[
Aulén, G. 1988. Ecology and distribution history of the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos in Sweden. – Report No 14. Department of Wildlife Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Aulén, G. & Carlson, A. 1990. Demography of a declining White-backed Woodpecker population. – In: Carlson, A. & Aulén, G. (eds.) Conservation and Management of Woodpecker Populations. – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife Ecology, Report 17. Uppsala, Sweden
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bernoni, M. 1995. Densita della popolazione di Picchio dorsobianco Picoides leucotos lilfordi nel Parco Nazionale d’Abruzzo [Population density of White-backed Woodpecker in the Abruzzo National Park]. – Avocetta 19: 130. (in Italian)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
BirdLife International 2021. Species factsheet: Dendrocopos leucotos. – http://www.birdlife.org on 01/09/2021.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bühler, U. 2021. Vorkommen des Weissrückenspechts Dendrocopos leucotos und Waldnutzung in Nordbünden [Occurrence of White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos and forest use in northern Grisons]. – Ornithologischer Beobachter 118: 58–75. (in German with English Summary)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cárcamo, S., Elosegi, M. M., Senosiain, A. & Arizaga, J. 2019. Nidotópica y parámetros reproductivos en el pico dorsiblanco Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi Sharpe & Dresser, 1871 en Navarra [Nest site selection and reproduction parameters in the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi Sharpe & Dresser, 1871 in Navarre]. – Munibe Ciencias Naturales 67: 31–44. DOI: 10.21630/mcn.2019.67.06 (in Spanish with English Summary)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Carlson, A. 2000. The effect of habitat loss on a deciduous forest specialist: the White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos). – Forest Ecology and Management 131(1): 215–221. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00215-7
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Costantini, C. & Melletti, M. 1992. The White-backed Woodpecker, Picoides leucotos lilfordi, and the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Picoides minor, in the beech woods of the Simbruini and Ernici Mountains (Central Italy). – Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 62: 164–170.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Czeszczewik, D. 2009. Foraging behaviour of White-backed Woodpeckers Dendrocopos leucotos in a primeval forest (Białowieża National Park, NE Poland): Dependence on habitat resources and season. – Acta Ornithologica 44: 109–118. DOI: 10.3161/000164509X482687
]Search in Google Scholar
[
del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N. J. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, Vol. 1. Non-passerines. – Lynx Edicions, Barcelona
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dement’ev, G. P. & Gladkov, N. A. 1966. (eds.) Birds of the Soviet Union. Vol. 1. – Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Fernández, C. & Azkona, P. 1996. Influence of forest structure on the density and distribution of the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos and Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius in Quinto Real (Spanish western Pyrenees). – Bird Study 43: 305–313. DOI: 10.1080/00063659609461023
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Frank, G. 2002. Brutzeitliche Einnischung des Weissrückenspechtes Dendrocopos leucotos im Vergleich zum Buntspecht Dendrocopos major in montanen Mischwäldern der nordlichen Kalkalpen [Habitat selection of White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos during the breeding season in comparison to Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in mountainous mixed forests of the northern Austrian Chalk Alps]. – Vogelwelt 123: 225–239. (in German)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Garmendia, A., Cárcamo, S. & Schwendtner, O. 2006. Forest management considerations for conservation of Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius and White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos populations in Quinto Real (Spanish Western Pyrenees). – Biodiversity and Conservation 15: 339–355. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-005-5410-0
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gerdzhikov, G. P., Georgiev, K. B., Plachiyski, D. G., Zlatanov, T. & Shurulinkov, P. S. 2018. Habitat requirements of the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi (Sharpe & Dresser, 1871) (Piciformes: Picidae) in Strandzha Mountain, Bulgaria. – Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 70: 527–534.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gorman, G. 1995. Identifying the presence of woodpecker (Picidae) species on the basis of their holes and signs. – Aquila 102: 61–67.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gorman, G. 2014. Woodpeckers of the World: The Complete Guide. – Helm, London, UK
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gorman, G. 2019. Characteristics of Grey-headed Woodpecker (Picus canus) cavities in Hungary. – Aquila 126: 33–39.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gorman, G. 2020a Details of cavities used by Syrian Woodpeckers Dendrocopos syriacus in Hungary. – Bird Study 67(2): 251–255. DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2020.1808588
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gorman, G. 2020b Attributes of Eurasian Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis) nest cavities in Hungary. – Ornis Hungarica 28(2): 204–211. DOI: 10.2478/orhu-2020-0025
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gorman, G., Komlós, M., Ónodi, G. & Schmidt, A. 2021. Fehérhátú fakopáncs Dendrocopos leucotos White-backed Woodpecker. – In: Szép, T., Csörgő, T., Halmos, G., Lovászi, P., Nagy, K. & Schmidt, A. (eds.) Magyarország madáratlasza – Bird Atlas of Hungary. – Agrárminisztérium, Magyar Madártani és Természetvédelmi Egyesület, Budapest, pp. 428–429. https://mme.hu/birdatlas (in Hungarian with English Summary)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grangé, J-L. 1993. Donnees preliminaires sur la biologie de reproduction du Pic a dos blanc pyreneen (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) en Bearn [Preliminary data on the reproductive biology of the Pyrenian White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) in Bearn]. – Nos Oiseaux 42: 17–28. (in French)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grangé, J-L., Auria, J-C., André, C. & Navarre, P. 2002. Biologie de reproduction du Pic à dos blanc Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi dans les Pyrénées occidentales (France) [Reproductive biology of the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi in the Western Pyrenees, France]. – Nos Oiseaux 49: 199–212. (in French with English Summary).
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grangé, J-L. 2009. Caractéristiques des arbres de nid chez le Pic à dos blanc Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi dans les Pyrénées occidentales françaises [Characteristics of the trees in which the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi nests in the French western Pyrenees]. – Le Casseur d’Os 9: 92–110. (in French with English Summary).
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grangé, J-L. 2016. Breeding biology of the Lilford Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi in the Western Pyrenees (SW France). – Denisia 36 Zugleich Kataloge des Oberösterreichischen Landesmus 164: 99–111.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grangé, J-L., Senosiain, A., Marsaguet, P. & Navarre, P. 2020. Creusement de cavités en automne-hiver par les Picidés européens [Excavation of cavities by European woodpeckers in autumn-winter]. – Ornithos 27(6): 345–354. (in French with English Summary)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hågvar, S., Hågvar, G. & Mønness, E. 1990. Nest site selection in Norwegian woodpeckers. – Holarctic Ecology 13:156–165. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1990.tb00602.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Håland, A. & Ugelvik, M. 1990. The status of the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos in Norway. – In: Carlson, A. & Aulén, G. (eds.) Conservation and Management of Woodpecker Populations. – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife Ecology, Report 17. Uppsala, Sweden
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hämäläinen, K., Junninen, K., Halme, P. & Kouki, J. 2020. Managing conservation values of protected sites: how to maintain deciduous trees in White-backed Woodpecker territories. – Forest Ecology and Management 461: 117946. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117946
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Håpnes, A. 2003. The White-backed Woodpecker, highly threatened by forestry. – WWF-Norway
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hebda, G. 2009. Nesting sites of the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major L. in Poland: analysis of nest cards. – Polish Journal of Ecology 57: 149–158.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hogstad, O. & Stenberg, I. 1994. Habitat selection of a viable population of White-backed Woodpeckers Dendrocopos leucotos. – Journal für Ornithologie 138: 25–38.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hungarian Meteorological Service. Undated. Wind conditions of Hungary. – https://www.met.hu/en/eghajlat/magyarorszag_eghajlata/altalanos_eghajlati_jellemzes/szel/. Accessed 01/09/2021.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kosiński, Z. & Winiecki, A. 2004. Nest-site selection and niche partitioning among the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major and Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos medius in riverine forest of Central Europe. – Ornis Fennica 81: 145–156.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Krams, I. 1998. Nest site selection of the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos in the eastern part of Latvia. – Ornis Svecica 8: 11–16.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Landler, L., Jusino, M. A., Skelton, J. & Walters, J. R. 2014. Global trends in woodpecker cavity entrance orientation: latitudinal and continental effects suggest regional climate influence. – Acta Ornithologica 49: 257–266. DOI: 10.3161/173484714X687145
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lanz, M., Keiss, O. & Keller, V. 2020. Dendrocopos leucotos White-backed Woodpecker. – In: Keller, V., Herrando, S., Voříšek, P., Franch, M., Kipson, M., Milanesi, P., Martí, D., Anton, M., Klvaňová, A., Kalyakin, M. V., Bauer, H-G. & Foppen, R. P. B. 2020. European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change. – European Bird Census Council and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lorenz, T. J., Vierling, K. T., Johnson, T. R. & Fischer, P. C. 2015. The role of wood hardness in limiting nest site selection in avian cavity excavators. – Ecological Applications 25(4): 1016–1033. DOI: 10.1890/14-1042.1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lõhmus, A., Nellis, R., Pullerits, M. & Leivits, M. 2016. The potential for long-term sustainability in seminatural forestry: a broad perspective based on woodpecker populations. – Environmental Management 57(3): 558–571. DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0638-2
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lund, U. & Agostinelli, C. 2011. Package ‘circular’: circular statistics. – R package version 0.4-3.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Martikainen, P., Kaila, L. & Haila, Y. 1998. Threatened beetles in White-backed Woodpecker habitats. – Conservation Biology 12(2): 293–301. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96484.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Matsuoka, S. 2010. Great Spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos major detect variation in wood hardness before excavating nest holes. – Ornithological Science 9(1): 67–74. DOI: 10.2326/osj.9.67
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Melletti, M. & Penteriani, V. 2003. Nesting and feeding tree selection in the endangered White-backed Woodpecker, Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi. – Wilson Bulletin 115(3): 299–306. DOI: 10.1676/03-022
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mikusiński, G. & Angelstam, P. 1998a Economic geography, forest distribution and woodpecker diversity in central Europe. – Conservation Biology 12: 200–208. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96310.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mikusiński, G. & Angelstam, P. 1998b European woodpeckers and anthropogenic habitat change: evidence of effects in different scales. – Vogelwelt 118: 277–283.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pavelka, K. 2003. Strakapoud Belohrbety (Dendrocopos leucotos) v zapadnich Beskydech a Javornikach [White-backed Woodpecker in the Western Beskydy Mountains and in the Javorniky Mountains]. – Crex 21: 39–46. (in Czech with English Summary)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pavlík, Š. 1999. Breeding ecology of the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos in oak forest. – Biologia 54: 187–194.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pewsey, A., Neuhauser, M. & Ruxton, G. D. 2013. Circular Statistics in R. – OUP, Oxford
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pons, J-M., Campión, D., Chiozzi, G., Ettwein, A., Grangé, J-L., Kajtoch, L., Mazgajski, T. D., Rakovic, M., Winkler, H. & Fuchs, J. 2021. Phylogeography of a widespread Palaearctic forest bird species: The White-backed Woodpecker (Aves, Picidae). – Zoologica Scripta 50: 155–172. DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12466
]Search in Google Scholar
[
R Development Core Team 2015. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. – R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Roberge, J. M., Mikusiński, G. & Svensson, S. 2008. The White-backed Woodpecker: Umbrella species for forest conservation planning? – Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 2479–2494. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-008-9394-4
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sabatini, F. M., Burrascano, S., Keeton, W. S., Levers, Ch., Lindner, M., Pötzschner, F., Verkerk, P. J., Bauhus, J., Buchwald, E., Chaskovsky, O., Debaive, N., Horváth, F., Garbarino, M., Grigoriadis, N., Lombardi, F., Duarte, I. M., Meyer, P., Midteng, R., Mikac, S., Mikoláš, M., Motta, R., Mozgeris, G., Nunes, L., Panayotov, M., Ódor, P., Ruete, A., Simovski, B., Stillhard, J., Svoboda, M., Szwagrzyk, J., Tikkanen, O-P., Volosyanchuk, R., Vrska, T., Zlatanov, T. & Kuemmerle, T. 2018. Where are Europe’s last primary forests? – Diversity and Distributions 24: 1426–1439. DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12778
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schaaf, A. A. 2020. Effects of sun exposure and vegetation cover on Woodpecker nest orientation in subtropical forests of South America. – Journal of Ethology 38(1): 117–120. DOI: 10.1007/s10164-019-00617-2
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Scherzinger, W. 1990. Is competition by the Great Spotted Woodpecker the cause for White-backed Woodpecker’s rarity in Bavarian Forest National Park? – In: Carlson, A. & Aulén, G. (eds.) Conservation and management of woodpecker populations, report 17 (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife Ecology, Uppsala, Sweden) pp. 81–91.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schwaiger, S. & Lauterbach, M. 2019. Verbreitung, Bestandssituation und Habitatansprüche von Dreizehenspecht Picoides tridactylus Und Weißrückenspecht Dendrocopos leucotos in den Bayerischen Alpen [Distribution, population density and habitat requirements of Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) and White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) in the Bavarian Alps]. – Ornithologischer Anzeiger 57: 228–242. (in German with English Summary)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Smith, K. 1997. Nest site selection of the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in two oak woods in southern England and its implications for woodland management. – Biological Conservation 80: 283–288. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00038-9
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Stenberg, I. & Hogstad, O. 1992. Habitat use and density of breeding woodpeckers in the 1990s in Møre og Romsdal county, western Norway. – Fauna Norvegica, Serie C, Cinclus 19: 21–38.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Szmorad, F., Frank, T. & Korda, M. 2018. Erdőgazdálkodás és erdőkezelés Natura 2000 területeken. Natura 2000 kézikönyv erdőgazdálkodóknak [Forestry and forest management in Natura 2000 areas. Natura 2000 handbook for forest managers]. – Duna-Ipoly Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság, Budapest (in Hungarian)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tracy, N. 1938. Der grosse Buntspecht [The Great Spotted Woodpecker]. – Beiträge zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie der Vögel 14: 41–48. (in German)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Urkijo-Letona, A., Cárcamo, S., Peña, L., Fernández de Manuel, B., Onaindia, M. & Ametzaga-Arregi, I. 2020. Key elements of the White-backed Woodpecker’s (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) habitat in its European South-Western limits. – Forests 11: 831. DOI: 10.3390/f11080831
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Virkkala, R., Alanko, T., Laine, T. & Tiainen, J. 1993. Population contraction of the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos in Finland as a consequence of habitat alteration. – Biological Conservation 66: 47–53.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wan, T., Hu, J-F., Jiao, Z-B., Wen, J-B. & Luo, Y-Q. 2008. Nest-cavity characteristics of the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in shelter plantations of west Inner Mongolia. – Forestry Studies in China 10: 36–40. DOI: 10.1007/s11632-008-0010-1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wesołowski, T. & Tomiałojć, L. 1986. The breeding ecology of woodpeckers in a temperate primeaval forest -preliminary data. – Acta Ornithologica 22: 1–21.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wesołowski, T. 1995. Ecology and Behaviour of White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) in a primaeval temperate forest (Białowieża National Park, Poland). – Vogelwarte 38: 61–75.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wesołowski, T., Hebda, G. & Rowiński, P. 2021. Variation in timing of breeding of five woodpeckers in a primeval forest over 45 years: role of food, weather, and climate. – Journal of Ornithology 162: 89–108. DOI: 10.1007/s10336-020-01817-1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wiebe, K. L. 2001. Microclimate of tree cavity nests: is it important for reproductive success in Northern Flickers? – The Auk 118: 412–421. DOI: 10.1093/auk/118.2.412
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zahner, V., Sikora, L. & Pasinelli, G. 2012. Heart rot as a key factor for cavity tree selection in the Black Woodpecker. – Forest Ecology and Management 271: 98–103. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.041
]Search in Google Scholar
