This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, Kowalski JW, Bek T, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:556-564.Search in Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness. WHO/PBL/97.61 Rev 2. 2006. [Last accessed on 2016 Jan 05]. Available from: http://www.who.int/blindness/Vision2020_report.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL, Klein RE, Lee PP, Agardh CD, Davis M, Dills D, Kampik A, Pararajasegaram R, Verdaguer JT. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1677-1682.Search in Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. Glycemic targets. Diabetes Care 2022;45(Supplement_1):S83–S96.Search in Google Scholar
Jerneld B, Algvere P. Relationship of duration and onset of diabetes to prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102(4):431-7.Search in Google Scholar
lemu Mersha G, Alimaw YA, Woredekal AT. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients in Northwest Ethiopia—A cross sectional hospital based study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(1):e0262664. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.Search in Google Scholar
Teo ZL, Tham YC, Yu M, Chee ML, Rim TH, Cheung N, Bikbov MM, Wang YX, Tang Y, Lu Y, et al. Global Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Projection of Burden through 2045: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2021;128:1580-1591.Search in Google Scholar
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, De-Mets DL. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:520-526.Search in Google Scholar
Sehnaz Karadeniza Z, Temel Yilmaz B. Duration of diabetes and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: Istanbul Diabetic Retinopathy Study—IDRS results 1. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2007;1(1):43-48.Search in Google Scholar
Klein R, Knudtson MD, Lee KE, Gangnon R, Klein BE. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XXII the twenty-five-year progression of retinopathy in persons with type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(11):1859-68.Search in Google Scholar
Henricsson M, Nilsson A, Groop L, Heijl A, Janzon L. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in relation to age at onset of the diabetes, treatment, duration and glycemic control. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1996;74(6):523-7.Search in Google Scholar
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-986.Search in Google Scholar
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular care. diabetes journals.org Solomon and Associates 417 and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703–71312.Search in Google Scholar
ACCORD Study Group, ACCORD Eye Study Group, Chew EY, et al. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:233–244 .Search in Google Scholar
Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, et al. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2006;295:1681-7.Search in Google Scholar
Takao T, Ide T, Yanagisawa H, et al. The effect of fasting plasma glucose variability on the risk of retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients: retrospective long-term follow-up. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;89:296-302.Search in Google Scholar
Tapp RJ, Shaw JE, Harper CA, et al. The prevalence of and factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in the Australian population. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1731-7.Search in Google Scholar
Zhou Y, Wang C, Shi K and Yin X. Relationship between dyslipidemia and diabetic retinopathy. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(36):e12283.Search in Google Scholar
Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touy RM. Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Insights and Vascular Mechanisms. Can. J. Cardiol. 2018;34,575-584.Search in Google Scholar
Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA, et al. FIELD study investigators. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:1687-1697.Search in Google Scholar
Kaštelan S, Tomić M, Gverović Antunica A, Ljubić S, Salopek Rabatić J, Karabatić M. Body Mass Index: A Risk Factor for Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients’. Mediators Inflamm. 2013:436329. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(22):e6754.Search in Google Scholar
Henricsson M, Nyström L, Blohmé G, et al. The incidence of retinopathy 10 years after diagnosis in young adult people with diabetes: results from the nationwide population-based Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS) Diabetes Care. 2003;26(2):349-354.Search in Google Scholar
Turner R. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34) The Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854-865.Search in Google Scholar
Van Leiden HA, Dekker JM, Moll AC, et al. Risk factors for incident retinopathy in a diabetic and nondiabetic population: the Hoorn study. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003;121(2):245-251.Search in Google Scholar
Dirani M, Xie J, Fenwick E, et al. Are obesity and anthropometry risk factors for diabetic retinopathy? The diabetes management project. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2011;52(7):4416–4421.Search in Google Scholar
Katušić D, Tomić M, Jukić T, et al. Obesity-a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes? Collegium Antropologicum. 2005;29(supplement):47-50.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang L, Krzentowski G, Albert A, Lefebvre PJ. Risk of developing retinopathy in diabetes control and complications trial type 1 diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(7):1275-1279.Search in Google Scholar
Li X, Wang Z. Prevalence and incidence of retinopathy in elderly diabetic patients receiving early diagnosis and treatment. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2013;5(5):1393-1396.Search in Google Scholar
De Block CEM, De Leeuw IH, Van Gaal LF. Impact of overweight on chronic microvascular complications in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(7):1649-1655.Search in Google Scholar
Lim LS, Shyong Tai E, Mitchell P, et al. C-reactive protein, body mass index, and diabetic retinopathy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2010;51(9):4458–4463.Search in Google Scholar
Raman R, Rani PK, Gnanamoorthy P, Sudhir RR, Kumaramanikavel G, Sharma T. Association of obesity with diabetic retinopathy: Sankara nethralaya diabetic retinopathy epidemiology and molecular genetics study (SN-DREAMS Report no. 8) Acta Diabetologica. 2010;47(3):209-215.Search in Google Scholar
Dowse GK, Humphrey ARG, Collins VR, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in the multiethnic population of Mauritius. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998;147(5):448-457.Search in Google Scholar
Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Shi K, Wang C. Body mass index and risk of diabetic retinopathy. A meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(22):e6754Search in Google Scholar
Naserrudin NA, Jeffree MS, Kaur N, Rahim SSSA, Ibrahim MY. Study on the Development of a Conceptual Framework to Identify the Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic patients: A Concept Paper. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19:12426.Search in Google Scholar
Sharon SD, Chew E, Duh E, Sabrin L, Sun KJ, Brain VL, Charles WC and Gardner WT. Diabetic Retinopathy : A Position statement by the American Diabetic Association. Diabetes Care 2017;40:412-418.Search in Google Scholar