Forst- Jagt.-Z. 00: 77-84. Search in Google Scholar

Kujala, V. 1926a. Untersuchungen über die Waldvegetation in Süd- und Mittelfinnland. I. Zur Kenntnis des ökologisch-biologischen Charakters der Pflanzenarten unter spezieller Berücksichtigung der Bildung von Pflanzenvereinen. A. Gefässpflanzen. - Communtnes Inst. Quaest. for. finl. 10: 1: 1-154. Search in Google Scholar

Kujala, V. 1926b. Untersuchungen über die Waldvegetation in Süd- und Mittelfinnland. I. Zur Kenntnis des ökologisch-biologischen Charakters der Waldpflanzenarten unter spezieller Berüchsichtigung der Bildung von Pflanzenvereinen. B. Laubmoose. - Communtnes Inst. Quaest. for. finl. 10: 2: 1-59. Search in Google Scholar

Kujala, V. 1929. Untersuchungen über die Waldtypen in Petsamo und angrenzenden Teilen von Inari-Lappland. - Communtnes Inst. Quaest. for. finl. 13: 9: 1-125. Search in Google Scholar

Kujala, V. 1961. Über die Waldtypen der südlichen Hälfte Finnlands. - Archvm Soc. zool.bot. fenn. Vanamo 16 Suppl.: 14-22. Search in Google Scholar

Kukkola, M. & Saramäki, K. 1983. Growth response in repeatedly fertilized pine and spruce stands on mineral soils. - Communtnes Inst. for. fenn. 114: 1-55. Search in Google Scholar

Kuusipalo. J. 1983a. Mustikan varvuston biomassamäärän vaihtelusta erilaisissa metsiköissä. -Silva fenn. 17: 245-257. (Eng. summ.: On the distribution of blueberry biomass in different forest stands)10.14214/sf.a15173 Search in Google Scholar

Kuusipalo. J. 1983b. Distribution of vegetation on mesic forest sites in relation to some characteristics of the tree stand and soil fertility. - Silva fenn. 17: 403-418.10.14214/sf.a15184 Search in Google Scholar

Kuusipalo. J. 1984. Diversity pattern of the forest understorey vegetation in relation to some site characteristics. - Silva fenn. 18: 121-131.10.14214/sf.a15388 Search in Google Scholar

Kuusipalo. J. 1985. An ecological study of upland forest site classification in southern Finland. - Acta for. fenn. 192: 1-77.10.14214/aff.7638 Search in Google Scholar

Kuusipalo. J. 1987. Relative importance of factors controlling the success of Oxalis acetosella: an example of linear modelling in ecological research. - Vegetatio 70: 171-179.10.1007/BF00039330 Search in Google Scholar

Kuusipalo. J. 1988. Dominance pattern with understorey bryophyte vegetation in southern boreal coniferous forest. - In: Barkman, J.J. & Sykora, K.V. (eds), Dependent plant communities, SPB Acad. Publ., The Hague, pp. 111-117. Search in Google Scholar

Laaksonen, K. 1976. The dependence on mean air temperatures upon latitude and altitude in Fennoscandia (1921-1950). - Annis Acad. scient. fenn. Ser. A 3 Geol. Geogr. 119: 1-19. Search in Google Scholar

Lähde, E. & Nieppola, J. 1987. Vegetation changes in old stands of Pinus sylvestris L. in southern Finland. - Scand. J. For. Res. 2: 369-377.10.1080/02827588709382475 Search in Google Scholar

Lahti, T. & Väisänen, R.A. 1987. Ecological gradients of boreal forests in South Finland: an ordination test of Cajander’s forest site type theory. - Vegetatio 68: 145-156.10.1007/BF00114715 Search in Google Scholar

LaRoi, G.H. & Stringer, M.H.L. 1976. Ecological studies in the boreal spruce-fir forests of the North American taiga. II. Analysis of the bryophyte flora. - Can. J. Bot. 54: 619-643.10.1139/b76-065 Search in Google Scholar

Leemans, R. 1991. Canopy gaps and establishment patterns of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karts.) in two old-growth coniferous forests in central Sweden. - Vegetatio 93: 157-165.10.1007/BF00033209 Search in Google Scholar

Lid, J. 1985. Norsk, svensk, finsk flora. - Det norske samlaget, Oslo. Search in Google Scholar

Lindgren, L. 1975. Beech forest vegetation and soil in Sweden. - In: Dierschke, H. (ed.), Vegetation und Substrat, Cramer, Vaduz, pp. 401-418. Search in Google Scholar

Lindholm, T. & Nummelin, M. 1983. Changes in the community structure of forest floor vegetation after reepeated litter disturbance by raking. - Silva fenn. 17: 289-300.10.14214/sf.a15177 Search in Google Scholar

Lukkala, O.J. 1942. Sateen mittauksia erilaissa metsiköissä. - Acta for. fenn. 50: 23: 1-13. (Deutsches Ref.: Niederschlagsmessungen in verschiedenartigen Beständen)10.14214/aff.7376 Search in Google Scholar

Lukkala, O.J. 1946. Korpimetsien luontainen uudistaminen. - Commentnes Inst. for. fenn. 34: 3: 1-150. (Deutsches Ref.: Die natürliche Verjüngung der Bruchwälder) Search in Google Scholar

Lyford, W.H. 1964. Importance of ants to brown podzolic soil genesis in New England. -Harv. For. Pap. 7: 1-18. Search in Google Scholar

Maarel, E. van der. 1979. Transformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology and its effect on community similarity. - Vegetatio 39: 97-114.10.1007/BF00052021 Search in Google Scholar

McCune, B. & Antos, J.A. 1981. Correlations between forest layers in the Swan Valley, Montana. - Ecology 62: 1196-1204.10.2307/1937284 Search in Google Scholar

McIntosh, R.P. 1978. Matrix and plexus techniques. - In: Whittaker, R.H. (ed.), Ordination of plant communities, Junk, The Hague, pp. 151-184. Search in Google Scholar

Mahendrappa, K.D. & Kingston, D.G.O. 1982. Prediction of throughfall quantities under different forest stands. - Can. J. For. Res. 12: 474-481.10.1139/x82-074 Search in Google Scholar

Malmström, C. 1931. Om faran för skogsmarkens försumpning i Norrland. En studie från Kulbäckslidens och Rokliens försöksfält. - Meddn St. SkogförsAnst. 26: 1: 1-62. Search in Google Scholar

Malmström, C. 1937. Tönnersjohedens försökspark i Halland. Ett bidrag till kännedomen om sydvästra Sveriges skogar, ljunghedar och torvmarker. - Meddn St. SkogsförsAnst. 30: 323-528. Search in Google Scholar

Malmström, C. 1949. Studier över skogstyper och trädslagsfaordelning inom Västerbottens Iän. - Meddn St. Skogsförslnst. 37: 1-231. Search in Google Scholar

Malmström, C. 1963. Älvdalsreviren i nordvästra Dalarna. En skoglig naturbeskrivning från tiden omkring 1955. - Meddn St. Skogförsinst. 52: 2: 1-110. Search in Google Scholar

Maslov, A.A. 1989. Small-scale patterns of forest plants and environmental heterogeneity. -Vegetatio 84: 1-7.10.1007/BF00054661 Search in Google Scholar

Meentemeyer, V. & Berg, B. 1986. Regional variation in rate of mass-loss of Scots pine needle litter in Swedish pine forests as influenced by climate and litter quality. - Scand. J. For. Res. 1: 167-180.10.1080/02827588609382409 Search in Google Scholar

Mikola, P. 1955. Kokeellisia tutkimuksia metsäkarikkeiden hajaantumisnopeudesta. -Communtnes Inst. for. fenn. 43: 1: 1-50. (Eng. summ.: Experiments on the rate of decomposition of forest litter) Search in Google Scholar

Milberg, P. 1986. En vegetationsstudie i en fjällbarrskog i Lule Lappmark. - Meddn växtbiol. Inst Uppsala 1986: 3: 1-35. Search in Google Scholar

Minchin, P. 1986. How to use ECOPAK: an ecological database system. - CSIRO Inst. biol. Res. Div. Wat. Land Res. techn. Mem. 86: 6: 1-138. Search in Google Scholar

Minchin, P. 1987. An evaluation of the relative robustness of techniques for ecological ordination. -Vegetatio 69: 89-107.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1_9 Search in Google Scholar

Minckler, L.S., Woerheide, J.D. & Schlesinger, R.S. 1973. Light, soil moisture and tree reproduction in hardwood forest openings. - U.S. Dept Agric. For. Serv. Res. Pap. NC-89: 1-6. Search in Google Scholar

Moen, A. 1972. Myrundersøkelser i Agderfylkene. Foreløpig beskrivelse av verneverdige myrer. - K. norske Vidensk. Selsk. Mus., Univ. Trondheim, Trondheim, unpubl. Search in Google Scholar

Moen, A. 1974. Myrer med særlig høg verneverdi i Agderfylkene. Foreløpig rapport i forbindelse med den norske myrreservatplanen. - K. norske Vidensk. Selsk. Mus., U niv. Trondheim, Trondheim, unpubl. Search in Google Scholar

Moore, D.M. 1982. Flora Europaea check-list and chromosome index. - Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9780511735493 Search in Google Scholar

Moore, T.R. 1984. Litter decomposition in a subarctic spruce-lichen woodland, eastern Canada. - Ecology 65: 299-308. Search in Google Scholar

Mork, E. 1938. Omsetningen i humusdekket ved forskjellige temperaturer og fuktighet. -Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 21: 179-224. Search in Google Scholar

Mork, E. 1942. Om strøfallet i våre skoger. - Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 8: 297-365. Search in Google Scholar

Mork, E. 1946. Om skogbunnens lyngvegetasjon. - Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 9: 269-356. Search in Google Scholar

Mork, E. 1968. Økologiske undersøkelser i fjellskogen i Hirkjølen forsøksområde. - Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 25: 463-614. Search in Google Scholar

Mork, E. & Brantseg, A. 1963. Gjødsling av skogsmark. - Forskn. Forsøk Landbr. 14: 503-530. Search in Google Scholar

Næess, T. 1969. Østlandets myrområder - utbredelse og morfologi. - Norske Kom. int. hydrol. Dekade Rapp. 1: 75-87. Search in Google Scholar

Nihlgård, B. 1970. Precipitation, its chemical composition and effect on soil eater in a beech and a spruce forest in south Sweden. - Oikos 21: 208-217. Search in Google Scholar

Nommik, H. 1967. Distribution of forms of nitrogen in a podzolic soil profile from Garpenberg, Central Sweden. - J. Soil Sci. 18: 301-308. Search in Google Scholar

Nömmik, H. 1968. Skogens kväveförsörjning och möjligheterna att påverka den. - K. Skogs-Lantbr Akad. Tidskr. 107: 43-60. Search in Google Scholar

Nordhagen, R. 1928. Die Vegetation und Flora des Sylenegebietes. - Skr. norske Vidensk.-Akad. Oslo mat.-naturvid. Klasse 1927: 1: 1-612. Search in Google Scholar

Nordhagen, R. 1943. Sikilsdalen og Norges fjellbeiter. - Bergens Mus. Skr. 22: 1-607. Search in Google Scholar

Nykvist, N. 1961a. Leaching and decomposition of litter. III. Experiments on leaf litter of Betula verrucosa. - Oikos 12: 249-263.10.2307/3564699 Search in Google Scholar

Nykvist, N. 1961 b. Leaching and decomposition of litter. IV. Experiments on leaf litter of Picea abies. - Oikos 12: 264-279.10.2307/3564700 Search in Google Scholar

Nykvist, N. & Skyllberg, U. 1989. The spatial variation of pH in the mor layer of some coniferous forest stands in northern Sweden. - Scand. J. For. Res. 4: 3-11.10.1080/02827588909382541 Search in Google Scholar

Oechel, W.C. & van Cleve, K. 1986. The role of bryophytes in nutrient cycling in the taiga. -Ecol. Stud. 57: 121-137.10.1007/978-1-4612-4902-3_9 Search in Google Scholar

Oechel, W.C. & Sveinbjörnsson, B. 1978. Primary production processes in Arctic bryophytes at Barrow, Alaska. - In: Tieszen, I. (ed.), Vegetation and production ecology of an Alaskan Arctic tundra, Springer, New York, pp. 269-298. Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1986. Rescaling of ecological gradients. I. Calculation of ecological distance between vegetation stands by means of their floristic composition. - Nord. J. Bot. 6: 651-660.10.1111/j.1756-1051.1986.tb00464.x Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1989a. Hydromorphology and phytogeography of mires in inner Østfold and adjacent part of Akershus, SE Norway, in relation to SE Fennoscandian mires. - Opera bot. 97: 1-122. Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1989b. A phytoecological study of the mire Northern Kisselbergmosen, SE Norway. I. Introduction, flora, vegetation and ecological conditions. - Sommerfeltia 8: 1-172. Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1990a. Vegetation ecology: theory, methods and applications with reference to Fennoscandia. - Sommerfeltia Suppl. 1: 1-233. Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1990b. A phytoecological study of the mire Northern Kisselbergmosen, Rødenes, SE Norway. II. Identification of gradients by detrended (canonical) correspondence analysis. - Nord. J. Bot. 10: 79-108. Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1990c. A phytoecological study of the mire Northern Kisselbergmosen, SE Norway. III. Diversity and habitat niche relationships. - Nord. J. Bot. 10: 191-220. [44]10.1111/j.1756-1051.1990.tb01766.x Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1990d. Studies in SE Fennoscandian mires, with special regard to the use of multivariate techniques and the problem of scaling ecological gradients. - Sommerfeltia Suppl. 2: 1-22. Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1991. Valg av ordinasjonsmetode - DCA eller LNMDS? - Univ. Trondheim, Mus. Rapp. bot. Ser. 1991: 2: 102-117. Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1992. Studies in SE Fennoscandian mires: relevance to ecological theory. - J. Veg. Sci. 3: 279-284.10.2307/3235693 Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. & Bendiksen, E. 1985. The vegetation of the forest-alpine transition in the Grunningsdalen area, Telemark, SE Norway. - Sommerfeltia 2: 1-224.10.2478/som-1985-0002 Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. & Eilertsen, O. 1988. Sur nedbørs virkning på skogsvegetasjonen - referansefelt Gjerstad. - KOMMIT Rapp. 1988: 5: 81-83. Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H., Eilertsen, O. & Økland, T. 1990. On the relationship between sample plot size and beta diversity in boreal coniferous forests. - Vegetatio 87: 187-192.10.1007/BF00042954 Search in Google Scholar

Økland, T. 1988. An ecological approach to the investigation of a beech forest in Vestfold, SE. Norway. - Nord. J. Bot. 8: 375-407. Search in Google Scholar

Økland, T. 1989. Program “Overvåking av skogens sunnhetstilstand”: Vegetasjonsøkologisk overvåking av boreal barskog i Norge. I. Rausjømarka i Akershus. - Norsk Inst. Jord-Skogkartlegging, Ås. Search in Google Scholar

Økland, T. 1990. Vegetational and ecological monitoring of boreal forests in Norway. I. Rausjømarka in Akershus county, SE Norway. - Sommerfeltia 10: 1-52.10.2478/som-1990-0001 Search in Google Scholar

Oftedahl, C. 1980. Geology of Norway. - Norg. geol. Unders. 356: 3-114. Search in Google Scholar

Oinonen, E. 1971. The time table of vegetative spreading in oak fern (Carpogymnia dryopteris (L.) Löve & Löve) and mai-lily (Majanthemum bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt) in southern Finland. - Acta for. fenn. 118: 1-37.10.14214/aff.7552 Search in Google Scholar

Oksanen, J. 1983. Ordination of boreal heath-like vegetation with principal component analysis, correspondence analysis and multidimensional scaling. - Vegetatio 52: 181-189. Search in Google Scholar

Oksanen, J. 1984. Lichen-rich forests and related communities in Finland: Ordination and classification studies. - Univ. Koensuu Publs Sci. 1: 1-35. Search in Google Scholar

Oksanen, J. 1986. Succession, dominance and diversity in lichen-rich pine forest vegetation in Finland. - Holarct. Ecol. 9: 261-266. Search in Google Scholar

Oksanen, J. 1988. Impact of habitat, substrate and microsite classes om the epiphyte vegetation: Interpretation using exploratory and canonical correspondence analysis. - Annis bot. fenn. 25: 59-71. Search in Google Scholar

Oksanen, J. & Ahti, T. 1982. Lichen-rich pine forest vegetation in Finland. - Annls bot. fenn. 19: 275-301. Search in Google Scholar

Orlóci, L. 1978. Multivariate analysis in vegetation research, ed. 2., Junk, The Hague. Search in Google Scholar

Päivänen, J. 1966. Sateen jakaantuminen erilaisissa metsiköissä. - Silva fenn. 119: 3: 1-37. (Eng. summ.: The distribution pf rainfall in different types of forest stands)10.14214/sf.a14290 Search in Google Scholar

Pakarinen, P. & Rinne, R.J.K. 1979. Growth rates and heavy metal concentrations of five moss species in paludified spruce forests. - Lindbergia 5: 77-83. Search in Google Scholar

Palmer, M.W. & Dixon, P.M. 1990. Small-scale environmental meterogeneity and the analysis of species distributions along gradients. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 57-65.10.2307/3236053 Search in Google Scholar

Parker, K.C. 1988. Environmental relationships and vegetation associates of columnar cacti in the northern Sonoran desert. - Vegetatio 78: 125-140.10.1007/BF00033422 Search in Google Scholar

Pedersen, 0. 1988. Biological Data Program/PC. Version 1.01. Brukerveiledning. -VegeDataConsult, Oslo. Search in Google Scholar

Peet, R.K. 1981. Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: composition and dynamics. -Vegetatio 45: 3-75.10.1007/BF00240202 Search in Google Scholar

Peet, R.K., Knox, R.G., Case, J.S. & Allen, R.B. 1988. Putting things in order: the advantages of detrended correspondence analysis. - Am. Nat. 131: 924-934.10.1086/284833 Search in Google Scholar

Perttula, U. 1941. Untersuchungen über die generative und vegetative Vermehrung der Blütenpflanzen in der Wald-, Hainwiesen- und Hainfelsenvegetation. - Annis Acad. scient. fenn. Ser. A 58: 1-388. Search in Google Scholar

Peterson, C.J., Carson, W.P., McCarthy, B.C. & Pickett, S.T.A. 1990. Microsite variation and soil dynamics within newly created treefall pits and mounds. - Oikos 58: 39-46.10.2307/3565358 Search in Google Scholar

Peterson, C.J. & Pickett, S.T.A. 1990. Microsite and elevational influences on early forest regeneration after catastrophic wind throw. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 657-662.10.2307/3235572 Search in Google Scholar

Peterson, W.L. & Mayo, J.M. 1975. Moisture stress and its effect on photosynthesis in Dicranum polysetum. - Can. J. Bot. 53: 2897-2900.10.1139/b75-318 Search in Google Scholar

Pickett, S.T.A. 1980. Non-equilibrium coexistence of plants. - Bull. Torrey bot. Club 107: 238-248.10.2307/2484227 Search in Google Scholar

Pickett, S.T.A. & Thompson, J.N. 1978. Patch dynamics and the design of nature reserves. - Biol. Conserv. 13: 27-37.10.1016/0006-3207(78)90016-2 Search in Google Scholar

Rajakorpi, A. 1984. Microclimate and soils of the central part of the Hämeenkangas interlobate complex in western Finland. - Fennia 162: 237-337. Search in Google Scholar

Rincon, E. & Grime, J.P. 1989. An analysis of seasonal patterns of bryophyte growth in a natural habitat. - J. Ecol. 77: 447-455.10.2307/2260761 Search in Google Scholar

Rinne, R.J.K. & Mäkinen, A.I. 1988. Regional and species variation in metal content of two woodland mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens in Finland and northern Norway. - Silva fenn. fenn. 22: 89-97.10.14214/sf.a15500 Search in Google Scholar

Rørå, A. 1988. Instruks for prosjektet “Overvåking av skogens helsetilstand”. - Norsk Inst. Jord- og Skogkartlegging, Ås, unpubl. Search in Google Scholar

Rørå, A., Kvamme, H., Larsson, J.Y., Nyborg, A. & Økland, T. 1988. Rapport 1988. Program “Overvåking av skogens sunnhetstilstand”. - Norsk Inst. Jord- Skogkartlegging, Ås. Search in Google Scholar

Rogers, R.W. 1990. Ecological strategies of lichens. - Lichenologist 22: 149-162.10.1017/S002428299000010X Search in Google Scholar

Romell, L.G. 1935. Ecological problems of the humus layer in the forest. - Corn. Univ. agr. Exp. Stn Mem. 170: 1-28. Search in Google Scholar

Romell, L.G. 1939. Den nordiska blåbärsgranskogens produktion av ris, mossa och föma. - Svensk bot. Tidskr. 33: 366-382. Search in Google Scholar

Romell, L.G. & Malmström, C. 1945. Henrik Hesselmans tallhedsförsök åren 1922-42. - Meddn St. SkogsförsAnst. 34: 543-625. Search in Google Scholar

Rosén, K. & Lundmark-Thelin, A. 1985. Kemiska förändringar i nederbörden vid passagen av kronskiktet i en mellansvensk barrbalndskog. - Sver. LantbrUniv. Rapp. Skogsekol. skogl. Marklära 51: 1-16. Search in Google Scholar

Rühling, Å., Rasmussen, L., Pilegaard, K., Mäkinen, A. & Steinnes, E. 1987. Survey of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the Nordic countries in 1985 - monitored by moss analyses. - Nord. Ministerrad NORD 1987: 21: 1-44. Search in Google Scholar

Rühling, Å. & Tyler, G. 1970. Sorption and retention of heavy metals in the woodland moss Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Br. et Sch. - Oikos 21: 92-97.10.2307/3543844 Search in Google Scholar

Rydgren, K. 1989. Urterike granskoger i Brønnøy kommune, Nordland. En vegetasjonsøkologisk undersøkelse med vekt på metodiske aspekter. - Cand. scient. Thesis, U niv. Oslo, unpubl. Search in Google Scholar

Rydin, H. 1986. Competition and niche separation in Sphagnum. - Can. J. Bot. 64: 1817-1824.10.1139/b86-240 Search in Google Scholar

Rydin, H. & McDonald, A.J.S. 1985. Tolerance of Sphagnum to water level. - J. Bryol. 13: 571-578.10.1179/jbr.1985.13.4.571 Search in Google Scholar

Samuelsson, G. 1917. Studien über die Vegetation der Hochgebirgsgegenden von Dalarne. -Nova Acta regia Soc. scient. upsal. Ser. 4, 4: 8: 1-252. Search in Google Scholar

Santesson, R. 1984. The lichens of Sweden and Norway. - Swed. Mus. nat. Hist., Stockholm. Search in Google Scholar

Sarvas, R. 1951. Tutkimuksia puolukkatyypin kuusikoista. - Communtnes Inst. for. fenn. 39: 1: 1-82. (Eng. summ.: Investigations into the spruce strands of Vaccinium type) Search in Google Scholar

Scandrett, E. & Gimingham, C.H. 1989. Experimental investigation of bryophyte interactions on a dry heathland. - J. Ecol. 77: 838-852.10.2307/2260989 Search in Google Scholar

Schaetzl, R.J., Bums, S.F., Johnson, D.L. & Small, T.W. 1989. Tree uprooting: review of impacts on forest ecology. - Vegetatio 79: 165-176.10.1007/BF00044908 Search in Google Scholar

Schlenker, G. 1968. Kulturversuche mit Waldbodenpflanzen bei abgestufter Azidität und variierter Stickstoff-Form. - Oecol. Plant. 3: 7-27. Search in Google Scholar

Schütt, P. & Cowling, E.B. 1985. Waldsterben, a general decline of forests in Central Europe: Symptoms, development and possible causes. - Pl. Dis. 69: 548-558. Search in Google Scholar

Sepponen, P. 1985. The ecological classification of sorted soils of varying genesis in northern Finland. - Communtnes Inst. for. fenn. 129: 1-77. Search in Google Scholar

Sepponen, P., Laine, L., Linnilä, K., Lähde, E. & Roiko-Jokela, .P. 1982. Metsätyypit ja niiden kasvillisuus Pohjois-Suomessa. Valtakunnan metsien III inventoinnin (1951-1953) aineistoon perustuva tutkimus. - Folia for. 517: 1-32. (Eng. summ.: The forest site types of North Finland and their floristic composition. A study based on the III national forest inventory (1951-1953)) Search in Google Scholar

Sernander, R. 1936. Granskär och Fiby urskog. - Acta phytogeogr. suec. 8: 1-232. Search in Google Scholar

Sigmond, E.M.O., Gustavson, M. & Roberts, D. 1984. Berggrunnskart over Norge. 1:1 000 000. - Norg. geol. Unders., Trondheim. Search in Google Scholar

Sirén, G. 1955. The development of spruce forest on raw humus sites in northern Finalnd and its ecology. - Acta for. fenn. 62: 1-408.10.14214/aff.7453 Search in Google Scholar

Sjörs, H. 1947. Myrvegetationen i övre Långanområdet i Jämtland. - Ark. bot. k. svenska VetenskAkad. 33A: 6: 1-96. Search in Google Scholar

Sjörs, H. 1948. Myrvegetation i Bergslagen. - Acta phytogeogr. suec. 21: 1-299. Search in Google Scholar

Sjörs, H. 1967. Nordisk växtgeografi, ed. 2. - Svenska Bokförlaget, Stockholm. Search in Google Scholar

Sjörs, H. 1989. Blåbär, Vaccinium myrtillus - et växtporträtt. - Svensk bot. Tidskr. 83: 411-428. Search in Google Scholar

Sjöström, H. 1936. Några exempel på verkan av konstgjord bevattning av skogsmark. - Norrl. Skogsvårdsförb. Tidskr. 1936: 12-43. Search in Google Scholar

Skre, O. & Oechel, W.C. 1979. Moss production in a black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) dominated forest with permafrost near Fairbanks, Alaska, as compared with two permafrost-free stands. - Holarct. Ecol. 2: 249-254. Search in Google Scholar

Skre, O. & Oechel, W.C. 1981. Moss functioning in different taiga ecosystems in interior Alaska. I. Seasonal, phenotypic, and drought effects on photosynthesis and response patterns. -Oecologia 48: 50-59. Search in Google Scholar

Skre, O., Oechel, W.C. & Miller, P.M. 1983. Moss leaf water content and solar radiation at the moss surface in a mature black spruce forest in central Alaska. - Can. J. For. Res. 13: 860-868.10.1139/x83-116 Search in Google Scholar

Slack, N.G. 1988. The ecological importance of lichens and bryophytes. - Biblthca lichenol. 30: 23-53. Search in Google Scholar

Slack, N.G. 1990. Bryophytes and ecological niche theory. - Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104: 187-213.10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02218.x Search in Google Scholar

Smith, T.M. & Urban, D.L. 1988. Scale and resolution of forest structural pattern. - Vegetatio 74: 143-150.10.1007/BF00044739 Search in Google Scholar

Södergård, A. 1935. :Über das Vorkommen von Keimpflanzen bei Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. myrtillus und Linnaea borealis. - Memo. Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 11: 48-51. Search in Google Scholar

Söyrinki, N., Salmela, R. & Suvanto, J. 1977. Oulangan kansallispuiston metsä- ja suokasvillisuus. - Acta for. fenn. 154: 1-150. (Eng. summ.: The forest and mire vegetation of the Oulanka National Park, Northern Finland)10.14214/aff.7588 Search in Google Scholar

Sokal, R.R. & Rohlf, F.J. 1981. Biometry, ed. 2. - Freeman, New York. Search in Google Scholar

Staaf, H. 1982. Plant nutrient changes in beech leaves during senescence as influenced by site characteristics. - Acta oecol. 3: 161-170. Search in Google Scholar

Stålfelt, M.G. 1937a. Die Bedeutung der Vegetation im Wasserhaushalt des Bodens. - Svenska Skogsvårdsfören. Tidskr. 35: 161-195. Search in Google Scholar

Stålfelt, M.G. 1937b. Der Gasaustauch der Moose. - Planta 27: 30-60.10.1007/BF01939374 Search in Google Scholar

Stålfelt, M.G. 1944. Granens vattenförbrukning och dess inverkan på vattenomsättningen i marken. -K. Lantbr.-Akad. Tidskr. 6: 425-505. Search in Google Scholar

Steinnes, E. 1989. Biomonitors of air pollution by heavy metals. - In: Pacyna, J.M. & Ottar, B. (eds), Control and fate of atmospheric trace metals, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 321-338. Search in Google Scholar

Steinnes, E., Frantzen, F., Johansen, O., Rambæk, J.P. & Hanssen, J.E. 1988. Atmosfrerisk nedfall av tungmetaller i Norge. Landsomfattende undersøkelse 1985. - St. Progm. Forurensningsovervåking Rapp. 334: 1-33. Search in Google Scholar

Stuanes, A., Ogner, G. & Opem, M. 1984. Ammonium nitrate as extractant for soil exchangeable cations, exchangeable acidity and aluminium. - Communs Soil Sci. Pl. Anal. 15: 773-778. Search in Google Scholar

Sunding, P. 1985. Faste analyseruter og vegetasjonsforandringer - hva er gjort i SØ-Norge? -K. norske Vidensk. Selsk. Mus. Rapp. bot. Ser. 1985: 2: 74-78. Search in Google Scholar

Svensson, B.M. & Callaghan, T.V. 1988. Small-scale vegetation pattern related to the growth of Lycopodium annotinum and variations in its micro-environment. - Vegetatio 76: 167-177.10.1007/BF00045477 Search in Google Scholar

Sydes, C. & Grime, J.P. 1981. Effects of tree leaf litter on herbaceous vegetation in deciduous woodland. I. Field incestigations. - J. Ecol. 69: 237-248.10.2307/2259828 Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, C.O. 1953. Growth, yield and nutrition in carpets of a forest moss (Hylocomium splendens). - Meddn St. Skogsforsklnst. 43: 1: 1-140. Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, C.O. & Carbonnier, C. 1961. Växtnäringen som skoglig produktionsfaktor. - K. Skogs-LantbrAkad. Tidskr. 100: 95-124. Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, C.O. & Hallbäcken, L. 1986. Changes in soil pH over a 50-year period under different forest canopies in SW Sweden. - Wat. Air Soil Pollution 31: 331-334.10.1007/978-94-009-3385-9_141 Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, C.O. & Hallbäcken, L. 1988. Changes in soil acidity from the 1920s to the 1980s in two forest areas with different acid deposition. - Ambio 17: 56-61. Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, C.O. & Holmen, H. 1967. Some remarks on soil organic matter turn-over in Swedish podzol profiles. - Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 23: 67-88. Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, C.O. & Pettersson, A. 1969. Studies on nitrogen mobilisation in forest soils. - Stud. for. suec. 75: 1-39. Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, O. 1920. Markstudier i det nordsvenska barrskogsområdet. - Meddn St. SkogsförsAnst. 17: 49-300. Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, O. 1931. Studier över jardmåntyper och deras förhallande till markens hydrologi i nordsvenska skogsterränger. - Meddr St. SkogsförsAnst. 26: 163-408. Search in Google Scholar

Tarkhova, T.N. & Ipatov, V.S. 1975. Effect of illumination and litter on the development of some moss species. - Soviet J. Ecol. 6: 43-48. Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, B.R., Prescott, C.E., Parsons, W.J.F. & Parkinson, D. 1991. Substrate control of litter decomposition in four Rocky Mountain coniferous forests. - Can. J. Bot. 69: 2242-2250.10.1139/b91-281 Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, S.J., Carleton, T.J. & Adams, P. 1987. Understorey vegetation change in a Picea mariana chronosequence. - Vegetatio 73: 63-72.10.1007/BF00031853 Search in Google Scholar

Teivainen, L. 1952. Pohjois-Suomen tuoreiden kangasmetsien kasvillisuudesta. Pisavaaran luonnonpuistossa ja Pallas-Ounastunturin kansallispuiston etelöosassa suoritettu ekologinen metsätyyppitutkimus. - Annls bot. Soc. zool.-bot. fenn. Vanamo 25: 2: 1-168. (Deutsches Ref.: Über die Vegetation der frischen Heidewälder in Nord-Finnland) Search in Google Scholar

Tilman, D. 1982. Resource competition and community structure. - Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.10.1515/9780691209654 Search in Google Scholar

Tilman, D. 1988. Plant strategies and the dynamics and structure of plant communities. - Princeton Monogr., Princeton, New Jersey.10.1515/9780691209593 Search in Google Scholar

Tirén, L. 1934. Några iakttagelser över den naturliga föryngringen på Kulbäcklidens försökspark. - Svenska Skogsvårdsfören. Tidskr. 32: 251-274. Search in Google Scholar

Tonteri, T. 1990. Inter-observer variation in forest vegetation cover assessments. - Silva fenn. 24: 189-196.10.14214/sf.a15575 Search in Google Scholar

Tonteri, T., Hotanen, J.-P. & Kuusipalo, J. 1990a. The Finnish forest site type approach: ordination and classification studies of mesic forest sites in southern Finland. - Vegetatio 87: 85-98.10.1007/BF00045658 Search in Google Scholar

Tonteri, T., Mikkola, K. & Lahti, T. 1990b. Compositional gradients in the forest vegetation of Finland. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 691-698.10.2307/3235577 Search in Google Scholar

Tooren, B.F. van, During, H.J. & Oudhof, J.A.F. 1987. Dynamics of bryophytes in a chalk grassland. - Folia geobot. phytotax. 22: 377-383-10.1007/BF02853234 Search in Google Scholar

Topham, P.B. 1977. Colonization, growth, succession and competition. - In: Seaward, M.R.D. (ed.), Lichen ecology, Academic Press, London, pp. 31-68. Search in Google Scholar

Trass, H. & Malmer, N. 1978. North European approaches to classification. - In: Whittaker, R.H. (ed.), Classification of plant communities, Junk, The Hague, pp. 201-245. Search in Google Scholar

Troedsson, T. & Lyford, W.H. 1973. Biological disturbance and small-scale spatial variations in a forested soil near Garpenberg, Sweden. - Stud. for. suec. 109: 1-23. Search in Google Scholar

Troedsson, T. & Tamm, C.O. 1969. Small-scale variation in forest soil properties and its implications for sampling procedures. - Stud. for. suec. 74: 1-30. Search in Google Scholar

Tuomikoski, R. 1942. Untersuchungen über die Untervegetation der Bruchmoore in Ostfinnland. I. Zur Methodik der pflanzensoziologischen Systematik. - Annls bot. Soc. zool.-bot. fenn. Vanamo 17: 1: 1-203. Search in Google Scholar

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds), 1964. Flora Europaea 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. - Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Search in Google Scholar

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds), 1968. Flora Europaea 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. - Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Search in Google Scholar

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds), 1972. Flora Europaea 3. Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. - Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Search in Google Scholar

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds), 1976. Flora Europaea 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). -Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Search in Google Scholar

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds), 1980. Flora Europaea 5. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). - Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Search in Google Scholar

Tveite, B. & Braastad, H. 1981. Bonitering av gran, furu og bjørk. - Norsk Skogbr. 4: 17-22. Search in Google Scholar

TVLF, programstyret, 1993. Tilførsler og virkninger av lufttransporterte forurensninger -rammeprogram. - Norg. ForsknRåd, Oslo. Search in Google Scholar

Tyler, G. 1989. Interacting effects of soil acidity and canopy cover on the species composition of field-layer vegetation in oak/hornbeam forests. - For. Ecol. Mgmt 28: 101-114.10.1016/0378-1127(89)90063-7 Search in Google Scholar

Ulrich, B., Mayer, R. & Khanna, P.K. 1979. Deposition von Luftverunreinigungen und ihre Auswirkungen im Waldekosystemen im Solling. - Sehr. forst. Fak. Univ. Gottingen 58: 1-291. Search in Google Scholar

Urvas, L. & Erviö, R. 1974. Metsätyypin määräytyminen maalajin maaperän kemiallisten ominaisuuksien perusteella. - J. sci. agric. Soc. Finl. 46: 307-319. (Eng. summ.: Influence of the soil type and the chemical properties of soil on determining the forest type)10.23986/afsci.71888 Search in Google Scholar

Valmari, J. 1921. Beiträge zur chemischen Bodenanalyse. - Acta for. fenn. 20: 1-67.10.14214/aff.7064 Search in Google Scholar

Vestad, A. 1979. Frå hverdagslivet i Øvre Gjerstad 1850-1890. - Gjerstad Historielag, Gjerstad. Search in Google Scholar

Viereck, L.A., Dymess, C.T., van Cleve, K. & Foote, M.J. 1983. Vegetation, soils, and forest productivity in selected forest types in interior Alaska. - Can. J. For. Res. 13: 695-702. Search in Google Scholar

Viro, P.J. 1967. Forest manuring on mineral soils. - Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 85: 113-136. Search in Google Scholar

Vitt, D.H. 1990. Growth and production dynamics of boreal mosses over climatic, chemical and topographic gradients. - Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104: 35-59. Search in Google Scholar

Wartenberg, D., Ferson, S. & Rohlf, F.J. 1987. Putting things in order: a critique of detrended correspondence analysis. - Am. Nat. 129: 434-448.10.1086/284647 Search in Google Scholar

Webb, D.A. 1954. Is the classification of plant communities either possible or desirable? -Bot. Tidsskr. 51: 362-370. Search in Google Scholar

Weetman, G. 1968. The relationship between feathermoss growth and the nutrition of black spruce. - In: Lafleur, C. & Butler, J. (eds), Proceedings of the third international peat conference, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, pp. 366-370. Search in Google Scholar

Weetman, G. & Timmer, V. 1967. Feather moss growth and nutrient content under black spruce. -Pulp Pap. Can. tech. Rep. 503: 1-38. Search in Google Scholar

Weir, D.A. & Wilson, J.B. 1987. Micro-pattern in an area of New Zealand alpine vegetation. -Vegetatio 73: 81-88.10.1007/BF00031855 Search in Google Scholar

Werner, P.A. 1976. Ecology of plant populations in successional environments. - Syst. Bot. 1: 246-248.10.2307/2418719 Search in Google Scholar

Whittaker, R.H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. - Ecol. Monogr. 26: 1-80.10.2307/1943577 Search in Google Scholar

Whittaker, R.H. 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. - Ecol. Monogr. 30: 279-338. Search in Google Scholar

Whittaker, R.H. 1962. Classification of natural communities. - Bot. Rev. 28: 1-239.10.1007/BF02860872 Search in Google Scholar

Whittaker, R.H. 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation. - Biol. Rev. Camb. phil. Soc. 42: 207-264.10.1111/j.1469-185X.1967.tb01419.x Search in Google Scholar

Whittaker, R.H. 1978a. Direct gradient analysis. - In: Whittaker, R.H. (ed.), Ordination of plant communities, Junk, The Hague, pp. 7-50. Search in Google Scholar

Whittaker, R.H. & Levin, S.A. 1977. The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities. - Theor. Pop. Biol. 12: 117-139.10.1016/0040-5809(77)90039-9 Search in Google Scholar

Whittaker, R.J. 1991. The vegetation of the Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. - J. Biogeogr. 18: 41-52. Search in Google Scholar

Wilmann, B. & Engen, S. 1991. Valg av rutestørrelse og analysemetode for de faste prøveflatene. - Norsk Inst. NatAnal. Oppdragsmeld. 91: 8-12. Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, S.D. & Keddy, P.A. 1986. Species competitive ability and position along a natural stress/disturbance gradient. - Ecology 67: 1236-1242.10.2307/1938679 Search in Google Scholar

Wittich, W. 1955. Die Standörtlichen Bedingungen für die natürliche Verjüngung der Kiefer und für ihre Erziehung unter Schirm. - Allg. Forst- Jagdztg 126: 109-117. Search in Google Scholar

Wittig, R., Ballach, H.-J. & Brandt, C.J. 1985. Increase of number of acid indicators in the herb layer of the millet grass-beech forest of the Westphalian Bight. - Angew. Bot. 59: 219-232. Search in Google Scholar

Wittig, R. & Neite, H. 1985. Acid indicators around the trunk base of Fagus sylvatica in limestone and loess beechwoods: distribution pattern and phytosociological problems. - Vegetatio 64: 113-119.10.1007/BF00044787 Search in Google Scholar

Wittig, R. & Werner, W. 1986. Beiträge zur Belastungssituation des Flattergras-Buchenwaldes der Westfälischen Bucht - eine Zwischenbilanz. - Dtisseldorfer geobot. Kolloq. 3: 33-70. Search in Google Scholar

Yli-Vakkuri, P. 1961. Kokeellisia tutkimuksia taimien syntymisesta ja ensi kehityksestä kuusikoissa ja männiköissä. - Acta for. fenn. 75: 1: 1-122. (Eng. summ.: Experimental studies on the emergence and initial development of tree seedlings in spruce and pine stands)10.14214/aff.7135 Search in Google Scholar

Yodzis, P. 1986. Competition, mortality, and community structure. - In: Diamond, J. & Case, T.J. (eds), Community ecology, Harper & Row, New York, pp. 480-491. Search in Google Scholar

Zachrisson, O. 1977. Influence of forest fires on the North Swedish boreal forest. - Oikos 29: 22-32.10.2307/3543289 Search in Google Scholar

Zezschwitz, E. von 1982. Akute Bodenversauerung in den Kammlagen des Rothaargebirges. -Forst- Holzwirt 37: 275-276. Search in Google Scholar

Zoladeski, C.A. 1988. Classification and gradient analysis of forest vegetation of Cape Enragé, Bic Oark, Quebec. - Nat. can. 115: 9-18. Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2084-0098
Sprache:
Englisch
Zeitrahmen der Veröffentlichung:
Volume Open
Fachgebiete der Zeitschrift:
Biologie, Botanik, Ökologie, andere