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A new framework for ranking Critical Success Factors for International Construction Projects

Lana Lovrenčić Butković
Lana Lovrenčić Butković
   | 07. Nov. 2021
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Article Category: Research Paper
Online veröffentlicht: 07. Nov. 2021
Seitenbereich: 2505 - 2520
Eingereicht: 14. Mai 2021
Akzeptiert: 30. Sept. 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2021-0030
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© 2021 Lana Lovrenčić Butković, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

A new framework of CSFs related to the success of ICPs. CSFs, critical success factors; ICPs, international construction projects.
A new framework of CSFs related to the success of ICPs. CSFs, critical success factors; ICPs, international construction projects.

Profile of participants in the pre-pilot research

ID Position Experience in international business (years) Number of foreign countries participated in Number of ICPs involved in
Interviewee 1 Project manager 24 5 12
Interviewee 2 CEO 40 5 26
Interviewee 3 Technical director 32 3 20
Interviewee 4 CEO 6 6 8
Interviewee 5 Retired PM 30 36 12
Interviewee 6 Project manager 5 8 8
Interviewee 7 Project manager 7 1 4
Interviewee 8 CEO 6 2 2
Interviewee 9 CEO 16 5 10
Interviewee 10 CEO 14 3 6

Final list of CSFs for the success of ICPs

Group Variable CSFs
Project-related factors CSF-P-1 Project size and value
CSF-P-2 Constructability/Complexity
CSF-P-3 Site management
CSF-P-4 Accurate initial cost estimates
CSF-P-5 The formal dispute resolution process
CSF-P-6 Adequate funding throughout the project
CSF-P-7 Effective project planning and control
CSF-P-8 IT support for project management
CSF-P-9 Appropriate project identification
CSF-P-10 Effective project management
Human-related factors CSF-H-1 Project manager's competency
CSF-H-2 Project manager's experience
CSF-H-3 Decision-making ability of project manager
CSF-H-4 Leadership skills of project manager
CSF-H-5 Project manager's adaptability to make changes in the project plan
CSF-H-6 Commitment
CSF-H-7 Troubleshooting skills of project team members (problem-solving)
CSF-H-8 Multidisciplinary team
Organizational factors CSF-O-1 Top management support
CSF-O-2 Company's flexibility
CSF-O-3 Comprehensive contract documentation
CSF-O-4 Quality control
CSF-O-5 Effective project monitoring and control
CSF-O-6 Clear goals and objectives
CSF-O-7 Strong financing capacity
CSF-O-8 Effective organizing and planning
CSF-O-9 Company references
CSF-O-10 Company experience in selected market
External factors CSF-E-1 Economic conditions in the host country
CSF-E-2 Financial conditions in the host country
CSF-E-3 Regularity of construction market
CSF-E-4 Level of competition in the host country
CSF-E-5 Legislation in the host country
CSF-E-6 Public procurement system in the host country
CSF-E-7 Investor
CSF-E-8 Existence of a foreign partner
CSF-E-9 Local construction companies/subcontractors

CSF group ranking

Generic group of CSFs s-factor
Project-related factors 67.7
Human-related factors 66.8
Organizational factors 70.8
External factors 71.9

j.otmcj-2021-0030.tab.010

Group of CSFs Code Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Stand. Error Statistic Stand. Error
Project-related factors CSF-P-1 3.00 1.26 60.0 9
CSF-P-2 4.11 0.98 82.3 1
CSF-P-3 3.54 0.87 70.9 2
CSF-P-4 3.54 0.81 70.9 3
CSF-P-5 3.03 1.11 60.6 8
CSF-P-6 3.37 0.93 67.4 7
CSF-P-7 3.46 1.27 69.1 6
CSF-P-8 2.74 0.94 54.9 10
CSF-P-9 3.54 0.91 70.9 4
CSF-P-10 3.49 1.34 69.7 5
Human-related factors CSF-H-1 3.46 0.97 78.3 1
CSF-H-2 3.66 1.24 73.1 2
CSF-H-3 3.40 1.13 68.0 4
CSF-H-4 3.57 1.10 71.4 3
CSF-H-5 2.91 0.87 58.3 8
CSF-H-6 3.09 1.02 61.7 6
CSF-H-7 3.11 1.14 62.3 5
CSF-H-8 3.06 1.07 61.1 7
Organizational factors CSF-O-1 3.71 1.21 74.3 2
CSF-O-2 3.34 1.07 66.9 9
CSF-O-3 3.23 0.90 64.6 10
CSF-O-4 3.71 0.97 74.3 3
CSF-O-5 3.43 1.15 68.6 8
CSF-O-6 3.46 0.81 69.1 6
CSF-O-7 3.63 1.12 72.6 5
CSF-O-8 3.74 0.87 74.9 1
CSF-O-9 3.69 1.43 73.7 4
CSF-O-10 3.46 0.84 69.1 7
External factors CSF-E-1 3.37 0.76 67.4 7
CSF-E-2 3.49 0.73 69.7 6
CSF-E-3 3.54 0.84 70.9 5
CSF-E-4 3.37 0.93 67.4 8
CSF-E-5 3.69 0.89 73.7 4
CSF-E-6 2.94 1.17 58.9 9
CSF-E-7 4.00 1.01 80.0 2
CSF-E-8 3.89 0.82 78.9 3
CSF-E-9 4.03 1.08 80.6 1

Ranking of CSFs related to the success of ICPs

Group of CSFs Code Mean SD s-factor Group rank Overall rank
Project-related factors CSF-P-1 3.00 1.26 60.0 9 34
CSF-P-2 4.11 0.98 82.3 1 1
CSF-P-3 3.54 0.87 70.9 2 14
CSF-P-4 3.54 0.81 70.9 3 15
CSF-P-5 3.03 1.11 60.6 8 33
CSF-P-6 3.37 0.93 67.4 7 25
CSF-P-7 3.46 1.27 69.1 6 20
CSF-P-8 2.74 0.94 54.9 10 37
CSF-P-9 3.54 0.91 70.9 4 16
CSF-P-10 3.49 1.34 69.7 5 18
Human-related factors CSF-H-1 3.46 0.97 78.3 1 5
CSF-H-2 3.66 1.24 73.1 2 11
CSF-H-3 3.40 1.13 68.0 4 24
CSF-H-4 3.57 1.10 71.4 3 13
CSF-H-5 2.91 0.87 58.3 8 36
CSF-H-6 3.09 1.02 61.7 6 31
CSF-H-7 3.11 1.14 62.3 5 30
CSF-H-8 3.06 1.07 61.1 7 32
Organizational factors CSF-O-1 3.71 1.21 74.3 2 7
CSF-O-2 3.34 1.07 66.9 9 28
CSF-O-3 3.23 0.90 64.6 10 29
CSF-O-4 3.71 0.97 74.3 3 8
CSF-O-5 3.43 1.15 68.6 8 23
CSF-O-6 3.46 0.81 69.1 6 21
CSF-O-7 3.63 1.12 72.6 5 12
CSF-O-8 3.74 0.87 74.9 1 6
CSF-O-9 3.69 1.43 73.7 4 9
CSF-O-10 3.46 0.84 69.1 7 22
External factors CSF-E-1 3.37 0.76 67.4 7 26
CSF-E-2 3.49 0.73 69.7 6 19
CSF-E-3 3.54 0.84 70.9 5 17
CSF-E-4 3.37 0.93 67.4 8 27
CSF-E-5 3.69 0.89 73.7 4 10
CSF-E-6 2.94 1.17 58.9 9 35
CSF-E-7 4.00 1.01 80.0 2 3
CSF-E-8 3.89 0.82 78.9 3 4
CSF-E-9 4.03 1.08 80.6 1 2

j.otmcj-2021-0030.tab.009

Generic group of CSFs Statistic df Sig.
Project-related factors 0.942 34 0.070
Human-related factors 0.971 34 0.498
Organizational factors 0.940 34 0.094
External factors 0.959 34 0.234

Profile of the respondents

Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
Company role
  Constructor 26 74.3
  Consultant 9 25.7
Company type
  Small 16 45.7
  Medium 5 14.3
  Large 14 40.0
International experience (years)
  <5 5 14.3
  5–10 7 20.0
  10–20 10 28.6
  20 13 37.1
Number of ICPs
  <10 8 22.9
  10–20 18 51.4
  20 9 25.7
Type of ICP
  Private 8 22.9
  Public 23 65.7
  PPP 4 11.4
Location of ICP
  EU members 10 28.6
  Non EU members 16 45.7
  Africa 5 14.3
  Asia 4 11.4

j.otmcj-2021-0030.tab.008

Generic group of CSFs Cronbach's alpha No. of items
Project-related factors 0.966 10
Human-related factors 0.979 8
Organizational factors 0.961 10
External factors 0.945 9

j.otmcj-2021-0030.tab.007

CSF indicators Not critical (%) Potentially critical (%) Critical (%)
Project-related factors
1 Project size and value 10 70 20
2 Project characteristics/Uniqueness of project activities 40 30 30
3 Constructability/Complexity 30 10 60
4 Site management 30 50 20
5 Accurate initial cost estimates 30 10 60
6 Formal dispute resolution process 20 70 10
7 Adequate funding throughout the project 20 30 50
8 Effective project planning and control 20 70 10
9 IT support for project management 40 50 10
10 Language barriers 60 40
11 Appropriate project identification 10 40 50
12 Effective project management 20 20 60
13 Completion of the project on time 20 40 40
14 Quality of the work 30 40 30
15 Innovative technical approaches 40 30 30
Human-related factors
16 Organizing skills of project manager 40 30 30
17 Coordinating ability of project manager 40 20 40
18 Project manager's competency 40 10 50
19 Communication skills of project manager 50 20 30
20 Project manager's experience 40 60
21 Education level of the project manager 40 20 40
22 Political connections of the project manager 10 40 10
23 Decision-making ability of project manager 40 10 50
24 Leadership skills of project manager 30 20 50
25 Motivating skills of project manager 40 30 30
26 Project manager's adaptability to changes in project plan 20 60 20
27 Project manager's ability for risk identification 20 40 40
28 Technical background of project team members 30 40 30
29 Communication skills of project team members 40 30 30
30 Commitment 30 20 50
31 Troubleshooting skills of project team members (problem-solving) 30 50 20
32 Effective relationship among project team members 30 40 30
33 Multidisciplinary team 40 10 50
34 Multinational team 50 30 20
Organizational factors
35 Top management support 30 20 50
36 Organizational structure 60 30 10
37 Functional managers support 50 40 10
38 Company's flexibility 30 50 20
39 Good business/government relationships 60 20 20
40 Comprehensive contract documentation 70 30
41 Quality control 20 30 50
42 Effective project monitoring and control 40 40 20
43 Clear goals and objectives 10 60 30
44 Control of cash-flow 40 40 20
45 Strong financing capacity 20 20 60
46 Effective organizing and planning 20 60 20
47 Risk management 10 60 30
48 Follow and adopt new technologies 60 40
49 Skillful workers 40 40 20
50 Cost management 40 40 20
External factors
51 Economic and politic environment 30 50 20
52 Financial environment 30 20 50
53 Regularity of construction market and legislation 30 50 20
54 Level of competition 30 50 20
55 Company experience in selected market 20 30 50
56 Competitive tendering system in selected market 50 30 20

CSFs indicators for the success of ICPs identified from relevant literature

CSF indicators Author(s)
Project-related factors
1 Project size and value Belassi and Tukel 1996; Chan et al. 2004; Fortune and White 2006; Arain and Asif 2010; Khan and Spang 2011; Gudienė et al. 2014, Inayat et al. 2015; Alashwal et al. 2017; Shen et al. 2017; Mavi and Standing 2018; Mathar et al. 2020
2 Project characteristics/Uniqueness of project activities Belassi and Tukel 1996; Chen et al. 2012, Gudienė et al. 2014
3 Constructability/Complexity Saqib et al. 2008; Arain and Asif 2010; Yong and Mustaffa 2013, Gudienė et al. 2014; Mavi and Standing 2018; Mathar et al. 2020
4 Site management Arain and Asif 2010; Yong and Mustaffa 2013; Ghanbaripour et al. 2020, Mathar et al. 2020
5 Accurate initial cost estimates Nguyen et al. 2004; Arain and Asif 2010
6 Formal dispute resolution process Saqib et al. 2008; Arain and Asif 2010; Pal et al. 2017; Mathar et al. 2020
7 Adequate funding throughout the project Nguyen et al. 2004; Fortune and White 2006; Arain and Asif 2010; Yong and Mustaffa 2013; Gudienė et al. 2014; Li et al. 2019; Ghanbaripour et al. 2020
8 Effective project planning and control Chan et al. 2004; Nguyen et al. 2004; Saqib et al. 2008; Fortune and White 2006; Toor and Ogunlana 2009; Arain and Asif 2010; Gudienė et al. 2014, Mavi and Standing 2018; Li et al. 2019
9 IT support for project management Pandit and Zhu 2007; Toor and Ogunlana 2009; Mathar et al. 2020
10 Language barriers Belassi and Tukel 1996
11 Appropriate project identification Qiao et al. 2001
12 Effective project management Belassi and Tukel 1996
13 Completion of the project on time Belassi and Tukel 1996
14 Quality of the work Belassi and Tukel 1996
15 Innovative technical approaches Belassi and Tukel 1996; Khan and Spang 2011; Gudienė et al. 2014; Shen et al. 2017; Li et al. 2019
Human-related factors
16 Organizing skills of project manager Saqib et al. 2008; Gudienė et al. 2014; Alashwal et al. 2017
17 Coordinating ability of project manager Belassi and Tukel 1996; Chan et al. 2004; Saqib et al. 2008; Gudienė et al. 2014
18 Project manager's competency Belassi and Tukel 1996; Chan et al. 2004; Nguyen et al. 2004; Fortune and White 2006; Saqib et al. 2008; Khan and Spang 2011; Yong and Mustaffa 2013; Gudienė et al. 2014; Bayiley and Teklu 2016; Alashwal et al. 2017; Banihashemi et al. 2017; Shen et al. 2017; Mavi and Standing 2018; Li et al. 2019; Ghanbaripour et al. 2020; Mathar et al. 2020
19 Communication skills of project manager Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Gudienė et al. 2014
20 Project manager's experience Ogunlana et al. 2002; Fortune and White 2006; Pheng and Chuan 2006; Saqib et al. 2008; Gudienė et al. 2014
21 Education level of the project manager Arslan and Kivrak 2008
22 Political connections of the project manager Arslan and Kivrak 2008
23 Decision-making ability of project manager Saqib et al. 2008
24 Leadership skills of project manager Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Saqib et al. 2008; Yong and Mustaffa 2013; Gudienė et al. 2014
25 Motivating skills of project manager Chan et al. 2004; Saqib et al. 2008; Gudienė et al. 2014
26 Project manager's adaptability to changes in the project plan Saqib et al. 2008; Yong and Mustaffa 2013; Gudienė et al. 2014; Banihashemi et al. 2017
27 Project manager's ability for risk identification Gudienė et al. 2014; Banihashemi et al. 2017
28 Technical background of project team members Belassi and Tukel 1996; Gudienė et al. 2014; Alashwal et al. 2017; Mathar et al. 2020
29 Communication skills of project team members Belassi and Tukel 1996; Ofori 2003; Gudienė et al. 2014; Alashwal et al. 2017; Shen et al. 2017
30 Commitment Belassi and Tukel 1996; Arain and Asif 2010; Khan and Spang 2011; Alashwal et al. 2017; Mavi and Standing 2018; Mathar et al. 2020
31 Troubleshooting skills of project team members (problem-solving) Belassi and Tukel 1996; Saqib et al. 2008; Gudienė et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2016; Alashwal et al. 2017; Pal et al. 2017
32 Effective relationship among project team members Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Liu et al. 2016; Banihashemi et al. 2017
33 Multidisciplinary team Qiao et al. 2001; Nguyen et al. 2004; Ghanbaripour et al. 2020
34 Multinational team Qiao et al. 2001
Organizational factors
35 Top management support Belassi and Tukel 1996; Cooke-Davies 2002; Ofori 2003; Nguyen et al. 2004; Toor and Ogunlana 2009; Khan and Spang 2011; Yong and Mustaffa 2013; Liu et al. 2016; Alashwal et al. 2017; Mavi and Standing 2018; Li et al. 2019; Ghanbaripour et al. 2020
36 Organizational structure Belassi and Tukel 1996; Fortune and White 2006; Saqib et al. 2008; Khan and Spang 2011; Banihashemi et al. 2017; Mavi and Standing 2018
37 Functional managers support Belassi and Tukel 1996
38 Company's flexibility Arain and Asif 2010
39 Good business/government relationships Qiao et al. 2001; Arain and Asif 2010
40 Comprehensive contract documentation Nguyen et al. 2004; Arain and Asif 2010; Yong and Mustaffa 2013; Banihashemi et al. 2017; Ahmadabadi and Heravi 2019
41 Quality control Qiao et al. 2001; Saqib et al. 2008; Arain and Asif 2010; Mathar et al. 2020
42 Effective project monitoring and control Kwak 2002; Ofori 2003; Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Arain and Asif 2010; Khan and Spang 2011; Mavi and Standing 2018; Mathar et al. 2020
43 Clear goals and objectives Ofori 2003; Nguyen et al. 2004; Fortune and White 2006; Arain and Asif 2010; Mavi and Standing 2018; Li et al. 2019; Mathar et al. 2020
44 Control of cash-flow Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Mathar et al. 2020
45 Strong financing capacity Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Alashwal et al. 2017; Ghanbaripour et al. 2020
46 Effective organizing and planning Nguyen et al. 2004; Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Arain and Asif 2010; Banihashemi et al. 2017; Mathar et al. 2020
47 Risk management Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Saqib et al. 2008; Khan and Spang 2011; Mavi and Standing 2018; Li et al. 2019; Mathar et al. 2020
48 Follow and adopt new technologies Ofori 2003; Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Chen et al. 2012
49 Skillful workers Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Yong and Mustaffa 2013; Alashwal et al. 2017
50 Cost management Ofori 2003; Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Yong and Mustaffa 2013
External factors
51 Economic and politic environment Belassi and Tukel 1996; Qiao et al. 2001; Kwak 2002; Chan et al. 2004; Saqib et al. 2008; Khan and Spang 2011; Yong and Mustaffa 2013; Alashwal et al. 2017; Banihashemi et al. 2017; Shen et al. 2017; Mavi and Standing 2018; Razzaq et al. 2018; Ahmadabadi and Heravi 2019
52 Financial environment Qiao et al. 2001; Alashwal et al. 2017; Mavi and Standing 2018; Ahmadabadi and Heravi 2019
53 Regularity of construction market and legislation Qiao et al. 2001; Kwak 2002; Bayiley and Teklu 2016; Mavi and Standing 2018; Razzaq et al. 2018
54 Level of competition Belassi and Tukel 1996; Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Yong and Mustaffa 2013
55 Company experience in selected market Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Yong and Mustaffa 2013; Surlan et al. 2016; Mathar et al. 2020
56 Competitive tendering system in selected market Qiao et al. 2001; Chen et al. 2012; Yong and Mustaffa 2013
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