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Ecologically preferred types of drive systems for city buses—the context of the Polish energy mix

Anna Dubel

Anna Dubel

AGH University of Krakow: Akademia Gorniczo-Hutnicza im Stanislawa Staszica w KrakowieKraków, Poland
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Dubel, Anna
 und 
Mariusz Trela

Mariusz Trela

AGH University of Krakow: Akademia Gorniczo-Hutnicza im Stanislawa Staszica w KrakowieKraków, Poland
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Trela, Mariusz
  
31. Dez. 2023
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Online veröffentlicht: 31. Dez. 2023
Seitenbereich: 1 - 10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0015
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© 2023 Anna Dubel et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Subsequent steps of the methodology
Subsequent steps of the methodology

Figure 2.

External costs for different types of urban buses operating in Poland in 2021 [PLN/km]
External costs for different types of urban buses operating in Poland in 2021 [PLN/km]

Figure 3.

Shares of external costs due to individual pollutants in the total external cost for different vehicles
Shares of external costs due to individual pollutants in the total external cost for different vehicles

Pollutant emissions for different types of urban buses operating in Poland in 2020 [g/km]

Bus types NMVOC NOX PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO23
Urbino 12 Diesel 0.0844 1.0578 0.1099 0.2207 0 1031
Urbino 12 Hybrid 0.0633 0.7933 0.1099 0.2207 0 873
Urbino 12 Hybrid plug-in 0.0633 0.9096 0.1099 0.2258 0.1168 904
Urbino 12 Electric 0 0.7323 0.0814 0.1454 0.7323 1076
Urbino 12 Hydrogen 0 2.2725 0.0814 0.2125 2.2725 3341
Urbino 12 CNG 0.0988 4.0218 0.1099 0.2207 0 985

CO2 emission factor for Poland in the period 2014–2020 [kg/kWh]

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
0.825 0.798 0.781 0.778 0.765 0.719 0.698 0.708

Projected CO2 emission factors in Poland in the period 2021–2030 [kg/kWh]

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
0.680 0.662 0.644 0.626 0.608 0.590 0.572 0.554 0.536

Sensitivity analysis for the CO2 emission factors

electric ON
0.692
electric plug-in hybrid
0.582
electric hybrid
0.562
plug-in hybrid hybrid
0.454
hydrogen ON
0.146
hydrogen hybrid
0.104
hydrogen plug-in hybrid
0.086

Emission factors for NOx, SO2, TSP in 2021 [kg/kWh]

SO2 NOx TSP
0.505 0.505 0.022
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