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Water Scarcity, Mountain Deforestation and the Economic Value of Water in a Small-Scale Irrigation System: A Case Study in East Java, Indonesia

Subhan Arif Budiman
Subhan Arif Budiman
, 
Mohammad Rondhi
Mohammad Rondhi
, 
Ahmad Fatikhul Khasan
Ahmad Fatikhul Khasan
, 
Bagus Peratama
Bagus Peratama
, 
Rokhani
Rokhani
, 
Anik Suwandari
Anik Suwandari
, 
Julian Adam Ridjal
Julian Adam Ridjal
, 
Soemarno
Soemarno
, 
Sugeng Prijono
Sugeng Prijono
 und 
Soedarto
Soedarto
   | 30. Juni 2021
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Online veröffentlicht: 30. Juni 2021
Seitenbereich: 153 - 166
Eingereicht: 24. Okt. 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2021-0015
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© 2021 Subhan Arif Budiman et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Map of the study area.Source: own compilation.
Map of the study area.Source: own compilation.

Fig. 2

The scheme of the studied irrigation system.Source: own compilation.
The scheme of the studied irrigation system.Source: own compilation.

Fig. 3

Irrigation system in the studied area.Source: photos taken by the authors.
Irrigation system in the studied area.Source: photos taken by the authors.

Fig. 4

Land-use change in the Sanenrejo sub-watershed between 2011 (left) and 2019 (right).Source: own compilation.
Land-use change in the Sanenrejo sub-watershed between 2011 (left) and 2019 (right).Source: own compilation.

Fig. 5

Over-watered mature rice plant in the upper area.Source: photo taken by the authors.
Over-watered mature rice plant in the upper area.Source: photo taken by the authors.

Trends of changes in mean discharge, peak discharge, discharge ratio and water volume in the Sanenrejo sub-watershed (2011–2019).

Month Average discharge (lt/s) Peak discharge (lt/s) Peak discharge/average discharge ratio Vol. stored water (mm/year)
Wet season 29.768** 40.171** 1.97** 576**
Dry season 1 −48.778** −140.492** −0.78** −84**
Dry season 2 −13.864** −14.194** −1.83** 325**
Wet season −54.590** −89.750** −2.59** 166**
Dry season −59.549** −83.395** 0.86** 583**
Annual −47.175** −8.969** 0.23** 4,200**

Estimation results of the model.

Variable Coefficients t-test (p-value)
Constants 1,283,795 1.520 (0.13)ns
Farm size −1,702,240 −3.012 (0.00)***
Age −301,349 −0.027 (0.98)ns
Education −46,701 −1.607 (0.11)ns
Income 0.146 7.549 (0.00)***
Distance to small dam −750,874 −2.410 (0.02)**
Management in dry season 2,144,361 9.369 (0.00)***
n 100
R2 0.83
F-test 84.18
p-value 0.000

Variables in the model.

Variables Code Description
Farm size X1 Size of farmer's land (ha)
Age X2 Farmer's age (years)
Education X3 Farmer's formal education (years)
Income X4 Farmer's income in one cropping season (US$/ha)
Distance to small dam X5 Distance of farmer's land to small dam (m)
Management in dry season D Dummy variable representing type of irrigation used in the dry season: (1) private water pump and (0) irrigation from WUA.

Changes in land use in the Sanenrejo sub-watershed for the period 2011–2019.

No. Land use 2011 2019 Land use
(ha) (%) (ha) (%) Change (%)
1. Forest 13,227.23 47.71 11,676.97 42.12 −1550.26 −11.72
2. Plantation 10,679.91 38.52 10,486.21 37.83 −193.70 −1.81
3. Dryland 2,480.25 8.95 4,001.91 14.44 1,521.67 61.35
4. Rice field 748.43 2.70 698.20 2.52 −50.24 −6.71
5. Open field 266.76 0.96 437.16 1.58 170.41 63.88
6. Residential 320.20 1.15 422.32 1.52 102.12 31.89
Total 27,722.77 27,722.77

Trends of changes in rainfall, number of rainy days and rain intensity in the Sanenrejo sub-watershed (2011–2019).

Month Rainfall (mm/year) Number of rainy days (day) Rain intensity
1993–2010 2011–2019 D 1993–2010 2011–2019 D 1993–2010 2011–2019 D
Wet season −140** 1.269** 1.409 −4 73** 77 −2.50** −0.39** 2.10
Dry season 1 27** −1.055** −1.082 2 2** 0 −0.39** −34.17** −33.78
Dry season 2 −10** 224** 234 −1 56** 56 −2.02** 3.39** 5.41
Wet season −64** 120** 184 −1 91** 92 −0.75** −18.17** −17.42
Dry season 11** 74** 64 0 51** 51 −0.16** −29.96** −29.80
Annual −54** 323** 377 −2 −152** 154 −1.38** −26.41** −25.04
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