Turkey is surrounded by the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the inland sea called the Marmara Sea. Although the Black Sea is very extensive compared to the Marmara Sea, it is a closed system fed by rivers (Tuğrul 2017). The sea, which for a long time was a lake connected to the Caspian Sea, is connected with the Mediterranean Sea through the Marmara Sea and the Istanbul Strait, also known as the Bosphorus (Beşiktepe et al. 1994; Zaitsev & Mamaev 1997). The Istanbul and Çanakkale (Dardanelles) straits, which are the narrowest straits in Europe, form the Turkish Straits System together with the Marmara Sea (Özsoy 2016). The Marmara Sea connects the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea and has a two-layer water system formed by waters originating in each of these seas. The upper layer consists of low-salinity Black Sea waters and the lower layer consists of high-salinity Mediterranean waters (Yüce, Türker 1991). While the density stratification between the layers prevents oxygen from reaching the substrate, particles of biogenic origin at the seabed increase oxygen consumption (Beşiktepe et al. 2000). While the saline Mediterranean waters are transported to the Black Sea through the Istanbul Strait, the salinity of surface waters drops due to substantial freshwater inflows from rivers such as the Danube, the Dniester, and the Dnieper. As a result of vertical stratification and high-rate transport of organic matter, the bottom layer is anoxic and contains high levels of sulfur (Tezcan et al. 2017). The Black Sea, whose coastlines are located in six countries, is characterized by high eutrophication levels due to transport from both rivers and anthropogenic effects (Bakan & Büyükgüngör 2000). Another common feature between these two closed seas is their unique fauna and flora. The fauna of the Black Sea, in particular, differs significantly from that of other seas due to its anoxic nature and high biomass production, as well as its low biodiversity compared to the Mediterranean Sea (Alexandrov & Zaitsev 1998; Bat et al. 2011). At present, both seas are under intense pressure from pollution. While rivers are the main source of pollution in the Black Sea, the Marmara Sea is heavily affected by nearby industrial facilities, anthropogenic factors and marine traffic (Aksu et al. 2016; Balkıs.et al. 2016; Ünlü 2016; Frid & Caswell 2017). For this reason, it is critical to regularly monitor biodiversity, which is greatly affected by environmental factors. Arthropods in particular occupy an important place in the benthic fauna of the Black Sea in terms of the number of species (Sezgin & Kurt-Şahin 2017). Crustacea, which constitute the majority of Arthropoda not only in the Black Sea but in all marine ecosystems, are a very large group of animals that are widespread in marine habitats, but also in freshwater (Sampaio et al. 2016).
Research on Crustacea in the Black Sea goes back to Holthuis (1961) and Kocataş (1981, 1982), followed by Mutlu & Ünsal (1991–1992, 1992), Mutlu et al. (1992), Öztürk (1999), Bat et al. (2000), Sezgin et al. (2001), Kocataş & Katağan (2003), Bilgin & Çelik (2004), Gönlügür-Demirci & Katağan (2004), Bilgin & Gönlügür-Demirci (2005), Gönlügür-Demirci (2006), Kırkım et al. (2006), Sezgin & Katağan (2007), Bilgin et al. (2007), Karaçuha et al. (2009), Ateş et al. (2010), Sezgin et al. (2010a,b), Balkıs et al. (2012), Kırkım et al. (2014), Kurt-Şahin et al. (2017). A number of researchers have also tried to explore the crustacean fauna of the Marmara Sea, including Sowinsky (1897), Demir (1952), Holthuis (1961), Caspers (1968), Băcescu (1982), Balkıs (1992), Kocataş and Katağan (1993), Topaloğlu (1993; 2014), Balkıs (1994), Balkıs (1998–99a,b), Uysal et al. (2002), Balkıs et al. (2002), Yurdabak (2004), Kalkan et al. (2006), Ritt et al. (2010), Bakır et al. (2011), Aslan-Cihangir & Panucci-Papadopolou (2011), Bakır (2012), Mülayim et al. (2015a,b), Bakır et al. (2016), Ayfer et al. (2017) and Bakır & Ateş (2018).
As demonstrated above, crustaceans in the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea have already been the subject of many studies. Most of these studies targeted limited areas in these seas to study crustacean species. There are no studies in the literature that cover crustaceans from the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea together. This study presents detailed and up-to-date information on the soft-bottom crustacean fauna of this large and important region based on samples collected at different locations representing the Turkish waters of the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea. This provides insight into similarities and differences in the crustacean fauna of both seas. Overall, I have updated the list of crustacean species with new records for these areas and provided information on their habitats.
Sampling for the study was conducted within the scope of the “Integrated Marine Pollution Monitoring 2017–2019 Program” coordinated by TÜBİTAK – Marmara Research Center of the Environment and Cleaner Production Institute with the support of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization of the Turkish Republic. Sampling was carried out in the Marmara Sea between 24 July and 1 August 2019 and in the Black Sea between 4 and 16 July 2019 from the TUBİTAK Marmara Research Vessel.
Sampling was carried out at 27 sites at a depth ranging from 10 to 87 m in the Marmara Sea and the Istanbul Strait, and at 20 sites at a depth of 8.5–45 m in the area between İğneada and Hopa in the Black Sea (Fig. 1). Three replicate samples were collected using a Van Veen Grab sampler in an area of 0.1 m2. Information about the sites is provided in detail in Table 1. Sediment samples were sieved through a 0.5 mm mesh sieve and fixed with 4% formaldehyde solution. They were examined under a Leica M205C Stereomicroscope to determine the number of species and individuals.
Codes, coordinates, habitat structure, sampling dates and depth of the sampling locations in the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea
Site code | Site name | Date | Depth (m) | Coordinates | Substrate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latitude | Longitude | |||||
THE BLACK SEA | ||||||
TRK1 | İğneada and Danube River water | 04.07.2019 | 20 | 41°52′12″N | 28°3′33″E | shells and sand |
TRK7 | Şile | 05.07.2019 | 22 | 41°11′30″N | 29°35′24″E | mud |
TRK10 | Sakarya River | 06.07.2019 | 21 | 41°8′45″N | 30°37′39″E | mud |
TRKE1 | Karadeniz Ereğlisi | 07.07.2019 | 14 | 41°16′28″N | 31°23′54″E | shells and fine sand |
TRK13 | Zonguldak | 07.07.2019 | 20 | 41°27′36″N | 31°46′24″E | detrital black sandy mud |
TRK16 | Bartın | 08.07.2019 | 22 | 41°35′32″N | 32°3′3″E | phytodetritus |
TRK19 | Cide | 08.07.2019 | 24 | 41°54′43″N | 32°55′32″E | shells and mud |
TRK22 | İnebolu | 09.07.2019 | 25 | 41°59′17″N | 33°47′2″E | shells and detrital mud |
TRK25 | Sinop 2 | 09.07.2019 | 20 | 41°3′49″N | 34°55′4″E | mud |
TRK28 | Sinop 1 | 10.07.2019 | 22 | 41°0′57″N | 35°9′28″E | shells and coarse sand |
TRK32 | Kızılırmak | 10.07.2019 | 24 | 41°44′44″N | 35°57′26″E | mud |
TRK34Y | Samsun | 12.07.2019 | 20 | 41°19′1″N | 36°21′35″E | mud with phytodetritus |
TRK35 | Samsun | 11.07.2019 | 48 | 41°20′49″N | 36°23′23″E | shells |
TRK37 | Yeşilırmak | 13.07.2019 | 8.5 | 41°23′37″N | 36°39′9″E | mud |
TRK43 | Ordu | 14.07.2019 | 11.6 | 41°0′14″N | 37°53′36″E | shells and sand |
TRK44 | Ordu | 14.07.2019 | 48 | 41°1′14″N | 37°54′27″E | phytodetritus clay |
TRK46 | Giresun | 14.07.2019 | 20 | 40°55′21″N | 38°24′21″E | mud |
TRK53 | Trabzon | 15.07.2019 | 35 | 41°1′0″N | 39°43′42″E | mud with phytodetritus and sand |
TRK55 | Rize | 16.07.2019 | 25 | 41°2′ 7″N | 40°32′ 20″E | shells and mud |
TRK61 | Hopa | 16.07.2019 | 45 | 41°30′52″N | 41°30′50″E | mud |
THE MARMARA SEA | ||||||
İZ7 | İzmit Bay | 24.07.2019 | 65 | 40°45′54″N | 29°27′38″E | mud, fine sand, shells |
İZ30 | İzmit Bay | 24.07.2019 | 27 | 40°45′15″ N | 29°54′47″E | clay, phytodetritus |
MY1 | Pendik | 24.07.2019 | 38 | 40°52′4″N | 29°14′27″E | mud and fine sand |
YSA | Yassıada | 23.07.2019 | 87 | 40°51′23″N | 28°59′12″E | clay and fine sand |
B2 | İstanbul Strait | 26.07.2019 | 30 | 41°1′ 46″N | 29°0′50″E | mud and fine sand |
YK1 | Yenikapı shore | 26.07.2019 | 15 | 40°56′26″N | 28°50′20″E | coralline, mud, fine sand |
KC1 | Küçükçekmece shore | 27.07.2019 | 20 | 40°58′12″N | 28°45′20″E | clay, phytodetritus |
BC1 | Büyükçekmece shore | 27.07.2019 | 51 | 40°56′51″N | 28°36′22″E | clay, fine sand |
MD54 | Silivri shore | 27.07.2019 | 31 | 41°3′26″N | 28°14′27″E | clay, fine sand |
MD59 | Tekirdağ shore | 28.07.2019 | 20 | 40°57′40″N | 28°31′29″E | mud, fine sand |
D7MA | Şarköy | 28.07.2019 | 32 | 40°33′14″N | 27°1′27″E | mud, fine sand, shells |
BD3 | Erdek Bay | 28.07.2019 | 37 | 40°25′25″N | 27°22′37″E | mud, fine sand, shells |
MD12A | Erdek Bay | 29.07.2019 | 44 | 40°25′17″N | 27°32′1″E | mud, fine sand, shells |
BK1 | Bandırma | 30.07.2019 | 35 | 40°22′12″N | 27°57′42″E | mud, shells, phytodetritus |
MD72 | Bandırma | 30.07.2019 | 44 | 40°24′27″N | 28°4′24″E | mud, shells |
MD19A | Bayramdere | 31.07.2019 | 43 | 40°32′10″N | 28°25′24″E | mud, fine sand |
SD2 | Susurluk Stream | 31.07.2019 | 10 | 40°24′32″N | 28°31′11″E | fine sand |
MD89A | Gemlik Bay | 1.08.2019 | 39 | 40°25′50″N | 29°8′17″E | mud, phytodetritus |
MD22A | Gemlik Bay | 31.07.2019 | 35 | 40°22′51″N | 28°53′11″E | mud, phytodetritus |
GK2 | Gemlik Bay | 1.08.2019 | 39 | 40°29′42″N | 28°49′27″E | mud, shells |
MD24 | Yalova Shore | 1.08.2019 | 51 | 40°40′0″N | 29°14′52″E | mud |
GK1 | Gemlik Bay | 31.07.2019 | 64 | 40°27′13″N | 28°45′10″E | mud |
MDSD1 | Mudanya | 31.07.2019 | 27 | 40°23′13″N | 28°43′44″E | clay, phytodetritus |
ER1 | Erdek Bay | 29.07.2019 | 33 | 40°23′44″N | 28°2′15″E | mud, fine sand, shells |
KR1 | Kurşunlu shore | 30.07.2019 | 47 | 40°20′38″N | 27°48′7″E | mud, fine sand |
MD67 | Erdek Bay | 29.07.2019 | 60 | 40°32′55″N | 27°34′36″E | mud, fine sand, shells |
MD63 | Denizkent-Erdek Bay | 29.07.2019 | 15 | 40°19′5″N | 27°32′34″E | mud, phytodetritus |
Species were identified using a number of references (Barnard 1925; Monod 1926; Bouvier 1940; Zariquiey-Alvarez 1946; 1968; Tattersall & Tattersall 1951; Bacescu 1954; Holthuis 1956; Naylor 1972; Jones 1976; Wägele 1981; Bacescu 1982; 1988; Bellan-Santini et al. 1982; 1989; 1993; 1998; Holdich & Jones 1983; Holthuis 1987; Watling 1991; Koçak et al. 2007; Curatolo et al. 2013). The nomenclature follows WoRMS (2020).
The frequency index (
A total of 32 crustacean species were found in the Black Sea during the study (Table 2). The order Amphipoda (50%) was represented by the largest number of species and was followed by Decapoda (19%; Fig. 2). The least frequent order was Mysida, which was represented by only one species –
Crustacean species found in the Black Sea; Frequency (
TRK1 | TRK7 | TRK10 | TRKE1 | TRK13 | TRK16 | TRK19 | TRK22 | TRK25 | TRK28 | TRK32 | TRK34Y | TRK35 | TRK37 | TRK43 | TRK44 | TRK46 | TRK53 | TRK55 | TRK61 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MYSIDA | ||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 10 | 0.2 | |||||||||||||||||||
AMPHIPODA | ||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | 7 | 73 | 3 | 7 | 30 | 13 | 20 | 40 | 6.3 | |||||||||||||
3 | 30 | 10 | 3 | 70 | 47 | 3 | 35 | 6.1 | ||||||||||||||
27 | 57 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 30 | 7 | 43 | 7 | 7 | 107 | 7 | 60 | 11.2 | |||||||||
7 | 20 | 90 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 35 | 5 | ||||||||||||||
Amphipoda (sp.) | 3 | 10 | 10 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
3 | 107 | 10 | 15 | 4.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
23 | 120 | 10 | 5.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 10 | 0.2 | |||||||||||||||||||
50 | 5 | 1.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
* |
3 | 20 | 10 | 0.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
3 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 20 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
7 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
7 | 20 | 10 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
13 | 5 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
57 | 40 | 7 | 3 | 20 | 3.9 | |||||||||||||||||
33 | 7 | 3 | 17 | 7 | 27 | 13 | 3 | 7 | 40 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 65 | 6.4 | ||||||||
3 | 3 | 10 | 0.2 | |||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
* |
3 | 5 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||||
* |
7 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 20 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
3 | 5 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
ISOPODA | ||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 7 | 70 | 3 | 20 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||
Isopoda (sp.) | 3 | 5 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||||
7 | 5 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
TANAIDACEA | ||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | 13 | 17 | 15 | 1.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
3 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 13 | 30 | 1.5 | |||||||||||||||
CUMACEA | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cumacea (sp.) | 3 | 5 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||||
3 | 5 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 3 | 23 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 30 | 1.5 | |||||||||||||||
7 | 3 | 7 | 57 | 283 | 13 | 27 | 35 | 14.6 | ||||||||||||||
7 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 23 | 67 | 3 | 50 | 10 | 45 | 6.5 | ||||||||||||
7 | 10 | 17 | 15 | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
3 | 17 | 3 | 3 | 73 | 70 | 3 | 10 | 40 | 6.7 | |||||||||||||
DECAPODA | ||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 5 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 3 | 10 | 0.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
Decapoda (sp.) | 3 | 3 | 10 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Gebiidea (sp.) | 10 | 3 | 10 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 37 | 10 | 40 | 2.4 | |||||||||||||
7 | 5 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 5 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
23 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 1.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
3 | 5 | 0.1 |
New record for the Black Sea
A total of 77 crustacean species were identified in the Marmara Sea and two of them [
Crustacean species identified in the Marmara Sea; Frequency (
İZ7 | İZ30 | MY1 | YSA | B2 | YK1 | KC1 | BC1 | MD54 | MD59 | D7MA | BD3 | MD12A | BK1 | MD72 | MD19A | SD2 | MD89A | MD22A | GK2 | MD24 | GK1 | MDSD1 | ER1 | KR1 | MD67 | MD63 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEPTOSTRACA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
10 | 7 | 7 | 0.06 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
AMPHIPODA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 7 | 117 | 20 | 20 | 13 | 3 | 63 | 27 | 53 | 33 | 243 | 73 | 43 | 52 | 2.49 | ||||||||||||||
7 | 40 | 7 | 0.16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 203 | 40 | 807 | 157 | 63 | 317 | 13 | 47 | 33 | 5.74 | |||||||||||||||||||
13 | 27 | 73 | 7 | 30 | 77 | 43 | 113 | 3 | 850 | 30 | 130 | 44 | 4.85 | ||||||||||||||||
100 | 3 | 3 | 107 | 37 | 17 | 100 | 40 | 83 | 93 | 113 | 113 | 50 | 43 | 50 | 33 | 59 | 3.42 | ||||||||||||
40 | 4 | 0.14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 15 | 0.26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 4 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7903 | 3 | 4 | 27.45 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 4 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 4 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 4 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 4 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 27 | 7 | 0.12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 7 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
520 | 4 | 1.81 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 23 | 3 | 10 | 57 | 17 | 7 | 26 | 0.42 | |||||||||||||||||||||
* |
3 | 3 | 13 | 11 | 0.07 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 0.06 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | 4 | 0.06 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 13 | 7 | 0.06 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
10 | 10 | 7 | 0.07 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
230 | 4 | 0.80 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 3 | 3 | 310 | 17 | 19 | 1.19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 4 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 10 | 3 | 11 | 0.07 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
53 | 4 | 0.18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 0.15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | 4 | 0.11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | 4 | 0.14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
233 | 13 | 7 | 0.85 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4070 | 4 | 14.13 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 4 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | 17 | 30 | 11 | 0.26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | 4 | 0.08 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | 3 | 7 | 0.09 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 20 | 83 | 30 | 40 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 30 | 0.66 | ||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 10 | 7 | 0.05 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
963 | 73 | 3 | 3 | 17 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 30 | 3.80 | ||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 4 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 7 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | 4 | 0.06 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
7 | 4 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | 7 | 20 | 7 | 0.15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 4 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISOPODA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
3 | 4 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
3 | 4 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
3 | 4 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
793 | 4 | 2.75 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
** |
3 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 0.03 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 7 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TANAIDACEA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | 4 | 0.11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6653 | 3 | 3 | 67 | 3 | 19 | 23.36 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | 3 | 7 | 0.22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CUMACEA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cumacea (sp.) | 3 | 4 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
37 | 4 | 0.13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 27 | 3 | 27 | 17 | 3 | 3 | 43 | 40 | 33 | 0.58 | |||||||||||||||||||
10 | 17 | 20 | 3 | 33 | 10 | 22 | 0.32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 4 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
13 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 0.07 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | 4 | 0.10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
247 | 7 | 7 | 67 | 11 | 1.14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
** |
1 | 4 | 0.003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DECAPODA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Anomura |
7 | 4 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Decapoda (sp.) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 19 | 0.05 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gebiidea (sp.) | 13 | 3 | 7 | 0.06 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 0.04 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | 4 | 0.05 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* |
3 | 4 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 4 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 7 | 17 | 11 | 0.09 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 26 | 0.10 | |||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 4 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 4 | 0.01 |
New record for the Marmara Sea;
New record for the Turkish seas
Only two species [
The sites with the highest similarity (66.67%) in the Marmara Sea were YSA sites in Yassıada and GK1 sites in Gemlik Bay. It is seen that station groups BC1 on Buyukcekmece shore, GK2 on Gemlik Bay and KR1 on Kursunlu shore with a similarity index of 58.28% take the second place (Fig. 5).
The lowest value of the diversity index (
Shannon–Wiener diversity index (
THE BLACK SEA | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site code | Site name | S | N | d | ||
TRK1 | İğneada and Danube River water | 8 | 140 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.4 |
TRK7 | Şile | 11 | 153 | 2 | 0.8 | 2.7 |
TRK10 | Sakarya River | 5 | 89 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.1 |
TRKE1 | Karadeniz Ereğlisi | 3 | 54 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
TRK13 | Zonguldak | 6 | 33 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.4 |
TR16 | Bartın | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TRK19 | Cide | 18 | 148 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 3.5 |
TRK22 | İnebolu | 11 | 129 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 2.4 |
TRK25 | Sinop 2 | 10 | 484 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 2.9 |
TRK28 | Sinop 1 | 15 | 91 | 3.1 | 0.9 | 3.7 |
TRK32 | Kızılırmak | 7 | 35 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 2.6 |
TRK34Y | Samsun | 8 | 75 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 2.3 |
TRK35 | Samsun | 7 | 127 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2 |
TRK37 | Yeşilırmak | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TRK43 | Ordu | 12 | 313 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 2.6 |
TRK44 | Ordu | 10 | 160 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 2.6 |
TRK46 | Giresun | 4 | 70 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1 |
TRK53 | Trabzon | 4 | 336 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
TRK55 | Rize | 12 | 219 | 2 | 0.8 | 2.7 |
TRK61 | Hopa | 5 | 57 | 1 | 0.8 | 1.9 |
THE MARMARA SEA | ||||||
İZ7 | İzmit Bay | 7 | 176 | 1.16 | 0.66 | 1.8 |
İZ30 | İzmit Bay | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
MY1 | Pendik | 3 | 13 | 0.78 | 0.92 | 1.5 |
YSA | Yassıada | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
B2 | İstanbul Strait | 15 | 20693 | 1.41 | 0.53 | 2.1 |
YK1 | Yenikapı Shore | 27 | 334 | 4.47 | 0.80 | 3.8 |
KC1 | Küçükçekmece shore | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BC1 | Büyükçekmece shore | 7 | 483 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 2 |
MD54 | Silivri shore | 10 | 139 | 1.82 | 0.73 | 2.4 |
MD59 | Tekirdağ shore | 12 | 473 | 1.79 | 0.67 | 2.4 |
D7MA | Şarköy | 19 | 296 | 3.16 | 0.80 | 3.4 |
BD3 | Erdek Bay | 12 | 126 | 2.27 | 0.82 | 2.9 |
MD12A | Erdek Bay | 11 | 218 | 1.86 | 0.68 | 2.3 |
BK1 | Bandırma | 2 | 34 | 0.28 | 1 | 1 |
MD72 | Bandırma | 3 | 9 | 0.91 | 1 | 1.6 |
MD19A | Bayramdere | 5 | 212 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 1.8 |
SD2 | Susurluk Stream | 14 | 1060 | 1.87 | 0.40 | 1.5 |
MD89A | Gemlik Bay | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
MD22A | Gemlik Bay | 8 | 943 | 1.02 | 0.31 | 0.9 |
GK2 | Gemlik Bay | 10 | 472 | 1.46 | 0.72 | 2.4 |
MD24 | Yalova shore | 5 | 33 | 1.14 | 0.82 | 1.9 |
GK1 | Gemlik Bay | 2 | 6 | 0.56 | 1 | 1 |
MDSD1 | Mudanya | 18 | 1775 | 2.27 | 0.59 | 2.4 |
ER1 | Erdek Bay | 9 | 453 | 1.31 | 0.51 | 1.6 |
KR1 | Kurşunlu shore | 9 | 201 | 1.51 | 0.77 | 2.4 |
MD67 | Erdek Bay | 16 | 191 | 2.86 | 0.77 | 3.1 |
MD63 | Denizkent-Erdek Bay | 15 | 460 | 2.28 | 0.83 | 3.2 |
Biodiversity in the Black Sea is quite low compared to other seas (Gönlügür et al. 2004; Bat et al. 2011). Our study corroborates previous findings regarding the difference in biodiversity between these two seas by identifying 77 crustacean species in the Marmara Sea and only 32 species in the Black Sea. Bakır et al. (2014) reported the presence of 172 benthic crustacean species in the Black Sea, but approximately 30 species were found only in soft-bottom benthos (Kırkım et al. 2006; Sezgin et al. 2010b). Kırkım et al. (2006) observed the dominance of
Today, species of Mediterranean origin dominate in the Black Sea ecosystem, where organisms of miscellaneous origin occur due to the influence of the straits (Finenko 2008). Some species identified in the Black Sea (
As for the distribution of crustaceans in the Marmara Sea, Amphipoda (63%) are the largest group, followed by Decapoda (14%), Isopoda (9%), Cumacea (9%), Tanaidacea (4%) and Leptostraca (1%). According to Balkıs.et al. (2016), 418 malacostracan crustacean species are known from the Marmara Sea. Of these, 195 are amphipods, 140 are decapods and the rest belong to Isopoda (42), Cumacea (18), Mysidacea (12), Tanaidacea (7), Stomatopoda (2) and Leptostraca (1). Several researchers have expressed their doubts about the presence of six species from this checklist. According to Bakır et al. (2014),
We recorded two species in the Marmara Sea, which are new to the Turkish seas.
When analyzing the
Accordingly, seven out of 20 sites (Sakarya – TRK10, Karadeniz Ereğlisi – TRKE1, Bartın – TRK16, Yeşilırmak – TRK37, Giresun – TRK46, Trabzon – TRK53, Hopa – TRK61) sampled in the Black Sea belong to the above-mentioned first group. In the Marmara Sea, 13 out of 27 sites sampled (Izmit Bay – Z7, IZ30, Pendik – MY1, Yassıada – YSA, Küçükçekmece – KC1, Bandırma – BK1, Bayramdere – MD19A, Susuruk Stream – SD2, Gemlik – MD22A, GK1, Yalova – MD24, Erdek – ER1) are in the first group under pollution pressure. The situation in Izmit Bay, on the Küçükçekmece shore and at the Yassıada sites in the Marmara Sea (
Many alien species are known to live in the Black Sea, which has a wide variety of habitats, but these species were not found in this study (Bat et al. 2011;
The Giresun and Hopa sites in the Eastern Black Sea region, with the highest similarity observed in the Black Sea, had a habitat structure consisting of mud.
This study presents the current status of the crustacean fauna in the Black and Marmara seas along with information on the species distribution. The study has added to the knowledge about benthic biodiversity of both seas, which is now greater with the new recorded species.