Abusive Constitutionalism in Hungary

Act CXIX of 2010 on the amendment of the Constitution of Hungarian Republic Act XX of 1949 [2010. évi CXIX. törvény a Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmányáról szóló 1949. évi XX. törvény módosításáról] https://mkogy.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a1000119.TV (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Act LXI of 2011 on the amendment of the Constitution of Hungarian Republic Act XX of 1949 [2011. évi LXI. törvény a Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmányáról. szóló 1949. évi XX. törvénynek az Alaptörvénnyel összefüggő egyes átmeneti rendelkezések megalkotása érdekében szük-séges módosításáról] https://mkogy.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a1100061.TV (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Act CLI of 2011 on the Constitutional Court [2011. évi CLI. törvény az Alkotmánybíróságról)] https://hunconcourt.hu/rules/act-on-the-cc (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code [2012.évi C. törvény a Büntetőtörvénykönvyről] https://net. jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a1200100.tv (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Amendment of the Constitution of the Hungarian Republic of 5 July [a Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmányáról szóló 1949. évi XX. törvény 2010. július 5-i módosítása] https://mkogy.jogtar.hu/jogszabalyldocid=a1000705.TV (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Amhlaigh, Mac. C. (2016): Putting Political Constitutionalism in its Place. International Journal of Constitutional Law 14(1), 175-197. DOI:10.1093/icon/mow01010.1093/icon/mow010Search in Google Scholar

Antal, Attila (2013): Politikai és jogi alkotmányosság Magyarországon [Political and Legal Constitutionalism in Hungary]. Politikatudományi Szemle XXII/3. 48–70. http://www.poltudszemle.hu/szamok/2013_3szam/antal.pdf (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Bellamy, Richard (2007): Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy. London: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511490187Search in Google Scholar

Bellamy, Richard (2011): Political Constitutionalism and the Human Rights Act. International Journal of Constitutional Law 9(1), 86-111. DOI:10.1093/icon/mor024.10.1093/icon/mor024Search in Google Scholar

Blokker, Paul (2019): Varieties of Populist Constitutionalism: The Transnational Dimension. German Law Journal 20, 332–350. DOI: 10.1017/glj.2019. 19.Search in Google Scholar

Bárd, Petra - Barbara Grabowska-Moroz (eds.) (2020): The strategies and mechanisms used by national authorities to systematically undermine the Rule of Law and possible EU responses.” Reconnect Paper 2020 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4093021 (2022. 08. 01.)Search in Google Scholar

Bárd, Petra - Chronowski Nóra - Zoltán Fleck (2022): Inventing constitutional identity in Hungary. MTA Law Working Papers 6 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4100075 (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Bozóki, András - Hegedűs Dániel (2018): An externally constrained hybrid regime: Hungary in the European Union. Democratization 25(7), 1173-1189.10.1080/13510347.2018.1455664Search in Google Scholar

Chronowski, Nóra - Vincze Attila (2021): Full Steam Back. The Hungarian Constitutional Court Avoids Further Conflict with the ECJ. Verfassungsblog https://verfassungsblog.de/full-steam--back/ (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Chronowski, Nóra – Kovács Ágnes – Körtvélyesi Zsolt – Mészáros Gábor (2022): The Hungarian Constitutional Court and the Abusive Constitutionalism. MTA Law Working Papers 2022/7. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/74522 (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Council Directive 2002/90/EC of 28 November 2002 defining the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit, and residence Official Journal of the European Communities L 328/17 https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32002L0090&from=hu (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Court of Justice of the European Union. 2018. Case C-808/18 European Commission v. Hungary https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=235703&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=3092977 (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Court of Justice of the European Union. 2021. Case C-821/19 European Commission v Hungary https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=249322&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=8414944 (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Drinóczi, Tímea – Agnieszka Bień-Kacała (2019): Illiberal Constitutionalism: The Case of Hungary and Poland. German Law Journal 20, 1140–1166 DOI:10.1017/glj.2019.8310.1017/glj.2019.83Search in Google Scholar

European Commission (2015): Commission opens infringement procedure against Hungary concerning its asylum law. Press release. Brussels, 10 December 2015 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_6228 (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

European Commission (2017a): Commission launches infringement procedure for law on foreign-funded NGOs. Press release. Brussels, 13 July 2017 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_17_1982 (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

European Commission (2017b): Commission refers Hungary to the European Court of Justice of the EU over the Higher Education Law. Press release. Brussels, 7 December 2017 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_17_5004 (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

European Commission (2019): Commission takes Hungary to Court for criminalising activities in support of asylum seekers and opens new infringement for non-provision of food in transit zones. Press release. Brussels, 25 July 2019 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_19_4260 (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

European Commission (2022): Proposal for a Council Implementing Decision on measures for the protection of the Union budget against breaches of the principles of the rule of law in Hungary https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/about_the_european_commission/eu_budget/com_2022_485_f1_proposal_for_a_decision_en_v7_ p1_2236449.pdf (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

European Parliament (2013): Report on the situation of fundamental rights: standards and practices in Hungary (pursuant to the European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2012). A7-0229/2013 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-7-2013-0229_EN.pdf (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

European Parliament (2018a): Rule of law in Hungary: Parliament calls on the EU to act. Press Release. 12-09-2018 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20180906IPR12104/rule-of-law-in-hungary-parliament-calls-on-the-eu-to-act (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

European Parliament (2018b): Report on a proposal calling on the Council to determine, pursuant to Article 7(1) of the Treaty on European Union, the existence of a clear risk of a serious breach by Hungary of the values on which the Union is founded. A8-0250/2018 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2018-0250_EN.html (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

European Parliament (2022): Interim report on the proposal for a Council decision determining, pursuant to Article 7(1) of the Treaty on European Union, the existence of a clear risk of a serious breach by Hungary of the values on which the Union is founded. A9-0217/2022 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2022-0217_EN.pdf (21. 09. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Ferejohn, John (2002): Judicializing Politics, Politicizing Law. Law and Contemporary Problems 65(3), 41–68. DOI: 10.2307/1192402.10.2307/1192402Search in Google Scholar

Flynn, Tom (2021): Constitutional pluralism and loyal opposition. International Journal of Constitutional Law 19(1), 241–268.10.1093/icon/moab035Search in Google Scholar

Fundamental Law of Hungary (unofficial translation) https://hunconcourt.hu/uploads/sites/3/2021/01/thefundamentallawofhungary_20201223_fin.pdf (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Halmai, Gábor (2017): National(ist) constitutional identity? Hungary’s road to abuse constitutional pluralism. EUI Working Papers Law 2017/08 https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/46226 (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Halmai, Gábor (2018): Absolute Primacy of EU Law vs. Pluralism: the Role of Courts. Concluding Remarks. https://me.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/385/2018/05/IJPL_Special_Issue_Concluding_remarks_Halmai_final.pdf (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Halmai, Gábor (2019): Populism, Authoritarianism and Constitutionalism. German Law Journal 20, 296-313. DOI:10.1017/glj.2019.2310.1017/glj.2019.23Search in Google Scholar

Halmai, Gábor (2021): Illiberal Constitutional Theories. Jus Politicum 25, 135–152. http://juspoliticum.com/article/Illiberal-Constitutional-Theories-1350.html (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Hegedűs, Dániel (2019): What Role for EU Institutions In Confronting Europe’s Democracy and Rule of Law Crisis? GMF Policy Paper No. 4, https://www.gmfus.org/news/what-role-eu--institutions-confronting-europes-democracy-and-rule-law-crisis (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Hungarian Constitutional Court (2016): Decision 22/2016. (XII. 5.) AB on the Interpretation of Article E) (2) of the Fundamental Law http://www.europeanrights.eu/public/sentenze/Ungheria_30novembre2016.pdf (05. 85. 2022)10.5553/HYIEL/266627012017005001028Search in Google Scholar

Hungarian Constitutional Court (2019): Decision 3/2019. (III. 7.) AB https://hunconcourt.hu/uploads/sites/3/2019/03/3_2019_ab_eng.pdf (05. 85. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Hungarian Constitutional Court (2021): Decision 32/2021. (XII. 20.) AB https://hunconcourt.hu/uploads/sites/3/2021/12/x_477_2021_eng.pdf (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Hungarian Helsinki Committee (2021): Amicus Curiae Brief. https://helsinki.hu/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/Amicus_curiae_EN_final.pdf (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Juhász, Krisztina (2017): Assessing Hungary’s Stance on Migration and Asylum in Light of the European and Hungarian Migration Strategies. Politics in Central Europe 13(1), 35–54.10.1515/pce-2016-0021Search in Google Scholar

Kelemen, Daniel R. (2020): The European Union’s authoritarian equilibrium. Journal of European Public Policy 27, 481–499.10.1080/13501763.2020.1712455Search in Google Scholar

Kelemen, Daniel R. - Laurent Pech (2018): Why autocrats love constitutional identity and constitutional pluralism: Lessons from Hungary and Poland. Reconnect Working Paper No. 2 https://reconnect-europe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/RECONNECT-WorkingPaper2-Kelemen-Pech-LP-KO.pdf (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Kosar, David – Sipulova, Katarína (2018): The Strasbourg Court Meets Abusive Constitutionalism: Baka v. Hungary and the Rule of Law. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 10(1), 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-017-0065-y10.1007/s40803-017-0065-ySearch in Google Scholar

Landau, David (2013): Abusive Constitutionalism. Davis Law Review 47, 189–260. https://lawre-view.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/47/1/articles/47-1_Landau.pdf (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Landau, David – Rosalind Dixon (2020): Abusive Judicial Review: Courts Against Democracy. Davis Law Review 53. 1313–1387. https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/53/3/53-3_Landau_Dixon.pdf (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Lánczi, András (2015): Political Realism and Wisdom. New York: Palgrave Macmillan10.1057/9781137515179Search in Google Scholar

Mohay, Ágoston – Tóth Norbert (2017): Decision 22/2016. (XII. 5.) AB on the Interpretation of Article E) (2) of the Fundamental Law. The American Journal of International Law 111(2). 468–475. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/decision-222016-xii-5-ab-on-the-interpretation-of-article-e2-of-the-fundamental--law/DAF1B924228F065716B274BAF54B024C (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

National Consultation on Immigration and Terrorism/Letter of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán 9 May 2015 available at https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/en/prime-minister-s-office/news/national-consultation-on-immigration-to-begin (16. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Orbán, Viktor (2014): Full text of Viktor Orbán’s speech at Băile Tuşnad (Tusnádfürdő) of 26 July 2014. The Budapest Beacon https://budapestbeacon.com/full-text-of-viktor-orbans-speech--at-baile-tusnad-tusnadfurdo-of-26-july-2014/ (16. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Orbán, Viktor (2016a): Orbán Viktor expozéja az Alaptörvény hetedik kiegészítése kapcsán [Viktor Orbán’s speech in the Parliament relating to the Seventh Amendment of the Fundamental Law] https://miniszterelnok.hu/orban-viktor-expozeja-az-alaptorveny-hetedik-kiegeszitese--kapcsan/ (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Orbán, Viktor (2016b): Orbán Viktor zárszava az Alaptörvény elfogadásának 5. évfordulóján rendezett konferencián [Viktor Orbán’s speech at the conference organized for the 5^th anniversary of the Fundamental Law] https://miniszterelnok.hu/orban-viktor-zarszava-az--alaptorveny-elfogadasanak-5-evfordulojan-rendezett-konferencian/ (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Orbán, Viktor (2021): Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio Programme ‘Good Morning Hungary’10 December. Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Kossuth Radio programme “Good Morning Hungary” – miniszterelnok.hu (03. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Orbán, Endre – Szabó Patrik (2022): A ‘visszafoglalás elve’. Az Alkotmánybíróság 32/2021. (XII. 20.) AB határozata az uniós jog hazai érvényesüléséről. [The ‘Principle of Reposession’. Decision 32/2021. (XII. 20.) AB of the Constitutional Court on domestic enforcement of EU law] Közjogi Szemle 2, https://orac.hu/Orban-Endre-Szabo-Patrik-A-visszafoglalas-elve--Az-Alkotmanybirosag-32-2021-XII-20-AB-hatarozata-az-unios-jog-hazai-ervenyesuleserol (16. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

OSCE (2014): Hungary Parliamentary Elections 6 April 2014 OSCE/ODIHR Limited Election Observation Mission Final Report https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/c/0/121098.pdf (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

OSCE (2018): Hungary Parliamentary Elections 8 April 2018 OSCE/ODIHR Limited Election Observation Mission Final Report https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/0/9/385959.pdf (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

OSCE (2022) Hungary Parliamentary Elections and Referendum 3 April 2022. OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/6/523568.pdf (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Pokol, Béla (2015): A jurisztokrácia és a demokrácia határvonalán. Jogelméleti Szemle, 4, 4–18, http://jesz.ajk.elte.hu/2015_4.pdf (16. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Rácz, András (2018): Free, But Not Fair Elections in Hungary – Further Crackdown on Civil Society is Likely. Analysis. International Centre for Defence and Security, April 2018 https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ICDS_Analysis_Free_But_Not_Fair_Elections_in_Hungary_An-dras_Racz_April_2018.pdf (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Sadurski, Wojciech (2018): How Democracy Dies (in Poland): A Case Study of Anti-Constitutional Populist Backsliding. Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper 18/01, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3103491 (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Sajó, András – Uitz Renáta (2017): The Constitution of Freedom. An Introduction to Legal Constitutionalism. London: Oxford University Press10.1093/oso/9780198732174.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Scheppele, Kim Lane (2018): Autocratic Legalism. The University of Chicago Law Review 85(2), 545–584, https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/publication/autocratic-legalism (16. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Scheppele, Kim Lane (2022): How Viktor Orbán wins. Journal of Democracy 33(3), 45–61, https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/how-viktor-orban-wins/ (24. 11. 2022)10.1353/jod.2022.0039Search in Google Scholar

Seventh amendment of the Basic Law of Hungary Bill number T/332 Budapest, May 2018 (unofficial translation) https://helsinki.hu/wp-content/uploads/T332-Constitution-Amendment-29-May-2018-ENG.pdf (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Stone Sweet, Alec (2000): Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe. London: Oxford University Press.10.1093/0198297718.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Stumpf, István (2014): Rule of Law, Division of Powers, Constitutionalism. Acta Juridica Hungarica 55(4), 299–317.10.1556/AJur.55.2014.4.1Search in Google Scholar

Stumpf, István (2020): Sovereignty, Constitutional Identity and European Law. Hungarian Review 11(3), SOVEREIGNTY, CONSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY AND EUROPEAN LAW | Hungarian Review (05. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Tellér, Gyula (2014): Született-e ‘Orbán-rendszer’ 2010 és 2014 között? [Was an Orbán System Born between 2010 and 2014?]. Nagyvilág 59(3), 346–368.Search in Google Scholar

Trócsányi, László (2014): Magyarország az EU-ban sem mondott le a szuverenitásról [Hungary has not given up its sovereignty in the EU] https://2010-2014.kormany.hu/hu/hirek/trocsanyi--magyarorszag-az-eu-ban-sem-mondott-le-a-szuverenitasrol (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Tushnet, Mark (2003): Alternative Forms of Judicial Review. Michigan Law Review 101(8), 2781–2802. Alternative Forms of Judicial Review (georgetown.edu) (21. 08. 2022)10.2307/3595395Search in Google Scholar

Varga, Judit (2021): Az Alaptörvény E) cikk (2) bekezdésének, valamint a XIV. cikk (4) bekez-désének értelmezésére irányuló indítvány [Motion for the interpretation of the Section (2) of Article E) and Section (4) of Article XIV. of the Fundamental Law by the Constitutional Court”] http://public.mkab.hu/dev/dontesek.nsf/0/1dad915853cbc33ac1258709005bb1a1/$FILE/X_477_0_2021_ind%C3%ADtv%C3%A1ny_anonim.pdf (24. 11. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Venice Commission (2011a): Opinion on Three Legal Questions Arising in the Process of Drafting the New Constitution. Opinion no. 614/2011 https://www.venice.coe.int/WebForms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2011)001-e (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Venice Commission (2011b): Opinion on the New Constitution of Hungary. Opinion no. 621 /2011 https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2011)016-e (21. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar

Waldron, Jeremy (1999): Law and Disagreement. London: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262138.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Walker, Neil (2002): The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism. EUI Working Paper Law No. 1. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/179 (04. 08. 2022)Search in Google Scholar