1: References to the people | .838 | 92 | |
2.1: Blaming the elite (from any sector) | .781 | 89 | |
2.2: Questioning the elite’s legitimacy to take decisions | .924 | 96 | |
2.3: Calling for resistance against the elite and their ideas and direct popular decisions | .914 | 96 | |
2.4: Accusing the elite of betraying the people or acting against the people’s interest | .962 | 98 | |
3.1: Ethnic or cultural “others” | .99 | 100 | |
3.2: Political “others” (holding allegedly minority opinions) | .905 | 95 |
People-centrism | 3.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 |
Anti-elitism | 9.3 | 6.8 | 4.3 |
Exclusion of out-groups | 2.9 | 1.4 | 0.4 |
people |
References to “We, the people” as described above. Explicit references to the Norwegian population when this reference is used to create a contrast between “the people” and “the elite” (e.g., being the only ones who act on behalf of the entire population; “Nå må politikere endelig lytte til befolkningen”, “Makta må tilbake til folket/norske folkevalgte”). |
0/1 |
Labour Party [Arbeiderpartiet] | 26.3 | 48 (−1) | No | Social Democratic/Red–Green | All | Jonas Gahr Støre | No |
Conservative Party [Høyre] | 20.4 | 36 (−9) | Yes | Conservative-Liberal/Blue | All (Twitter only by party leader) | Erna Solberg | No |
Centre Party [Senter-partiet] | 13.5 | 28 (+9) | No | Rural/Red–Green | Facebook and Instagram (Instagram only by party) | Trygve Slagsvold Vedum | No |
Progress Party [Freskritts-partiet] | 11.6 | 21 (−6) | No | Populist, Rightwing/Blue | Facebook and Instagram | Sylvi Listhaug | Yes |
Socialist Left Party [Sosialistisk venstre-parti] | 7.6 | 13 (+2) | No | Socialist/Red | All | Audun Lysbakken | No |
Red Party [Rødt] | 4.7 | 8 (+7) | No | Socialist/Red | All | Bjørnar Moxnes | No |
Liberal Party [Venstre] | 4.6 | 8 (0) | No | Non-Socialist/Liberal/Blue | All | Guri Melby | No |
Christian People’s Party [Kristelig Folkeparti] | 3.8 | 3 (−5) | Yes | Non-Socialist/Christian/Blue | Facebook and Instagram | Kjell Ingolf Ropstad | No |
Green Party [Miljø-partiet de Grønne] | 3.9 | 3 (+2) | No | Green | All | Une Bastholm | No |
Patient Focus [Pasientfokus] | 0.2 | 1 (+1) | No | One issue movement, regional | Facebook (only used by party) | Irene Ojala | Not categorised |
criticism1 |
Blaming the elite (from any sector) Blaming the elite as a group |
0/1 |
criticism2 |
Questioning the elite’s legitimacy to take decisions Questioning of the legitimacy of the decision-making power exercised by the elite and asking for direct democracy (e.g., referenda; “A change of government can’t be a Tory stitch-up, the people must decide!”) |
0/1 |
criticism3 |
Calling for resistance against the elite and their ideas and direct popular decisions Calling for resistance against the ideas/ideology of the establishment. |
0/1 |
criticism4 |
Accusing the elite of betraying the people or acting against the people’s interest Accusing the elite of being corrupt, betraying the people, or acting against the people’s interest (e.g., “The media are the enemy of the people”, “The media are dishonest and journalists are liars”). |
0/1 |
danger11 | Ethnic or cultural “others” are addressed | “Islam is not part of Germany”, “Gypsies don’t belong here”, “They are stealing our women” | 0/1 |
danger12 | Political “others” (holding allegedly minority opinions) are addressed | “The Greens are a danger for our future” | 0/1 |
Party | 97 | 36 | 28 | 161 | 78 | |
Jonas Gahr Støre | 35 | 7 | 4 | 46 | 22 | |
Total | 132 | 43 | 32 | 207 | 100 | |
Party | 109 | 20 | – | 129 | 63 | |
Erna Solberg | 37 | 18 | 21 | 76 | 37 | |
Total | 146 | 38 | 21 | 205 | 100 | |
Party | 38 | 11 | – | 49 | 72 | |
Trygve Slagsvold Vedum | 19 | – | – | 19 | 28 | |
Total | 57 | 11 | – | 68 | 100 | |
Party | 62 | 17 | – | 79 | 47 | |
Sylvi Listhaug | 47 | 43 | – | 90 | 53 | |
Total | 109 | 60 | – | 169 | 100 | |
Party | 74 | 79 | 101 | 254 | 47 | |
Audun Lysbakken | 60 | 99 | 132 | 291 | 53 | |
Total | 134 | 178 | 233 | 545 | 100 | |
Party | 123 | 78 | 84 | 285 | 59 | |
Bjørnar Moxnes | 108 | 50 | 42 | 200 | 41 | |
Total | 231 | 128 | 126 | 485 | 100 | |
Party | 55 | 28 | 309 | 392 | 80 | |
Guri Melby | 45 | 15 | 38 | 98 | 20 | |
Total | 100 | 43 | 347 | 490 | 100 | |
Party | 39 | 9 | – | 48 | 71 | |
Kjell Ingolf Ropstad | 13 | 7 | – | 20 | 29 | |
Total) | 52 | 16 | – | 68 | 100 | |
Party | 49 | 42 | 143 | 234 | 83 | |
Une Bastholm | 20 | 17 | 10 | 47 | 17 | |
Total | 69 | 59 | 153 | 281 | 100 | |
All parties | 725 | 320 | 665 | 1710 | 66 | |
All politicians | 384 | 256 | 247 | 887 | 34 | |
Total | 1,030 | 576 | 912 | 2,518 |
100 |