1 | Minor endolaryngeal hematoma or laceration, no detectable fracture | Conservative (humidified oxygen, observation) |
2 | Edema, hematoma, minor mucosal injury without exposed cartilage, non-displaced fracture on CT | Conservative treatment vs. tracheostomy, panendoscopy |
3 | Massive edema or hematoma, mucosal tears with exposed cartilage, vocal cord immobility, displaced fractures | Tracheostomy, panendoscopy, exploration, and repair |
4 | As with Grade 3, but with severe mucosal disruption, multiple fractures, disruption of anterior commissure, unstable laryngeal framework | Tracheostomy, panendoscopy, exploration, and repair with possible stent placement |
5 | Complete laryngotracheal separation | Emergent tracheostomy, exploration, and repair |