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Termite Mound Soils for Sustainable Production of Bricks

Alemu Mosisa Legese
Alemu Mosisa Legese
, 
Tesfaye Geneti Kenate
Tesfaye Geneti Kenate
 und 
Fekadu Fufa Feyessa
Fekadu Fufa Feyessa
   | 30. Juni 2021
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Article Category: Original Study
Online veröffentlicht: 30. Juni 2021
Seitenbereich: 142 - 154
Eingereicht: 22. Okt. 2020
Akzeptiert: 09. März 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2021-0006
Schlüsselwörter
© 2021 Alemu Mosisa Legese et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Point locations of Sene and Jawaj sampling sites.
Point locations of Sene and Jawaj sampling sites.

Figure 2

Colour of the termite mounds: (a) Jawaj (Red); (b) Sene (grey).
Colour of the termite mounds: (a) Jawaj (Red); (b) Sene (grey).

Figure 3

TMSs bricks production characterisation process: A = Sample collection; B = Preparation; C = Moulding; D = Firing; E = Fired bricks; and F = Compressive strength.
TMSs bricks production characterisation process: A = Sample collection; B = Preparation; C = Moulding; D = Firing; E = Fired bricks; and F = Compressive strength.

Figure 4

Particle size distribution curve.
Particle size distribution curve.

Figure 5

LL of JTMSs, STMSs and clay soils.
LL of JTMSs, STMSs and clay soils.

Figure 6

Standard compaction curve for TMSs and clay soil (fourth-order polynomial was used to give better results than the tangent line approximation).
Standard compaction curve for TMSs and clay soil (fourth-order polynomial was used to give better results than the tangent line approximation).

Figure 7

Compressive strength of TMSs bricks and clay soils bricks at different firing temperatures.
Compressive strength of TMSs bricks and clay soils bricks at different firing temperatures.

Figure 8

Average dimension tolerance test results along the length 240 mm.
Average dimension tolerance test results along the length 240 mm.

Figure 9

Average dimension tolerance test results along the width 120 mm.
Average dimension tolerance test results along the width 120 mm.

Figure 10

Average dimension tolerance test results along the width 60 mm.
Average dimension tolerance test results along the width 60 mm.

AASHTO classification for fine-grained soils (Brajam, 2002).

Soil type (1) Passing No. 200 sieve (2) Liquid limit (3) Plastic index (4) Material type (5)
A4 36 min 36 min 10 min Silty soil
A5 36 min 41 min 10 min Silty soil
A6 36 min 40 min 11 min Clayey soil
A7 36 min 41 min 11 min & PI ≤ LL-30 Clayey soil
36 min 41 min 11 min & PI > LL-30 Clayey soil

Average water absorption and saturation coefficient of TMSs and clay soils bricks and their classification.

Type Description Firing temperature (°C)
500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Jawaj Mean W of 5 bricks (%) 12.26 14.72 15.72 15.98 11.17 9.88
Classification ES 86:2001 A A A A A A
ASTM C 62-97a SW SW SW SW SW SW
Mean saturation coefficients of 5 bricks % 0.85 0.84 0.78 0.70 0.39 0.37
Classification ES 86:2001 A A A A A A
ASTM C 62-97a SW SW SW SW SW SW
Sene Mean W of 5 bricks (%) 17.48 19.12 21.07 18.60 17.43 21.38
Classification ES 86:2001 A A A A A A
ASTM C 62-97a SW SW SW SW SW SW
Mean saturation coefficients of 5 bricks (%) 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.73 0.57
Classification ES 86:2001 B B B A A A
ASTM C 62-97a MW MW MW SW SW SW
Clay soil Mean W* of 5 bricks % 12.98 12.04 11.86 10.67 9.48 8.88
Classification (ES 86:2001) A A A A A A
ASTM C 62-97a SW SW SW SW SW SW
Mean saturation coefficients of 5 bricks (%) 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.69 0.68 0.65
Classification (ES 86:2001) B B B A A A
ASTM C 62-97a MW MW MW SW SW SW

Physical properties of TMSs samples and clay soils.

Index properties JTMSs STMSs Clay soils
Specific gravity 2.55 2.66 2.68
LL (%) 38 38 33.94
PL (%) 20 23 19.27
PI (%) 19 16 14.7
MDD* (kg/m3) 1,684 1,614 1,870
OMC* (%) 18 19 14.6
AASHTO class A6 A6 A6

Oxide compositions of TMS.

TMS Chemical compositions (%)
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O MnO P2O5 TiO2 H2O LOI SO3
JTMSs 63.00 17.59 5.34 0.60 1.00 1.14 2.10 0.02 0.04 0.26 1.75 8.19 0.34
STMSs 61.38 18.48 5.90 0.66 1.14 1.84 1.14 0.06 0.05 0.28 0.65 8.38 0.32

Specific gravities ranges for various soil types (Das & Sawicki, 2001).

Soil type Specific gravity
Sand 2.63–2.67
Silt 2.65–2.7
Clay and silty clay 2.67–2.9
Organic soil < 2

Mean compressive strength of five bricks and their classifications.

Bricks Description Firing temperature (°C)
500 600 700 800 900 1,000
JTMSs bricks Mean compressive strength of 5 bricks (MPa) 11 15 18 15 13 11
Classification ES 86:2001 C B B B C C
ASTM C 62-97a NW NW MW MW NW NW
STMSs bricks Mean compressive strength of 5 bricks 8 10 14 13 12 12
Classification ES 86:2001 D C C C C C
ASTM C 62-97a - NW NW NW NW NW
JTMSs and STMSs bricks Mean compressive strength of 5 bricks 9.4 12.8 16.4 14.1 12.6 11.3
Classification ES 86:2001 D B B B B C
ASTM C 62-97a D C C C C C
Clay soil bricks Mean compressive strength of 5 bricks 8.10 8.58 10.8 13.02 15.25 17.36
Classification ES 86:2001 D D C C B B
ASTM C 62-97a - - NW NW MW MW
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