Typical air kerma area product values for trauma orthopaedic surgical procedures

Figure 1

Statistical data of patient body weight, KAP and fluoroscopy screening time for 40 DHS fixations, 23 PFN insertions, 20 PHN insertions, 77 PEP implantations utilizing FPD (22) and II (55) for fluoroscopically guidance and 39 PPS fixations utilizing FPD (21) and II (18) for fluoroscopically guidance

	Min	Q1	Median	Average ± SD	Q3	Max
DYNAMIC HIP SCREW FIXATIONS (DHS)
BW [kg]	60		70	72 ± 9		90
KAP(FPD)[Gycm2]	0.13	0.29	0.52	0.71 ± 0.56	1.07	2.37
FT [s]	17		43	46 ± 20		96
PROXIMAL FEMORAL NAIL INSERTIONS (PFN)
BW [kg]	60		70	73 ± 9		90
KAP(FPD)[Gycm2]	0.13	0.34	0.53	0.60 ± 0.34	0.74	1.37
FT [s]	26		45	48 ± 18		96
PROXIMAL HUMERAL NAIL INSERTIONS (PHN)
BW [kg]	60		80	78 ± 8		90
KAP(II) [Gycm2]	0.11	0.16	0.26	0.28 ± 0.14	0.41	0.53
FT [s]	19		55.5	66.7 ± 37.9		175
PARTIAL HIP ENDOPROSTHESIS IMPLANTATIONS (PEP)
BW(FPD) [kg]	60		77.5	76 ± 7		90
BW(II) [kg]	60		80	78 ± 7		90
KAP(FPD)[Gycm2]	0.03	0.04	0.08	0.12 ± 0.09	0.17	0.33
KAP(II)[Gycm2]	0.04	0.13	0.21	0.24 ± 0.14	0.31	0.60
FT(FPD) [s]	1.0		3.0	4.0 ± 3.6		19.0
FT(II) [s]	1.0		5.0	6.9 ± 4.4		21.0
PERCUTANEOUS POSTERIOR SPINE FIXATIONS (PPS)
BW(FPD) [kg]	60		75	75 ± 6		90
BW(II) [kg]	60		75	76 ± 10		90
KAP(FPD)[Gycm2]	0.52	0.91	1.26	1.44 ± 0.74	1.63	3.21
KAP(II) [Gycm2]	1.53	2.80	3.98	4.12 ± 1.69	5.53	6.65
FT(FPD) [s]	28		71	80 ± 40		182
FT(II) [s]	42		110	115 ± 54		215

Comparison of percutaneous posterior spine fixations (PPS) exposure parameters using flat panel detectors (FPD) and image intensifier (II) technology for fluoroscopy guidance

PERCUTANEOUS POSTERIOR SPINE FIXATIONS	Median KAP (Gycm2)	Average KAP (Gycm2)	Median FT (s)	Average FT (s)	BW (kg)
Our study - FPD	1.26	1.44	71	80	75
Our study - II	3.98	4.12	110	115	78
Roux et al., (2011)8	/	10.35	/	158	/

Comparison of proximal femoral nail insertions (PFN) median and average kerma area product (KAP) values and average fluoroscopic screening time (FT) with literature

PROXIMAL FEMORAL NAIL INSERTIONS (PFN)	Median KAP (Gycm2)	Average KAP (Gycm2)	Average FT (s)	BW (kg)
Our study	0.53	0.60	48	73
Roux et al. (2011)8	/	0.79	32	/
Pillai and Jain (2004)9	0.69	/	34	/
Salvia et al. (2011)10	/	/	60	/

Comparison of diagnostic reference levels (DRL) with literature - dynamic hip screw fixations (DHS)

DYNAMIC HIP SCREW FIXATIONS (DHS)	Median KAP (Gycm2)	Average KAP (Gycm2)	Median FT (s)	Average FT (s)	BW (kg)
Our study	0.52	0.71	43	45.6	73
Hardman et al., (2015)6 1. hospital	/	0.65		46.1	70
Hardman et al., (2015)6 2. hospital	/	1.01		55.3	70
Hardman et al., (2015)6 3. hospital	/	3.94		92.4	70
Hardman et al., (2015)6 4. hospital	/	1.24		61.5	70
Hardman et al., (2015)6 – all	/	1.57		60.4	70
Rashid et al., (2017)7	0.67		36

Comparison of proximal humeral nail insertions (PHN) average fluoroscopic screening time (FT) with literature

PROXIMAL HUMERAL NAIL INSERTIONS	Median KAP (Gycm2)	Average KAP (Gycm2)	Average FT (s)	BW (kg)
Our study	0.26	0.28	67	75
Salvia et al., (2011)10	/	/	42	/

Comparison of partial hip endoprosthesis implantations (PEP) exposure parameters using flat panel detectors (FPD) and image intensifier technology for fluoroscopy guidance

PARTIAL HIP ENDOPROSTHESIS IMPLANTATIONS	Median KAP (Gycm2)	Average KAP (Gycm2)	Median FT (s)	Average FT (s)	BW (kg)
Our research – FPD	0.08	0.12	3.0	4.0	75.7
Our research - II	0.21	0.24	5.0	6.9	77.7