This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Connors JM, Levy JH. Thromboinflammation and the hypercoagulability of COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18(7):1559–61.ConnorsJMLevyJHThromboinflammation and the hypercoagulability of COVID-19202018715596110.1111/jth.1484932302453Search in Google Scholar
Becker RC. COVID-19 update: Covid-19-associated coagulopathy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 50:54–67.BeckerRCCOVID-19 update: Covid-19-associated coagulopathy202050546710.1007/s11239-020-02134-3722509532415579Search in Google Scholar
Lüscher TF. Understanding COVID-19: in the end it is the endothelium-what else? Eur Heart J 2020; 41:3023–7.LüscherTFUnderstanding COVID-19: in the end it is the endothelium-what else?2020413023710.1093/eurheartj/ehaa706749964333216863Search in Google Scholar
Giannis D, Ziogas IA, Gianni P. Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past. J Clin Virol 2020; 127:104362. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104362.GiannisDZiogasIAGianniPCoagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past202012710436210.1016/j.jcv.2020.104362719527832305883Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Steffel J, Lüscher TF, Tanner FC. Tissue factor in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Circulation 2006; 113:722–31.SteffelJLüscherTFTannerFCTissue factor in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications20061137223110.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.56729716461845Search in Google Scholar
Bobescu E, Marceanu LG, Covaciu A, Vladau LA. Thrombosis, an important piece in the COVID-19 puzzle: from pathophysiology to therapy. Anatol J Cardiol 2021; 25(9):601–8.BobescuEMarceanuLGCovaciuAVladauLAThrombosis, an important piece in the COVID-19 puzzle: from pathophysiology to therapy2021259601810.5152/AnatolJCardiol.2021.475844319534498590Search in Google Scholar
Nopp S, Moik F, Jilma B, Pabinger I, Ay C. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4(7):1178–91.NoppSMoikFJilmaBPabingerIAyCRisk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis20204711789110.1002/rth2.12439753713733043231Search in Google Scholar
Dutch COVID & Thrombosis Coalition, Kaptein FHJ, Stals MAM, Grootenboers M, Braken SJE, Burggraaf JLI, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications and overall survival in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the second and first wave. Thromb Res 2021; 199:143–8.Dutch COVID & Thrombosis CoalitionKapteinFHJStalsMAMGrootenboersMBrakenSJEBurggraafJLIIncidence of thrombotic complications and overall survival in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the second and first wave2021199143810.1016/j.thromres.2020.12.019783221833535120Search in Google Scholar
Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers D, Kant KM, et al. Confirmation of the high cumulative incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: an updated analysis. Thromb Res 2020; 191:148–50.KlokFAKruipMJHAvan der MeerNJMArbousMSGommersDKantKMConfirmation of the high cumulative incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: an updated analysis20201911485010.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.041719210132381264Search in Google Scholar
Desai R, Gandhi Z, Singh S, Sachdeva S, Manaktala P, Savani S, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary embolism in COVID-19: a pooled analysis. SN Compr Clin Med 2020; 2:2722–5.DesaiRGandhiZSinghSSachdevaSManaktalaPSavaniSPrevalence of pulmonary embolism in COVID-19: a pooled analysis202022722510.1007/s42399-020-00605-5759494333145478Search in Google Scholar
Parra LM, Cantero M, Morrás I, Vallejo A, Diego I, Jiménez-Tejero E, et al. Hospital readmissions of discharged patients with COVID-19. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:1359–66.ParraLMCanteroMMorrásIVallejoADiegoIJiménez-TejeroEHospital readmissions of discharged patients with COVID-1920201313596610.2147/IJGM.S275775771943833299342Search in Google Scholar
Bourguignon A, Beaulieu C, Belkaid W, Desilets A, Blais N. Incidence of thrombotic outcomes for patients hospitalized and discharged after COVID-19 infection, Thromb Res 2020; 196:491–3.BourguignonABeaulieuCBelkaidWDesiletsABlaisNIncidence of thrombotic outcomes for patients hospitalized and discharged after COVID-19 infection2020196491310.1016/j.thromres.2020.10.017755725633091702Search in Google Scholar
Patell R, Bogue T, Koshy A, Bindal P, Merrill M, Aird WC, et al. Postdischarge thrombosis and hemorrhage in patients with COVID-19. Blood 2020; 136:1342–6.PatellRBogueTKoshyABindalPMerrillMAirdWCPostdischarge thrombosis and hemorrhage in patients with COVID-1920201361342610.1182/blood.2020007938748343332766883Search in Google Scholar
Salisbury R, Iotchkova V, Jaafar S, Morton J, Sangha G, Shah A, et al. Incidence of symptomatic, image-confirmed venous thromboembolism following hospitalization for COVID-19 with 90-day follow-up. Blood Adv 2020; 4:6230–9.SalisburyRIotchkovaVJaafarSMortonJSanghaGShahAIncidence of symptomatic, image-confirmed venous thromboembolism following hospitalization for COVID-19 with 90-day follow-up202046230910.1182/bloodadvances.2020003349775700933351117Search in Google Scholar
Roberts LN, Whyte MB, Georgiou L, Giron G, Czuprynska J, Rea C, et al. Postdischarge venous thromboembolism following hospital admission with COVID-19. Blood 2020; 136(11):1347–50.RobertsLNWhyteMBGeorgiouLGironGCzuprynskaJReaCPostdischarge venous thromboembolism following hospital admission with COVID-1920201361113475010.1182/blood.2020008086748343232746455Search in Google Scholar
Rashidi F, Barco S, Kamangar F, Heresi GA, Emadi A, Kaymaz C, et al. Incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism following hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019: prospective results from a multi-center study. Thromb Res 2021; 198:135–8.RashidiFBarcoSKamangarFHeresiGAEmadiAKaymazCIncidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism following hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019: prospective results from a multi-center study2021198135810.1016/j.thromres.2020.12.001783683733338976Search in Google Scholar
Vlachou M, Drebes A, Candilio L, Weeraman D, Mir N, Murch N, et al. Pulmonary thrombosis in Covid-19: before, during and after hospital admission. J Thromb 2021; 51:978–84.VlachouMDrebesACandilioLWeeramanDMirNMurchNPulmonary thrombosis in Covid-19: before, during and after hospital admission2021519788410.1007/s11239-020-02370-7777573833386559Search in Google Scholar
Engelen MM, Vandenbriele C, Balthazar T, Claeys E, Gunst J, Guler I, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients discharged after COVID-19 hospitalization. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47(4):362–71.EngelenMMVandenbrieleCBalthazarTClaeysEGunstJGulerIVenous thromboembolism in patients discharged after COVID-19 hospitalization20214743627110.1055/s-0041-172728433893631Search in Google Scholar
Giannis D, Allen SL, Tsang J, Flint S, Pinhasov T, Williams S, et al. Postdischarge thromboembolic outcomes and mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the CORE-19 registry. Blood 2021; 20(137):2838–47.GiannisDAllenSLTsangJFlintSPinhasovTWilliamsSPostdischarge thromboembolic outcomes and mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the CORE-19 registry20212013728384710.1182/blood.2020010529803247433824972Search in Google Scholar
Lund LC, Hallas J, Nielsen H, Koch A, Mogensen SH, Brun NC, Christiansen CF, et al. Post-acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals not requiring hospital admission: a Danish population-based cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21(10):1373–82.LundLCHallasJNielsenHKochAMogensenSHBrunNCChristiansenCFPost-acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals not requiring hospital admission: a Danish population-based cohort study2021211013738210.1016/S1473-3099(21)00211-5811020933984263Search in Google Scholar
Venturelli S, Benatti SV, Casati M, Binda F, Zuglian G, Imeri G, et al. Surviving COVID-19 in Bergamo province: a post-acute outpatient re-evaluation, Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821000145.VenturelliSBenattiSVCasatiMBindaFZuglianGImeriGSurviving COVID-19 in Bergamo province: a post-acute outpatient re-evaluation2021149e32https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821000145.10.1017/S0950268821000145787345433461632Search in Google Scholar
Cuker A, Tseng EK, Nieuwlaat R, Angchaisuksiri P, Blair C, Dane K, et al. American Society of Hematology living guidelines on the use of anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19: July 2021 update on postdischarge thromboprophylaxis. Blood Adv 2022; 6(2):664–71.CukerATsengEKNieuwlaatRAngchaisuksiriPBlairCDaneKAmerican Society of Hematology living guidelines on the use of anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19: July 2021 update on postdischarge thromboprophylaxis2022626647110.1182/bloodadvances.2021005945856609734727173Search in Google Scholar
Moores LK, Tritschler T, Brosnahan S, Carrier M, Collen JF, Doerschug K, et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2020; 158(3):1143–63.MooresLKTritschlerTBrosnahanSCarrierMCollenJFDoerschugKPrevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: CHEST guideline and expert panel report2020158311436310.1016/j.chest.2020.05.559726585832502594Search in Google Scholar
Zhai Z, Li C, Chen Y, Gerotziafas G, Zhang Z, Wan J, et al. Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a consensus statement before guidelines. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120(6):937–48.ZhaiZLiCChenYGerotziafasGZhangZWanJPrevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a consensus statement before guidelines202012069374810.1055/s-0040-1710019729526732316065Search in Google Scholar
Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, Chuich T, Dreyfus I, Driggin E, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75(23):2950–73.BikdeliBMadhavanMVJimenezDChuichTDreyfusIDrigginECOVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-the-art review2020752329507310.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.031716488132311448Search in Google Scholar
Spyropoulos AC, Levy JH, Ageno W, Connors JM, Hunt BJ, Iba T, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Communication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18(8):1859–65.SpyropoulosACLevyJHAgenoWConnorsJMHuntBJIbaTScientific and Standardization Committee Communication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19202018818596510.1111/jth.14929728384132459046Search in Google Scholar
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Guidelines. Prevention and management of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk. Accessed on 5 February 2022.Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) GuidelinesAvailable at: www.sign.ac.uk. Accessed on 5 February 2022.Search in Google Scholar
Eswaran H, Jarmul JA, Shaheen AW, Meaux D, Long T, Saccoccio D, et al. Vascular thromboembolic events following COVID-19 hospital discharge: incidence and risk factors. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021; 5(2):292–5.EswaranHJarmulJAShaheenAWMeauxDLongTSaccoccioDVascular thromboembolic events following COVID-19 hospital discharge: incidence and risk factors202152292510.1002/rth2.12485793861333733027Search in Google Scholar
Zuin M, Engelen MM, Barco S, Spyropoulos AC, Vanassche T, Hunt BJ, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2022; 209:94–8.ZuinMEngelenMMBarcoSSpyropoulosACVanasscheTHuntBJIncidence of venous thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge: a systematic review and meta-analysis202220994810.1016/j.thromres.2021.11.029864860434896917Search in Google Scholar
Dobesh PP, Ahuja T, Davis GA, Fatodu H, Francis WH, Hull FP, et al. Venous thromboembolism in acute medically ill patients: identifying unmet needs and weighing the value of prophylaxis. Am J Manag Care 2018; 24(22 Suppl):S468–74.DobeshPPAhujaTDavisGAFatoduHFrancisWHHullFPVenous thromboembolism in acute medically ill patients: identifying unmet needs and weighing the value of prophylaxis20182422 SupplS46874Search in Google Scholar
Effect of anticoagulation therapy on clinical outcomes in moderate to severe coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – COVID-PREVENT. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04416048, Accessed on 3 February 2022.Effect of anticoagulation therapy on clinical outcomes in moderate to severe coronavirus Disease2019ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04416048, Accessed on 3 February 2022.Search in Google Scholar
Capell WH, Barnathan ES, Piazza G, Spyropoulos AC, Hsia J, Bull S, Lipardi C, Sugarmann C, Suh E, Rao JP, Hiatt WR, Bonaca MP. Rationale and design for the study of rivaroxaban to reduce thrombotic events, hospitalization, and death in outpatients with COVID-19: The PREVENT-HD Study. Am Heart J 2021; 235:12–23.CapellWHBarnathanESPiazzaGSpyropoulosACHsiaJBullSLipardiCSugarmannCSuhERaoJPHiattWRBonacaMPRationale and design for the study of rivaroxaban to reduce thrombotic events, hospitalization, and death in outpatients with COVID-19: The PREVENT-HD Study2021235122310.1016/j.ahj.2021.02.001787177533577800Search in Google Scholar
Connors JM, Brooks MM, Sciurba FC, Krishnan JA, Bledsoe JR, Kindzelski A, Baucom AL, Kirwan BA, Eng H, Martin D, Zaharris E, Everett B, Castro L, Shapiro NL, Lin JY, Hou PC, Pepine CJ, Handberg E, Haight DO, Wilson JW, Majercik S, Fu Z, Zhong Y, Venugopal V, Beach S, Wisniewski S, Ridker PM; ACTIV-4B Investigators. Effect of antithrombotic therapy on clinical outcomes in outpatients with clinically Stable Symptomatic COVID-19: The ACTIV-4B Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021; 326(17):1703–12.ConnorsJMBrooksMMSciurbaFCKrishnanJABledsoeJRKindzelskiABaucomALKirwanBAEngHMartinDZaharrisEEverettBCastroLShapiroNLLinJYHouPCPepineCJHandbergEHaightDOWilsonJWMajercikSFuZZhongYVenugopalVBeachSWisniewskiSRidkerPMACTIV-4B InvestigatorsEffect of antithrombotic therapy on clinical outcomes in outpatients with clinically Stable Symptomatic COVID-19: The ACTIV-4B Randomized Clinical Trial20213261717031210.1001/jama.2021.17272850629634633405Search in Google Scholar
Marchandot B, Trimaille A, Curtiaud A, Matsushita K, Jesel L, Morel O. Thromboprophylaxis: balancing evidence and experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 50:799–808.MarchandotBTrimailleACurtiaudAMatsushitaKJeselLMorelOThromboprophylaxis: balancing evidence and experience during the COVID-19 pandemic20205079980810.1007/s11239-020-02231-3737274032696172Search in Google Scholar
Mazzaccaro D, Giacomazzi F, Giannetta M, Varriale A, Scaramuzzo R, Modafferi A, et al. Non-overt coagulopathy in non-ICU patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 pneumonia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:1781. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061781.MazzaccaroDGiacomazziFGiannettaMVarrialeAScaramuzzoRModafferiANon-overt coagulopathy in non-ICU patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 pneumonia20209178110.3390/jcm9061781735565132521707Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ambrosino P, Di Minno A, Maniscalco M, Di Minno MND. COVID-19 and venous thromboembolism: current insights and prophylactic strategies. Ann Med 2020; 52:239–42. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1791355.AmbrosinoPDi MinnoAManiscalcoMDi MinnoMNDCOVID-19 and venous thromboembolism: current insights and prophylactic strategies2020522394210.1080/07853890.2020.1791355787792032619360Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Panigada M, Bottino N, Tagliabue P, Grasselli G, Novembrino C, Chantarangkul V, et al. Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit: a report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1738–42.PanigadaMBottinoNTagliabuePGrasselliGNovembrinoCChantarangkulVHypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit: a report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis20201817384210.1111/jth.1485032302438Search in Google Scholar
Thachil J, Juffermans NP, Ranucci M, Connors JM, Warkentin TE, Ortel TL, et al. ISTH DIC subcommittee communication on anticoagulation in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18(9):2138–44.ThachilJJuffermansNPRanucciMConnorsJMWarkentinTEOrtelTLISTH DIC subcommittee communication on anticoagulation in COVID-19202018921384410.1111/jth.15004740484632881336Search in Google Scholar
Spyropoulos AC, Lipardi C, Xu J, Peluso C, Spiro TE, De Sanctis Y, et al. Modified IMPROVE VTE Risk score and elevated D-dimer identify a high venous thromboembolism risk in acutely ill medical population for extended thromboprophylaxis. TH Open 2020; 4(1):e59–e65.SpyropoulosACLipardiCXuJPelusoCSpiroTEDe SanctisYModified IMPROVE VTE Risk score and elevated D-dimer identify a high venous thromboembolism risk in acutely ill medical population for extended thromboprophylaxis202041e59e6510.1055/s-0040-1705137706976232190813Search in Google Scholar
Lopes RD, de Barros E, Silva PGM, Furtado RHM, Macedo AVS, Bronhara B, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 397(10291):2253–63.LopesRDde BarrosESilvaPGMFurtadoRHMMacedoAVSBronharaBTherapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial20213971029122536310.1016/S0140-6736(21)01203-4817777034097856Search in Google Scholar
Ramacciotti E, Barile Agati L, Calderaro D, Aguiar VCR, Spyropoulos AC, de Oliveira CCC, et al. Rivaroxaban versus no anticoagulation for post-discharge thromboprophylaxis after hospitalisation for COVID-19 (MICHELLE): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2022; 399(10319):50–9.RamacciottiEBarile AgatiLCalderaroDAguiarVCRSpyropoulosACde OliveiraCCCRivaroxaban versus no anticoagulation for post-discharge thromboprophylaxis after hospitalisation for COVID-19 (MICHELLE): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial20223991031950910.1016/S0140-6736(21)02392-8867388134921756Search in Google Scholar
Factor Xa Inhibitor versus standard of care heparin in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (XACT). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04640181, Accessed on 22 February 2022.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04640181, Accessed on 22 February 2022.Search in Google Scholar
Apixaban for prophylaxis of thromboembolic outcomes in COVID-19 – the Apollo trial. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04746339, Accessed on 22 February 2022.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04746339, Accessed on 22 February 2022.Search in Google Scholar
Helping Alleviate the longer-term consequences of COVID-19 (HEAL-COVID): a national platform trial. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04801940, Accessed on 22 February 2022.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04801940, Accessed on 22 February 2022.Search in Google Scholar
ACTIV4c: COVID-19 post-hospital thrombosis prevention study – clinical trial. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04650087, Accessed on 22 February 2022.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04650087, Accessed on 22 February 2022.Search in Google Scholar
Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1094–9.TangNBaiHChenXGongJLiDSunZAnticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy2020181094910.1111/jth.1481732220112Search in Google Scholar
Ayerbe L, Risco C, Ayis S. The association between treatment with heparin and survival in patients with Covid-19. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 50:298–301.AyerbeLRiscoCAyisSThe association between treatment with heparin and survival in patients with Covid-1920205029830110.1007/s11239-020-02162-z726134932476080Search in Google Scholar
Hermans C, Lambert C. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on therapeutic choices in thrombosis-hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1794–5.HermansCLambertCImpact of the COVID-19 pandemic on therapeutic choices in thrombosis-hemostasis2020181794510.1111/jth.14845726240332294321Search in Google Scholar
Marc F, Moldovan C, Hoza A, Restea P, Sachelarie L, Romila LE, et al. Evaluation of hepatic biochemical parameters during antiviral treatment in COVID-19 patients. Biology (Basel) 2021; 11(1):13. doi: 10.3390/biology11010013. PMID: 35053011; PMCID: PMC8772810.MarcFMoldovanCHozaAResteaPSachelarieLRomilaLEEvaluation of hepatic biochemical parameters during antiviral treatment in COVID-19 patients20211111310.3390/biology11010013PMID: 35053011; PMCID: PMC8772810.877281035053011Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Task Force for the Management of COVID-19 of the European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidance for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: part 2-care pathways, treatment, and follow-up. Eur Heart J 2022; 43(11):1059–103.Task Force for the Management of COVID-19 of the European Society of CardiologyESC guidance for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: part 2-care pathways, treatment, and follow-up20224311105910310.1093/eurheartj/ehab697869000634791154Search in Google Scholar