Coastal Dunes of the Baltic Sea Shores: A Review
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30. März 2018
Über diesen Artikel
Online veröffentlicht: 30. März 2018
Seitenbereich: 47 - 71
Eingereicht: 17. Dez. 2017
Akzeptiert: 18. Jan. 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2018-0005
Schlüsselwörter
© 2018 Tomasz Arkadiusz Łabuz et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
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Classification of sandy coast sandbars of the Baltic Sea (Łabuz 2017, unpublished)_
| No. | Coast type | Definition | Examples (see |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Cuspate foreland | Cuspate forelands (A) – kind of sandy promontory in shape of arch or promontory entering the sea. Three sides are open to sea, covered by small foredunes. | Skagen (A1) |
| Anholt (A2) | |||
| Darss (A3) | |||
| Sandhamaren (A4) | |||
| Kolka (A5) | |||
| Hairlaid, Cape Kiipsaare (A6) | |||
| Faro / Gotland (A7) | |||
| Vattaja (A8) | |||
| Tauvo (A9) | |||
| B | Barrier islands | Barrier islands (B) – separate sandy bodies surrounded by sea, that are build by currents and waves as lonely forms of different length and width. The more width island, the larger dunes has. | Stokken (B1) |
| Small islands of South Denmark – Fionia, Lolland (B2) | |||
| Hiddensee (B3) | |||
| C | Spits | Spits (C) – separate sandy strips of different length, that have been built due to prevailing sand transport and accumulation in axis of coastline with its abrupt change. From one side adjacent to the land, shielding lagoons and bays from open sea. | Albuen, Hyllekrog on South Lolland Island (C1) |
| Falsterbo (C2) | |||
| Heiligenhafen (C3) | |||
| Durchlass (C4) | |||
| Bug (C5) | |||
| Usedom North (C6) | |||
| Hel, Rewa (C7) | |||
| Vihaspauha (C8) | |||
| D | Spit barriers | Spit barriers (D) – separate spits, one or two or jointed barrier islands which due to lateral increase formed barrier, separating water body or swamp/wetland, jointed by channel or mouth with the proper sea basin. | Schleimundung (D1) |
| Swina Gate on Wolin and Usedom islands (D2) | |||
| Jamno, Bukowo lakes (D3) | |||
| Gardno-Łebsko-Sarbsko lakes (D4) | |||
| Vistula (D5) | |||
| Curonian (D6) | |||
| Pärnu river mouth (D7) | |||
| E | Bay barriers | Bay filling barriers (E) – shallow, concave bays, that are filled by sandy sediment and covered by longitudinal ridges corresponding to phases of land progradation in such coast protected against waves. Developed due to sand transport from adjacent eroded cliffs. | Koga Bay (E1) |
| Ystad Bay (E2) | |||
| Yngsjö Bay (E3) | |||
| Rügen Island: Schaabe, Schmale Heide, Baabe, Gohren (E4) | |||
| Gulf of Gdańsk: Sopot-Gdańsk (E5) | |||
| Jurmala, Gulf of Riga (E6) | |||
| Narva Bay (E7) | |||
| Sestrorecks, Finland Bay (E8) | |||
| F | Welded barriers of open coast | Welded barriers on open coast (F) – jointed to the land of different origin, developed as a accumulation aligning the rough coastline, sometimes with channel or river outlet. | West Pomerania: Mrzeżyno, Dźwirzyno area (F1) |
| East Pomerania with Kashubian and Karwia barrier (F2) | |||
| Lithuania-Latvia coast (F3): Klaipeda-Palanga-Sventoji, Pape-Jurmalciems-Bernati, Liepaja-Skede, Ziemupe-Pavilosta, Sarnate-Ventspils-Irbe river | |||
| East Latvian Gulf of Riga (F4) | |||
| Rannametsa near Pärnu (F5) | |||
| Vattaja coast, Lohtaja (F6) | |||
| G | Delta spits | River deltas (G) – prograding delta fans, covered by organic and sandy deposits, that fills the bays or creating concave cones, sometimes with embryo spits. Sometimes it is just part of larger spit. | Trave (G1) |
| Warnow (G2) | |||
| Vistula (G3) | |||
| Windawa (G4) | |||
| Daugava (G5) | |||
| Narva (G6) | |||
| H | Tombolo sandbars | Tombolo sandbar (H) – single, narrow strip of sand connecting two previous land areas: two islands or island and larger land. Developed as sand is settled in narrow corridor between land obstacles. On Baltic coast also developed on uplifting rocky basement. | Samso (H1) |
| Aebelo - Odense (H2) | |||
| Sjaellands Odde (H3) | |||
| Island Vlim (H4) | |||
| Hanko (H5) | |||
| K | Pocket bay barriers | Pocket bay barriers (K) – narrow, low and flat sandy shores, that are hidden in slowly emerging bays, often with small, sand discharging rivers. | Estonia coast (K1): Tallinn beaches, Ihasalu beach, Kloogaranna, Vääna-Jõesuu, Pedaspea, Kiiu-Aabla |
| Finland coast (K2): alajoki beach | |||
| Sweden coast (K3):Storsand (Lovanger) |
List of main sandy forms at sandbars along the Baltic Sea coast (Łabuz 2017, unpublished)_
| No. | Dune type | Definition | Examples (see |
|---|---|---|---|
| L | Inland coastal sand bodies | Shifting or stabilized inland coastal sand bodies (L) – large dune areas of permanent sand load in the past and accumulation as different large dunes: as barchans, parbolic or transverse forms, that are entering foreign origin basement (older dunes, organic, moraine or rock structures). Mainly located 0.2 to 2 km from the coast. The shape of dunes depend on coast exposition for prevailing westerly winds: on the south coast barchans and parobolic are often, on the east coast transverse are often. On the erosive coast these structures are building the shore and are partially eroded. | Skagen promontory (L1) |
| Darss promontory (L2) | |||
| Schmale Heide Sandbar (L3) | |||
| North of Usedom (L4) | |||
| Swina Gate Sandbar (L5) | |||
| Ridge near Ustronie Morskie (L6) | |||
| Ridge West from Kołobrzeg (L7) | |||
| Ustka (L8) | |||
| Gardno–Łebsko lakes, KashubianSandbar (L9) | |||
| Hel Spit (L10) | |||
| Vistula Sandbar (L11) | |||
| Curonian Sandbar (L12) | |||
| Bernati (L13) | |||
| Kolka peninsnula (L14) | |||
| Jurmala (L15) | |||
| Rannametsa (L16) | |||
| Sestroreck (L17) | |||
| Kalajoki (L18) | |||
| M | Machair type coast (M) | Very flat and surface sands similar to machair dunes (M) – low accumulation, in calm bays, predominated by sea not aeolian sediment, with shells, without significant forms, mainly covered by reed thicket. | Gulf of Gdańsk and Puck–Mechelinki meadows (M1) |
| North Estonia (M2) | |||
| Northern Finland and Sweden (M3) | |||
| N | Foredunes – chain of ridges (N) | Typical, coastal dune- foredune (N) - in form of longitudinal ridge or separated hillocks or dome forms that are factor of coastal progradation. The chain of forms presenting coast development. | Darss promontory (N1) |
| Usedom Island, North (N2) | |||
| Swina Gate Sandbar (N3) | |||
| Hel spit promontory (N4) | |||
| Vistula river mouth (N5) | |||
| Kolka promontory (N6) | |||
| Hiiumaa Island (N7) | |||
| Narva Sandbar (N8) |