Inhibition of cathepsin X enzyme influences the immune response of THP-1 cells and dendritic cells infected with Helicobacter pylori

1. Rad R, Ballhorn W, Voland P, Eisenächer K, Mages J, Rad L, et al. Extracellular and intracellular pattern recognition receptors cooperate in the recognition of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 2247-57.10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.066Search in Google Scholar

2. Amieva MR, El-Omar EM. Host-bacterial interactions in Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 306-23.10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.009Search in Google Scholar

3. Borody T, Ren Z, Pang G, Clancy R. Impaired host immunity contributes to Helicobacter pylori eradication failure. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 3032-7.10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07121.xSearch in Google Scholar

4. Mitchell P, Germain C, Fiori PL, Khamri W, Foster GR, Ghosh S, et al. Chronic exposure to Helicobacter pylori impairs dendritic cell function and inhibits Th1 development. Infect Immun 2007; 75: 810-7.10.1128/IAI.00228-06Search in Google Scholar

5. Bühling F, Peitz U, Krüger S, Küster D, Vieth M, Gebert I et al. Cathepsins K, L ,B , X and W are differentially expressed in normal and chronically inflamed gastric mucosa. Biol Chem 2004; 385: 439-45.10.1515/BC.2004.051Search in Google Scholar

6. Krueger S, Kuester D, Bernhardt A, Wex T, Roessner A. Regulation of cathepsin X overexpression in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells and macrophages. J Pathol 2009; 217: 581-8.10.1002/path.2485Search in Google Scholar

7. Krueger S, Hundertmark T, Kalinski T, Peitz U, Wex T, Malfertheiner P, et al. Up-regulation of cathepsinX in Helicobacter pylori gastritis and gastric cancer. J Pathol 2005; 207: 32-42.10.1002/path.1820Search in Google Scholar

8. Kos J, Sekirnik A, Premzl A, Zavasnik Bergant V, Langerholc T, Turk B, et al. Carboxypeptidases cathepsins X and B display distinct protein profile in human cells and tissues. Exp Cell Res 2005; 306: 103-13.10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.12.006Search in Google Scholar

9. Obermajer N, Premzl A, Zavasnik Bergant T, Turk B, Kos J. Carboxypeptidase cathepsin X mediates beta2-integrin-dependent adhesion of differentiated U-937 cells. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312: 2515-27.10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.04.019Search in Google Scholar

10. Obermajer N, Svajger U, Bogyo M, Jeras M, Kos J. Maturation of dendritic cells depends on proteolytic cleavage by cathepsinX. J Leuk Biol 2008; 84: 1306-15.10.1189/jlb.0508285Search in Google Scholar

11. Jevnikar Z, Obermajer N, Bogyo M, Kos J. The role of cathepsin X in the migration and invasiveness of T lymphocytes. J Cell Sci 2008; 121: 2652-61.10.1242/jcs.023721Search in Google Scholar

12. Achtman M, Azuma T, Berg DE, Ito Y, Morelli G, Pan ZJ, et al. Recombination and clonal groupings within Helicobacter pylori from different geographical regions. Mol Microbiol 1999; 32: 459-70.10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01382.xSearch in Google Scholar

13. Kopitar AN, Stegel V, Tepes B, Gubina M, Novaković S, Ihan A. Specific T cell responses to Helicobacter pylori predict successful eradication therapy. JInfect 2007; 54: 257-61.10.1016/j.jinf.2006.05.009Search in Google Scholar

14. Obermajer N, Magister S, Kopitar AN, Tepes B, Ihan A, Kos J. Cathepsin X prevents an effective immune response against Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 88: 461-71.10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.03.003Search in Google Scholar

15. Cario E, Brown D, McKee M, Lynch-Devaney K, Gerken G, Podolsky DK. Commensal-associated molecular patterns induce selective toll-like receptor-trafficking from apical membrane to cytoplasmic compartments in polarized intestinal epithelium. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 165-73.10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64360-XSearch in Google Scholar

16. Hornef MW, Frisan T, Vandewalle A, Normark S, Richter-Dahlfors A. Toll-like receptor 4 resides in the Golgi apparatus and colocalizes with internalized lipopolysaccharide in intestinal epithelial cells. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 559-70.10.1084/jem.20011788Search in Google Scholar

17. Wang X, Uto T, Sato K, Ide K, Akagi T, Okamoto M, et al. Potent activation of antigen-specific T cells by antigen-loaded nanospheres. Immunol Lett 2005; 98: 123-30.10.1016/j.imlet.2004.10.028Search in Google Scholar

18. Robinson K, Kenefeck R, Pidgeon EL, Shakib S, Patel S, Polson RJ, et al. Helicobacter pylori-induced peptic ulcer disease is associated with inadequate regulatory T cell responses. Gut 2008; 57: 1375-85.10.1136/gut.2007.137539Search in Google Scholar

19. Zhang M, Liu M, Luther J, Kao JY. Helicobacter pylori directs tolerogenic programming of dendritic cells. Gut Microbes 2010; 1: 325-9.10.4161/gmic.1.5.13052Search in Google Scholar

20. Kos J, Jevnikar Z, Obermajer N. The role of cathepsin X in cell signaling. CellAdh Migr 2009; 3: 164-6.10.4161/cam.3.2.7403Search in Google Scholar

21. Kraus S, Bunsen T, Schuster S, Cichoń MA, Tacke M, Reinheckel T, et al. Cellular senescence induced by cathepsin X downregulation. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90: 678-86.10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.03.008Search in Google Scholar

22. Higgins SC, Lavelle EC, McCann C, Keogh B, McNeela E, Byrne P, et al. Toll like receptor 4-mediated innate IL-10 activates antigen-specific regulatory T cells and confers resistance to Bordetella pertussis by inhibiting inflammatory pathology. J Immunol 2003; 171: 3119-27.10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3119Search in Google Scholar

23. Kurashima Y, Murata-Kamiya N, Kikuchi K, Higashi H, Azuma T, Kondo S, et al. Deregulation of beta-catenin signal by Helicobacter pylori CagA requires the CagA-multimerization sequence. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 823-31.10.1002/ijc.23190Search in Google Scholar

24. Sugimoto M, Yamaoka Y. Virulence factor genotypes of Helicobacter pylori affect cure rates of eradication therapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2009; 57: 45-56. 10.1007/s00005-009-0007-zSearch in Google Scholar

25. Patel MK, Trombly MI, Kurt-Jones EA. Innate immune responses to Helicobacter pylori infection: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 921: 205-7.10.1007/978-1-62703-005-2_23Search in Google Scholar

26. Vizin T, Christensen IJ, Nielsen HJ, Kos J. Cathepsin X in serum from patients with colorectal cancer: relation to prognosis. Radiol Oncol. 2012; 46: 207-12.10.2478/v10019-012-0040-0Search in Google Scholar

27. Sevenich L, Schurigt U, Sachse K, Gajda M, Werner F, Müller S et al. Synergistic antitumor effects of combined cathepsin B and cathepsin Z deficiencies on breast cancer progression and metastasis in mice. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A. 2010; 107: 2497-502.10.1073/pnas.0907240107Search in Google Scholar