Molecular markers in cervical screening – a promise for the future

1. Ostor AG. Natural history of cervical intraephitelial neoplasia: a critical review. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1993; 12(2):186-9210.1097/00004347-199304000-00018Search in Google Scholar

2. Davey E, Barrat A, Irwing L, Chan SF, Macaskill P, Mannes P. Effect of study design and quality on unsatisfactory rates, cytology classifications and accuracy in liquid- based versus conventional cervical cytology: a systematic review. Lancet. 2006; 367(9505):122-3210.1016/S0140-6736(06)67961-0Search in Google Scholar

3. Confortini M, Bergeron C, Desai M, Negri G, Dalla Palma P, Montanari G, et al. Accuracy of liquid-based cytology: comparison of the results obtained within a randomized controlled trial (the New Technologies for Cervical Cancer Screening Study) and an external group of experts. Cancer Cytopathol. 2010 Aug 25;118(4):203-8.10.1002/cncy.20081Search in Google Scholar

4. Yim E-K, Park J-S. Biomarkers in Cervical Cancer. Biomark Insights. 2007 Feb 7;1:215-25.10.1177/117727190600100015Search in Google Scholar

5. von Knebel Doeberitz M. New markers for cervical dyspalsia to visualize the genomic chaos created by aberrant oncogenic papilomavirus infections. Eur J Cancer. 2002; 38(17):2229-4210.1016/S0959-8049(02)00462-8Search in Google Scholar

6. Koskimaa HM, Kurvinen K, Costa S, Syrjanen K, Szrjanen S. Molecular markers implicating early malignant events in cervical carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010; 19(8)2003-12. Epub 2010 Jul 2010.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0781Search in Google Scholar

7. Malinowski D. Molecular diagnostic assays for cervical neoplasia: emerging markers for the detection of high-grade cervical disease. Biotechniques. 2005; Suppl: 17-2310.2144/05384SU03Search in Google Scholar

8. zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses causing cancer: evasion from host-cell control in early events in carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000; 92(9):690-810.1093/jnci/92.9.690Search in Google Scholar

9. Naucler P, Ryd W, Törnberg S, Strand A, Wadell G, Hansson BG, et al. HPV type-specific risks of high-grade CIN during 4 years of follow-up: a population-based prospective study. Br. J. Cancer. 2007 Jul 2;97(1):129-32.10.1038/sj.bjc.6603843Search in Google Scholar

10. Moscicki AB, Shiboski S, Broering J. The natural history of human papillomavirus infection as measured by repeated DNA testing in adolescent and young women. J Pediatr. 1998; 132:277-8410.1016/S0022-3476(98)70445-7Search in Google Scholar

11. Goldie SJ, Grima D, Kohli M, Wright TC, Weinstein M, Franco E. A comprehensive natural history model of HPV infection and cervical cancer to estimate the clinical impact of a prophylactic HPV-16/18 vaccine. Int. J. Cancer. 2003 Oct 10;106(6):896-904.10.1002/ijc.11334Search in Google Scholar

12. Snidjers PJ, Steenbergen RD, Heideman DA, Meijer CJ. HPV mediated cervical carcinogenesis: conceps and clinical implications. J Pathol. 2006 Jan; 208(2):152-6410.1002/path.1866Search in Google Scholar

13. Wentzensen N, Vinokurova S, von Knebel Doeberitz M. Molecular markers of cervical squamous cell cancer precursor lesions. J Gynec Oncol. 2006; 11:30-40Search in Google Scholar

14. Duensing S, Munger K. The human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins independently induce numerical and structural chromosome instability. Cancer Res. 2002;62(23):7075-82Search in Google Scholar

15. Melsheimer P, Vinokurova S, Wentzensen N, Bastert G, von Knebel Doeberitz M. DNA aneuploidy and integration of human papillomavirus type 16e7/e7 oncogenes in intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 10(9)3059-6310.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0565Search in Google Scholar

16. Koliopoulos G, Valasoulis G, Zilakou E. An update review on HPV testing methods for cervical neoplasia. Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics. 2009;3(2):123-31.10.1517/17530050802705680Search in Google Scholar

17. Schiffman M, Wentzensen N, Wacholder S, Kinney W, Gage JC, Castle PE. Human papillomavirus testing in the prevention of cervical cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2011 Mar 2;103(5):368-83.10.1093/jnci/djq562Search in Google Scholar

18. Cuzick J, Szarewski A, Cubie H, Hulman G, Kitchener H, Luesley D. Management of women who test positive for high-risk types of human papillomavirus: the HART study. Lancet. 2003; 362(9399):1871-6.10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14955-0Search in Google Scholar

19. Wetnzensen N, Vinokurova S, von Knebel Doeberitz M. Systematic review of genomic integration sites of human papillomavirus genomes in epithelial dysplasia and invasive cancer of the female genital tract. Cancer Res.2004; 64(11): 3878-8410.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-000915172997Search in Google Scholar

20. Pett M, Coleman N.Integration of high-risk human papillomavirus: a key event in cervical carcinogenesis? J Pathol.2007; 212(4):356-6710.1002/path.219217573670Search in Google Scholar

21. Goel MM, Mehrotra A, Singh U, Gupta HP, Misra JS. MIB-1 and PCNA immunostaining as a diagnostic adjunct to cervical Pap smear. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005 Jul;33(1):15-9.10.1002/dc.2021815945082Search in Google Scholar

22. Pirog EC, Baergen RN, Soslow RA, Tam D, DeMattia AE, Chen YT. Diagnostic accuracy of cervical low grade squamous intraephitelial lesions is improved with MIB-1 immunostaining. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002; 26(1):70-510.1097/00000478-200201000-0000811756771Search in Google Scholar

23. Brown CA, Bogers J, Sahebali S, Depuydt CE, De Prins F, Malinowski DP.Role of Protein Biomarkers in the Detection of High-Grade Disease in Cervical Cancer Screening Programs.J Oncol. 2012; 2012: 289315, doi:10.1155/2012/28931510.1155/2012/289315331721422481919Search in Google Scholar

24. Golijow CD, Abba MC, Mouron SA, Gomez MA, Dulout FN. C-myc gene amplification detected in preinvasive intraephitelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2001; 11(6):462-510.1046/j.1525-1438.2001.01063.x11906549Search in Google Scholar

25. Klaes R, Friedrich T, Spitkovsy D, Ridder R., Rudy U, Petry G et al. Overexpression of p16ink4A as a specific marker for dysplastic and neoplastic epithelial cells of the cervix uteri. Int J Cancer. 2001; 92:276-8410.1002/ijc.117411291057Search in Google Scholar

26. Sahebali S, Depuydt CE, Segers K, Moeneclay AJ, Vereecken AJ, Van Marck E, et al. P16INK4A as an adjunct marker inliquid-based cervical cytology. Int J Cancer. 2004; 108:871-610.1002/ijc.1158914712490Search in Google Scholar

27. Tringler B, Gup CJ, Singh M, Groshong S, Shroyer AL, Heinz DE et al. Evaluation of p16INK4A and pRB expression in cervical squamous and glandular neoplasia. Hum Pathol. 2004; 35:689-9610.1016/j.humpath.2004.02.01215188135Search in Google Scholar

28. Schorge JO, Lea JS, Elias KJ, Rajanbabu R, Coleman RL, Miller DS et al. P16INK4A as a molecular biomarker of cervical adenocarcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190:66810.1016/j.ajog.2003.09.03815041997Search in Google Scholar

29. Passamonti B, Gustinucci D, Recchia P, Bulletti S, Carlani A, Cesarini E, et al. Expression of p16 in abnormal pap-tests as an indicator of CIN2+ lesions: a possible role in the low grade ASC/US and L/SIL (Ig) cytologic lesions for screening prevention of uterine cervical tumours. Pathologica. 2010; 102(1): 6-11Search in Google Scholar

30. Sung CO, Kim SR, Oh YL, Song SY. The use of p16 (INK4A) immunocytochemistry in "Atypical squamous cells which cannot exclude HSIL" compared with "Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance" in liquidbased cervical smears. Diag.Cytopathol. 2010; 38(3):168-71Search in Google Scholar

31. Klaes R, Benner A, Freidrich T, Ridder R, Herrington S, Jenkins D. p16INK4a immunohistochemistry improves interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of cervical intraephitelial neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol.2002; 26(11):1389-9910.1097/00000478-200211000-0000112409715Search in Google Scholar

32. Lee S, Kim H, Kim H, Kim C, Kim I.The Utility of p16INK4a and Ki-67 as a Conjunctive Tool in Uterine Cervical Lesions.Korean J Pathol. 2012 June; 46(3): 253-26010.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.3.253347976223110011Search in Google Scholar

33. Ordi J, Garcia S, delPino M, Landolfi S, Alonso I, Quito L, et al.p16 INK4a immunostaining identifies occult CIN lesions in HPV-positive women. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2009; 28(1):90-7.10.1097/PGP.0b013e31817e9ac519047902Search in Google Scholar

34. Carozzi F, Cecchini S, Confortini M, Becattini V, Cariaggi MP, Pontenani G. Role of p16 expression in identifying CIN2 or more severe lesions among HPV-positive patients reffered for colposcopy after abnormal cytology. Cancer. 2006 Apr 25; 108(2):119-2310.1002/cncr.2171316411180Search in Google Scholar

35. Tringler B, Gup CJ, Shroyer KR. Correlation between p16 and pRb expression in cervical squamous and glandular neoplasia. Human Pathol. 2004; 35:689-9610.1016/j.humpath.2004.02.01215188135Search in Google Scholar

36. Branca M, Giorgi C, Santini D, Di Bonito L, Ciotti M, Costa S et al; HPV-Pathogen ISS Study Group. Survivin as a marker of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and high-risk human papillomavirus and a predictor of virus clearance and prognosis in cervical cancer. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005 Jul;124(1):113-2110.1309/L8BWF431WU9AC8FJ15923164Search in Google Scholar

37. Lu D, Qian J, Yin X, Xiao Q, Wang C, Zeng Y. Expression of PTEN and survivin in cervical cancer: promising biological markers for early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation. Br J Biomed Sci. 2012;69(4):143-6.10.1080/09674845.2012.12069142Search in Google Scholar

38. Wu SF, Zhang JW, Qian WY, Yang YB, Liu Y, Dong Y et al. Altered expression of survivin, Fas and FasL contributed to cervical cancer development and metastasis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012 Dec;16(15):2044-50.Search in Google Scholar

39. Ault KA, Allen HK, Phillips SL, Zimmerman MB, Klingelhitz AJ. Telomerase activity as a potential diagnostic marker for triage of abnormal Pap smears. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2005; 9(2):93-910.1097/00128360-200504000-00005222306815870530Search in Google Scholar

40. Barbosa LC, da Silva ID, Correa JC, Ribalta JC. Survivin and telomerase expression in the uterine cervix of women with human papillomavirus-induced lesions. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011; 21(1):15-2110.1097/IGC.0b013e318203d42b21330827Search in Google Scholar

41. Tu Z, Zhang A, Wu R, Jiang J, Li Y, Wulan N et al. Genomic amplification of the human telomerase RNA gene for differential diagnosis of cervical disorders. Cancer Gent Cytogenet. 2009; 191(1):10-1610.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.01.00419389503Search in Google Scholar

42. Porika M, Tippani R, Mohammad A, Bollam SR, Panuganti SD, Abbagani S. Evaluation of serum human telomerase reverse transcriptase as a novel marker for cervical cancer. Int J Biol Markers. 2011; 26(1):22-610.5301/JBM.2011.6352Search in Google Scholar

43. Samson SJ, Parker MR, Hessling JJ, Prpic DK, Hall L, Taylor AJ. Data comparison of three molecular markers (MCM7, p16 and integrin beta) for the detection of cervical dysplasia in SurePath cytology specimens.Acta Cytol.2004; 43:658Search in Google Scholar

44. Dilinuer A, Azar A, Colgan T, Nanji S. A Pilot Evaluation of a Novel Immunohistochemical Assay for Topoisomerase II-α and Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 2 Expression (ProEx C) in Cervical Adenocarcinoma In Situ, Adenocarcinoma, and Benign Glandular Mimics. Int J Gynecol Pathol.2009;28(2):114-910.1097/PGP.0b013e318189557319188825Search in Google Scholar

45. Sanati S, Huettner P, Ylagan LR. Role of ProExC: a novel immunoperoxidase marker in the evaluation of dysplastic squamous and glandular lesions in cervical specimens. Int J Gynecol Pathol.2010; 29(1):79-9710.1097/PGP.0b013e3181ae81a019952938Search in Google Scholar

46. Baege AC, Disbrow GL, Schlegel R. IGFBP-3, a marker of cellular senescence, is overexpressed in human papillomavirus-immortalized cervical cells and enhances IGF-1 mitogenesis. J Virol.2004; 78:5720-710.1128/JVI.78.11.5720-5727.200441582815140969Search in Google Scholar

47. Guo M, Baruch AC, Silva EG, Jan Yj, Lin S, Sneige N, et al. Efficacy of p16 and ProExC immunostaining in the detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neo- plasia and cervical carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol.2011 feb; 135(2):211-2010.1309/AJCP1LLX8QMDXHHO21228361Search in Google Scholar

48. Sanati S, Huettner P, Ylagan LR. Role of ProExC: a novel immunoperoxidase marker in the evaluation of dysplastic squamous and glandular lesions in cervical specimens. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2010 Jan; 29(1):79-87.10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181ae81a019952938Search in Google Scholar

49. Heselmeyer-Haddad K, Sommerfeld K, Schrock E, duMS, Blegen H, Shah K, Steinbeck R. Gain of chromosome 3q defines the transition from severe dysplasia to invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Proc Natl Acd Sci USA. 1996; 93(1):479-8410.1073/pnas.93.1.479402628552665Search in Google Scholar

50. Vazquez-Mena O, Medina-Martinez I, Juarez-Torres E, Barron V, Espinosa A, Villegas-Sepulveda N. Amplified genes may be overexpressed, unchanged, or down regulated in Cervical Cancer Cell Lines. PLoS One. 2012; 7(3): e3266710.1371/journal.pone.0032667329674522412903Search in Google Scholar

51. Mathevet P, Frappart L, Hittelman W. [Cervix dysplasias: study of Rb and p53 gene expression and correlation with mitotic activity]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2000 Jan;28(1):44-50.Search in Google Scholar

52. Wentzensen N, Sherman NE, Schiffman M, Wang SS.Utility of methylation markers in cervical cancer early detection: appraisal of the state-of-the-science. Gynecol Oncol. 2009; 112(2):291-210.1016/j.ygyno.2008.10.012267371619054549Search in Google Scholar

53. Yang N, Nijhuis ER, Volders HH, Eijsink JJ, Lendvai A, Zhang B, et al. Gene promoter methylation patterns throughout the process of cervical carcinogenesis. Cell Oncol. 2010; 32(1-2): 131-43.10.1155/2010/306087Search in Google Scholar

54. Weaver EJ, Kovatich AJ, Bibbo M. Cyclin E expression and early cervical neoplasia in Thin Prep specimens. A feasability study. Acta Cytol. 2001; 25(7):884-91Search in Google Scholar

55. El-Ghobashy AA, Shaaba AM, Herod J, Innes J, Prime W, Herrington CS. Overexpression of cyclins A and B as markers of neoplastic glandular lesions of the cervix uteri. Gynecol Oncol. 2004; 92:628-3410.1016/j.ygyno.2003.11.01014766257Search in Google Scholar

56. Obermair A, Bancher-Todesca D, Bilgi S, Kaider A, Kohlberger P, Müllauer-Ertl S et al. Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and microvessel density in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Aug 20;89(16):1212-710.1093/jnci/89.16.12129274916Search in Google Scholar

57. Ozalp S, Yalcin OT, Oner U, Tanir HM, Acikalin M, Sarac I. Microvessel density as a prognostic factor in preinvasive and invasive cervical lesions. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2003;24(5):425-8Search in Google Scholar

58. Branca M, Giorgi C, Ciotti M, Santini D, Di Bonito L, Costa S et al; HPV-Pathogen Istituto Superiore di Sanità Study Group. Down-regulated nucleoside diphosphate kinase nm23-H1 expression is unrelated to high-risk human papillomavirus but associated with progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and unfavourable prognosis in cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2006 Oct;59(10):1044-51.10.1136/jcp.2005.033142186174916537673Search in Google Scholar