Demographic variables | Self-reported food handling practices |
Food safety knowledge |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean±SDa | Sig.* | Mean±SDa | Sig.* | |
Age | 18 | 44.7±13.2 | 0.370 | 0.127 |
19 | 44.8±14.4 | |||
20 | 43.2±14.4 | |||
21 | 42.8±13.6 | |||
22 | 43.5±15.1 | |||
23 | 44.4±15.0 | |||
Gender | Male | 43.4±13.8 | 0.001 | 0.113 |
Female | 47.4±14.3 | |||
Field of study | Health-related | 48.8±13.3 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Non-health-related | 42.9±13.8 | |||
Year of study | First | 42.3±13.7 | 0.635 | 0.07 |
Second | 44.3±13.9 | |||
Third | 45.8±14.7 | |||
Fourth | 48.4±14.1 | |||
Campus | Novi Sad | 45.8±15.1 | 0.251 | 0.316 |
Belgrade | 44.5±13.8 | |||
Niš | 44.1±12.9 | |||
Residence area | City/Town | 55.8±15.1 | 0.006 | 0.112 |
Suburban area | 51.3±14.3 | |||
Rural area | 32.5±19.1 | |||
Residential status | Parents | 48.6±12.7 | 0.909 | 0.009 |
Friends/roommates | 44.9±15.1 | |||
Alone | 46.1±14.3 | |||
Cooking habits | Daily | 48.1±15.7 | 0.605 | 0.001 |
Sometimes | 45.3±15.1 | |||
Rarely | 43.9±13.8 | |||
Never | 43.1±14.1 | |||
Maternal employment | Works | 48.1±15.1 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
Housewife | 45.1±14.8 |
Demographic variables | %a | |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 45.1 |
Female | 54.9 | |
Age group | 18-20 | 67.9 |
21-23 | 33.1 | |
Field of study | Health-related | 30.8 |
Non-health-related | 69.2 | |
Year of study | First | 4 |
Second | 41.1 | |
Third | 29.8 | |
Fourth | 25.1 | |
Campus | Novi Sad | 32.4 |
Belgrade | 43.5 | |
Niš | 24.1 | |
Residential area | City | 51.2 |
Suburb | 38.5 | |
Rural area | 10.3 | |
Cooking habits | Cook daily | 9.6 |
Sometimes | 33.4 | |
Rarely | 30.7 | |
Maternal employment | Never | 26.0 |
Works | 30.7 | |
Housewife | 69.3 |
Questions | Multiple-choice responses | Correct | responses | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Novi Sad | Belgrade | Niš | ||
(17) Which of the following scenarios for | 82.7% | 81.3% | 80.1% | |
cleaning kitchen counters is the BEST? | Sanitizer, then water | 8.2% | 8.2% | 8.7% |
Brush, then sanitizer | 4.9% | 5.9% | 5.7% | |
Water, then drying | 2.5% | 2.9% | 1.8% | |
(18) While washing your hands, it | 10 seconds | 24.1% | 23% | 23.1% |
is enough to rub them for…? | 32.7% | 33.4% | 30.7% | |
30 seconds | 27.4% | 28.7% | 25.9% | |
40 seconds | 5.2% | 4.3% | 4.7% | |
(19) Freezing kills harmful germs in food. | True | 31.0% | 29.3% | 30.2% |
67.8% | 69.1% | 67.2% | ||
(20) Which food is the LEAST | Baked potato left on the kitchen counter overnight | 27.8% | 27.3% | 26.1% |
likely to cause food poisoning? | Leftover chicken eaten cold | 16.3% | 15.8% | 16.1% |
37.1% | 38.6% | 36.9% | ||
Slices of pizza left on the counter overnight | 17.1% | 16.6% | 18.8% | |
(21) What is the recommended | 72.5% | 73.4% | 72.1% | |
temperature for freezers? | 18°C | 4.2% | 3.9% | 4.1% |
8°C | 5.9% | 5.6% | 5.7% | |
0°C | 14.2% | 13.9% | 14% | |
(22) What is the recommended | -4°C | 11.3% | 10.3% | 9.9% |
temperature for fridges? | 4°C | 68.2% | 67.9% | 67.8% |
12°C | 10.1% | 11.1% | 10.7% | |
16°C | 6.6% | 6.3% | 6% | |
(23) Which food does NOT | Fruit salad | 4.8% | 4.5% | 4.3% |
need to be refrigerated? | Open can of peas | 6.9% | 6.4% | 6.1% |
82.2% | 80.2% | 79.9% | ||
Chocolate pudding | 6.1% | 5.5% | 5.7% | |
(24) How can food be made safe if | 65.9% | 66% | 65.7% | |
it has salmonella bacteria in it? | Freeze it for 3 days | 7.3% | 7% | 7.1% |
Such food cannot be made safe | 5.2% | 4.9% | 5% | |
Don’t know | 19.3% | 19.6% | 19.9% | |
(25) For a burger to be safe to | 52°C | 12.4% | 11.4% | 12.9% |
eat, it needs to be cooked until its | 33.1% | 33.6% | 32.9% | |
internal temperature reaches: | 121°C | 27.3% | 28.7% | 29.3% |
130°C | 10.4% | 9.4% | 8.4% | |
(26) The microorganisms that cause | 62.8% | 63.5% | 62.1% | |
most foodborne illnesses are: | Viruses | 9.9% | 10.9% | 9.1% |
Parasites | 8.4% | 8.9% | 8% | |
Fungi | 14% | 13.8% | 15.1% | |
(27) Which of these individuals should | 10.1% | 9.9% | 9.7% | |
NOT prepare food for other people? | A person with severe acne | 19.7% | 22.1% | 20.1% |
A person with HIV | 14.5% | 13.1% | 17.1% | |
A person with a cold | 51.8% | 49.8% | 46.3% | |
(28) Which food do pregnant women, | Soft cheeses | 38.4% | 39.9% | 36.1% |
infants, and children need NOT to avoid? | Raw or undercooked eggs | 14.1% | 13.7% | 11.3% |
Undercooked hot dogs | 2.6% | 1.3% | 4.6% | |
41.3% | 42.9% | 44.1% | ||
(29) Which of these individuals are the | Old people | 13.1% | 16.1% | 15.1% |
LEAST likely to get food poisoning? | Pregnant women | 8.3% | 14.9% | 10.6% |
63.7% | 60.7% | 59.9% | ||
Cancer patients | 14.9% | 8.3% | 12.1% | |
(30) Most disease-causing bacteria can | 30.7% | 31.3% | 29.9% | |
grow within a temperature range between: | 20-40°C | 39.1% | 40.3% | 37.9% |
40-60°C | 13.9% | 8.9% | 16.3% | |
30-70°C | 8.8% | 10.8% | 7.9% |
Questions | Multiple-choice responses | Correct responses |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
Novi Sad | Belgrade | Niš | ||
(1) At home, what is most practiced after | Use the board as it is | 1.8% | 3.3% | 3.4% |
using a cutting board to slice raw meat | Wipe the board with a paper towel | 1.9% | 3.4% | 3.6% |
and need to cut tomatoes afterwards? | Wash the board with soap and water | 36.1% | 45.9% | 40.4% |
60.9% | 54.1% | 50.5% | ||
(2) On campus, how do you dry | Paper towel | 87.1% | 87.8% | 85.6% |
your hands after washing them? | Hot air electrical dryer | 5.9% | 5.2% | 6.9% |
Leave them to dry on their own | 2.9% | 2.3% | 3.4% | |
2.1% | 2.7% | 2.1% | ||
(3) In the fridge (not freezer) of your | Top shelf | 57.4% | 56.1% | 56.9% |
house, where is the raw meat stored? | Medium shelf | 8.4% | 5.8% | 6.7% |
30.2% | 34.2% | 31.7% | ||
(4) If you have a sore on the back of | Yes, but after putting a bandage on it | 33.6% | 34.9% | 35.1% |
your hand, do you prepare food? | Yes, but after putting on a glove | 12.1% | 15.6% | 15.6% |
29.4% | 28.1% | 27.9% | ||
No, I do not prepare food until the sore heals | 23.1% | 19.4% | 17.6% | |
(5) When you cut raw meat and need to | Reuse the knife as it is | 1.4% | 2.2% | 3.2% |
use the knife again, what do you do? | Rinse the knife with cold water | 17.5% | 15.0% | 16.1% |
76.1% | 78.1% | 77.3% | ||
Wipe the knife with a cloth | 3.2% | 2.9% | 1.9% | |
(6) Do you take off jewelry | 79.3% | 76.8% | 75% | |
when preparing food? | No | 19.1% | 21.5% | 23.4% |
Not applicable | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.1% | |
(7) At home, how do you check | By checking the color | 40.1% | 35.9% | 39.3% |
that a burger is cooked enough? | By checking the firmness | 36.1% | 40.0% | 38.4% |
8.7% | 8.1% | 8% | ||
By checking the cooking time | 12.1% | 11.5% | 11.1% | |
(8) At home, you fry eggs until the: | Egg white is solid and the yolk is semi-solid | 24.2% | 22.8% | 23.9% |
Egg white and yolk are semi-solid | 7.3% | 6.7% | 8.8% | |
56.2% | 58.3% | 57.7% | ||
(9) During your supermarket | At the beginning of shopping | 7.2% | 9.6% | 10.2% |
shopping, when do you place | About halfway through the shopping | 8.4% | 10.2% | 11.9% |
refrigerated meat in your cart? | At the end of the shopping | 59.7% | 57.5% | 54.2% |
It does not matter | 22.8% | 20.6% | 22.8% | |
(10) At home, how do you defrost | Heat it in a microwave | 17.2% | 12.7% | 18.9% |
frozen meat/chicken? | Put it under running water for 1 h | 14.3% | 19.7% | 18.1% |
Leave it on the kitchen counter for 1h | 38.5% | 31.2% | 33.1% | |
Leave it in the fridge for a few hours | 28.8% | 26.5% | 27.1% | |
(11) Do you have a thermometer | Yes | 55.2% | 53.7% | 54.6% |
in your fridge? | No | 43.7% | 44.2% | 44.3% |
(12) If your roommate or family member | In the fridge | 30.1% | 27.3% | 38.5% |
is going to be several hours late for a hot | In a cool oven | 24.2% | 22.5% | 23.1% |
meal, where do you leave the meal? | In a warm oven | 32.3% | 37.8% | 39.7% |
On the counter | 13.0% | 12.5% | 9.6% | |
(13) When preparing food, you wash your | Your face | 36.9% | 33.4% | 32% |
hands after touching which of these? | Clean pots and counter | 9.1% | 8.6% | 7.1% |
Utensils being used in food preparation | 33.7% | 31.2% | 31.7% | |
I do not wash my hands after touching any of the above | 15.7% | 15.2% | 14.8% | |
(14) At home, how do you treat | Dip them in water and salt | 5.8% | 5.9% | 5.7% |
fresh fruit and vegetables? | Wash them with soap | 16.7% | 16.9% | 16.6% |
Wash them under running water | 71.4% | 70.9% | 71.1% | |
Boil them | 3.5% | 3.7% | 3.8% | |
(15) How often is the kitchen sink | Daily | 52.1% | 48.6% | 46.7% |
drain in your home sanitized? | Weekly | 23.9% | 24.4% | 22.1% |
Never | 2.9% | 2.4% | 3.9% | |
Only when I wash food in the sink | 10.1% | 12.6% | 13.8% | |
(16) How do you wash your hands | Soap and water | 97.1% | 97% | 96.9% |
before cooking or eating? | Water only | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.3% |
Hand sanitizer | 0.9% | 1.1% | 1.2% | |
I do not wash my hands | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
Collection method | Self-administrated questionnaire | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sampling unit | Students over 18 years of age | ||
Novi Sad | Belgrade | Niš | |
3.8% | 5% | 3.2% | |
95% | 99% | 95% | |
140,500 per year |